Cognitive Neuroscience最新文献

{"title":"Sex-related differences in brain dynamism at rest as neural correlates of positive and negative valence system constructs.","authors":"Nina de Lacy, J Nathan Kutz, Vince D Calhoun","doi":"10.1080/17588928.2020.1793752","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17588928.2020.1793752","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Clinical anxiety and depression are the most prevalent mental illnesses, likely representing maladaptive expressions of negative valence systems concerned with conditioned responses to fear, threat, loss, and frustrative nonreward. These conditions exhibit similar, striking sex/gender-related differences in onset, incidence, and severity for which the neural correlates are not yet established. In alarge sample of neurotypical young adults, we demonstrate that intrinsic brain dynamism metrics derived from sex-sensitive models of whole-brain network function are significantly associated with valence system traits. Surprisingly, we found that greater brain dynamism is strongly positively correlated to anxiety and depression traits in males, but almost wholly decoupled from traits for important cognitive control and reappraisal strategies associated with positive valence. Conversely, intrinsic brain dynamism is strongly positively coupled to drive, novelty-seeking and self-control in females with only rare or non-significant directional negative correlation with anxiety and depression traits. Our results suggest that the dynamic neural correlates of traits for valence, anxiety and depression are significantly different in males/men and females/women. These findings may relate to the known sex/gender-related differences in cognitive reappraisal of emotional experiences and clinical presentations of anxiety and depression, with potential relevance to gold standard therapies based on enhancing cognitive control strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":10413,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"12 3-4","pages":"131-154"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7881523/pdf/nihms-1655311.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38204530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Importance of examining stimulus type in fMRI studies of sex differences in memory recall.","authors":"Kymberly D Young,&nbsp;Laurie Compère","doi":"10.1080/17588928.2020.1853088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17588928.2020.1853088","url":null,"abstract":"In their article, Spets and Slotnick (2020) conduct a metaanalysis on fMRI studies examining sex differences during long-term memory recall. They conclude that sex differences in brain activity during long-term memory recall do indeed exist and that collapsing across sex is inappropriate in the field of cognitive neuroscience. Their activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis revealed several regions where males were reported to have greater activation than females during long-term memory tasks. There were no regions where females showed greater activation than males. The authors interpret these results as supporting the neural efficiency hypothesis – that males require greater neural effort to achieve equivalent behavioral performance as females. The lack of female > male activity suggests that females engage in more efficient processing. This interpretation suggests that measures of motivation and task engagement are critical to include. It could be that sex and motivation are confounded and that males are simply less engaged in the task and therefore require more effort to perform it. Indeed, increased default mode network activity is associated with a lack of task engagement (Greicius & Menon, 2004). Increased hippocampal activity has been found in depressed relative to healthy individuals as they recall autobiographical memories and this has been interpreted as the increased effort required by depressed participants to recall a specific memory (Young et al., 2014). These results lend support to the interpretation that men require more effort to achieve the same behavioral outcome. The effort hypothesis only makes sense, however, in the context of no female > male activity. Indeed, the lack of female > male differences in the meta-analysis is surprising, considering that all but one study reported significant female> male activations (St Jacques et al., 2011). It is possible that the lack of significant female > male activity is due to collapsing across stimulus type. Indeed, in most of the studies of autobiographical memory, memory for stimuli that have a self-referential component, female > male activity was found in prefrontal regions including the DLPFC and cingulate cortex (Compere et al., 2016; Piefke et al., 2005; Young et al., 2013). When examining memory for faces and shapes, female > male activity was found in posterior regions such as the parietal lobe (Ino et al., 2010; Spets et al., 2019; Spets & Slotnick, 2019). Thus, stimulus type may indeed play a critical role in the observed sex differences – with women engaging more prefrontal regions during self-referential memory recall and more posterior regions for item recall. The interpretation that men are exerting more effort becomes less convincing when considering these female > male activations. Indeed, these results suggest that women are exerting more cognitive control/emotion regulation during autobiographical memory recall and that they may be using more linguistic than vi","PeriodicalId":10413,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"12 3-4","pages":"189-190"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17588928.2020.1853088","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38320223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrophysiological sign of stronger auditory processing in females than males during passive listening.","authors":"Marika Berchicci,&nbsp;Valentina Bianco,&nbsp;Francesco Di Russo","doi":"10.1080/17588928.2020.1806224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17588928.2020.1806224","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Available literature shows sex-related differences in both anatomy and functions of the auditory cortex. However, only few data are available on passive listening. By means of event-related potentials (ERPs), we analyzed the proactive and reactive stages of processing related to passive listening in 36 healthy young participants, equally balanced between genders. The anterior positivity (aP), a newly discovered pre-stimulus component originating in auditory cortices and indexing auditory readiness, was not different between genders; the post-stimulus components (the N1 and the N2, originating in primary and secondary auditory cortices) were larger in females than males. These results not only provide significant insights on sex-related differences during listening, but also encourage the potential use of passive tasks, which allow for better understanding of basic neural processing, without interferences from cognitive requirements of active tasks.</p>","PeriodicalId":10413,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"12 3-4","pages":"106-111"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17588928.2020.1806224","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38448698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex differences in the brain.","authors":"Scott D Slotnick","doi":"10.1080/17588928.2021.1957808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17588928.2021.1957808","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This special issue of <i>Cognitive Neuroscience</i> focuses on sex differences in the brain. Berchicci, Bianco, and Di Russo found ERP auditory cortex activity was larger in females than males during sound perception. Spets, Fritch, Thakral, & Slotnick reported greater fMRI activity during high- versus low-confidence spatial memory in males than females within the lateral prefrontal cortex and other brain regions. Using fMRI resting-state data, Murray, Maurer, Peechatka, Frederick, Kaiser, and Janes observed females spent more time in transient dorsal attention/occipital/sensory-motor network states and males spent more time in transient salience network states, and de Lacy, Kutz, and Calhoun found that brain dynamism (transitioning between brain states) was correlated with anxiety/depression in males and drive/novelty-seeking/self-control in females. Kurth, Gaser, and Luders predicted the sex of girls and boys with an 80.4% accuracy using a classifier based on anatomic (MRI) data. In a discussion paper, Spets and Slotnick conducted an fMRI meta-analysis that revealed greater male than female long-term memory activity in the lateral prefrontal cortex, visual processing regions, and the parahippocampal cortex, and argued against the claim there is reporting bias in sex-differences studies. In response to this discussion paper, commentaries were written by Cahill; de Lacy; Hausmann; McGlade, Rogowska, and Yurgelun-Todd; Sneider and Silveri; Tejavibulya and Scheinost; Wiersch and Weis; Young and Compère. It is hoped that these findings will help motivate a shift in the field to consider sex as a factor in cognitive neuroscience studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":10413,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"12 3-4","pages":"103-105"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39469411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex differences in functional network dynamics observed using coactivation pattern analysis.","authors":"Laura Murray,&nbsp;J Michael Maurer,&nbsp;Alyssa L Peechatka,&nbsp;Blaise B Frederick,&nbsp;Roselinde H Kaiser,&nbsp;Amy C Janes","doi":"10.1080/17588928.2021.1880383","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17588928.2021.1880383","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sex differences in the organization of large-scale resting-state brain networks have been identified using traditional static measures, which average functional connectivity over extended time periods. In contrast, emerging dynamic measures have the potential to define sex differences in network changes over time, providing additional understanding of neurobiological sex differences. To meet this goal, we used a Coactivation Pattern Analysis (CAP) using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data from 181 males and 181 females from the Human Connectome Project. Significant main effects of sex were observed across two independent imaging sessions. Relative to males, females spent more total time in two transient network states (TNSs) spatially overlapping with the dorsal attention network and occipital/sensory-motor network. Greater time spent in these TNSs was related to females making more frequent transitions into these TNSs compared to males. In contrast, males spent more total time in TNSs spatially overlapping with the salience network, which was related to males staying for longer periods once entering these TNSs compared to females. State-to-state transitions also significantly differed between sexes: females transitioned more frequently from default mode network (DMN) states to the dorsal attention network state, whereas males transitioned more frequently from DMN states to salience network states. Results show that males and females spend differing amounts of time at rest in two distinct attention-related networks and show sex-specific transition patterns from DMN states into these attention-related networks. This work lays the groundwork for future investigations into the cognitive and behavioral implications of these sex-specific network dynamics.</p>","PeriodicalId":10413,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"12 3-4","pages":"120-130"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17588928.2021.1880383","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25490543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex/gender differences in brain activity - it's time for a biopsychosocial approach to cognitive neuroscience.","authors":"Markus Hausmann","doi":"10.1080/17588928.2020.1853087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17588928.2020.1853087","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is compelling evidence that men and women differ in brain activity in long-term memory and other cognitive functions. However, until the origins of sex/gender differences in brain activity, and consequently behavior, are not fully understood, the factor sex/gender should be considered as imperfect proxy of a combination of yet unknown biological and psychosocial factors underlying these sex/gender differences. The key avenue to a full understanding of sex/gender differences in brain and behavior depends largely on cognitive neuroscience investigating sex/gender differences in brain activity within a biopsychosocial approach.</p>","PeriodicalId":10413,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"12 3-4","pages":"178-179"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17588928.2020.1853087","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38901778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex/gender differences in the neural substrate of long-term memory.","authors":"Nina de Lacy","doi":"10.1080/17588928.2020.1853089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17588928.2020.1853089","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sex/gender-related differences in neurocognitive task performance and their neural correlates have long been of substantial research interest. Spets & Slotnick's robust study joins a growing body of evidence that significant sex/gender differences exist in long term memory and neurocognition more broadly. In addition to fundamental differences in the neural substrate, hormonal cycles, divergent neurodevelopmental trajectories, sex versus gender identification and sociocultural and educational influences are likely important factors. Building upon these findings, future studies in larger sample sizes should carefully measure these potential modulating and/or confounding variables in order to provide a nuanced picture of sex/gender-related differences in brain function.</p>","PeriodicalId":10413,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"12 3-4","pages":"176-177"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17588928.2020.1853089","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25317729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"It's time to move past biases against sex differences research: Commentary on Spets and Slotnick.","authors":"Larry Cahill","doi":"10.1080/17588928.2020.1867085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17588928.2020.1867085","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neuroscience is uncovering sex influences at all levels of mammalian brain function at an accelerating rate. Unfortunately, persistent biases against the topic remain among some investigators. One is that sex influences are small and unreliable, despite the existence of no evidence supporting this general assertion. In this volume, Spets and Slotnick provide clear evidence for a consistent sex influence on one aspect of human cognition, retrieval from long-term memory.</p>","PeriodicalId":10413,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"12 3-4","pages":"174-175"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17588928.2020.1867085","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38795643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The value of research on sexual dimorphism in neuroimaging.","authors":"Erin McGlade,&nbsp;Jadwiga Rogowska,&nbsp;Deborah Yurgelun-Todd","doi":"10.1080/17588928.2020.1867086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17588928.2020.1867086","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Spets and Slotnick (in Press) applied activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis to examine sex differences in regional brain activation during long-term memory retrieval. Based on their analyses, each of the eight studies they analyzed showed greater activity for males than females during long-term memory retrieval. These results suggest that analyses of magnetic resonance imaging data should not be collapsed by sex and expand this discussion to the challenge of meta-analysis on studies with small to modest sample sizes in favor of larger imaging studies with more rigorous thresholds.</p>","PeriodicalId":10413,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"12 3-4","pages":"180-181"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17588928.2020.1867086","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38745993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Women versus men: A critical comparison for understanding the neurobiology of memory.","authors":"Jennifer T Sneider,&nbsp;Marisa M Silveri","doi":"10.1080/17588928.2020.1867087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17588928.2020.1867087","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Spets and Slotnick present a meta-analysis on long-term memory and sex differences. Overall findings indicate greater brain activation in men than women during memory performance. Merits of the activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis include considering study parameters and equating performance to enhance interpretability of activation differences. Variables and concepts relevant to memory and sex differences research also are discussed. As memory is essential for survival, characterizing neurobiological profiles, parsing sex and gender, will help broaden the field of long-term memory and sex differences research.</p>","PeriodicalId":10413,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"12 3-4","pages":"182-184"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17588928.2020.1867087","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38746318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}