Clinical laboratory最新文献

{"title":"Correlation between Glycated Albumin/Glycosylated Hemoglobin Ratio and C-PEP and Liver Injury in Patients with T2DM.","authors":"Yajie Zhao, Zhaoyu Zhu, Wentan Hu, Ju Li","doi":"10.7754/Clin.Lab.2025.250627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7754/Clin.Lab.2025.250627","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disorder of the endocrine-metabolic system, identified by ongoing hyperglycemia and exacerbated by liver function problems. The association of the glycated albumin/hemoglobin A1c (GA/HbA1C) ratio and C-peptide (C-PEP) with liver injury in diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) patients remains a topic of controversy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>530 T2DM patients were divided into two groups: non-liver injury and liver injury group. All patients' clinical information and lab indices were gathered. In the univariate analysis, variables having a p < 0.05 were evaluated to determine the correlation between liver injury severity and variable levels, based on the patients' Child-Pugh classification. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, GA, GA/HbA1c, and C-PEP were incorporated as separate variables to identify independent factors. The effectiveness in prediction was assessed through the receiver operating curve method. The Pearson's correlation method was employed to examine the link between liver injury and the levels of GA/HbA1c and C-PEP in patients with T2DM.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>GA and GA/HbA1c were higher in the liver injury group than in the non-liver injury group, while C-PEP levels were lower. Increased levels of GA/HbA1c independently increased the risk of liver injury, showing a positive association with injury severity, while C-PEP independently acted as a protective factor, inversely related to the severity of the liver injury. Both GA/HbA1c and C-PEP had moderate predictive efficacy for liver injury in patients in the T2DM group.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Patients with T2DM have a high incidence of liver injury. Both GA/HbA1c and C-PEP are independent influences on liver injury in patients with T2DM, and correlate with the severity of liver injury.</p>","PeriodicalId":10384,"journal":{"name":"Clinical laboratory","volume":"72 10","pages":"2083-2090"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149135305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlation between Polymorphisms of the Superoxide Dismutase Gene and Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome in Chinese Children.","authors":"Shudan Lin, Liucen Li, Bili Wang, Zhouyue Zhu, Wei Li, Wenqing Xiang","doi":"10.7754/Clin.Lab.2026.260423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7754/Clin.Lab.2026.260423","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Genetic mutations are closely linked to childhood idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS). This study aimed to explore the associations between superoxide dismutase (SOD) gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to INS, as well as response to steroid therapy, in Chinese children.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; rs4816407, rs1041740, rs4880, rs2758346, and rs3798215) in the SOD1 and SOD2 genes were genotyped using multiplex PCR combined with next-generation sequencing in 183 pediatric patients with INS and 100 healthy controls.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The genotypic distributions of the tested SOD SNPs did not differ significantly between the INS group and healthy controls. Patients carrying the CC genotype of SOD1 rs1041740 exhibited a significantly higher risk of steroid-dependent (SD) nephrotic syndrome than those with steroid-sensitive (SS) nephrotic syndrome (p = 0.002, OR = 2.247, 95% CI = [1.191 - 4.239]). However, no significant differences in these five SNPs were observed between the SS and steroid-resistant (SR) subgroups (all p > 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings indicate that SOD gene polymorphisms are not associated with susceptibility to INS in Chinese children. Notably, SOD1 rs1041740 variants may increase the risk of steroid dependence in this pediatric population.</p>","PeriodicalId":10384,"journal":{"name":"Clinical laboratory","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149001350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resolving Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibody Interference in an Immunoglobulin M Kappa Multiple Myeloma Patient Using a Mass Spectrometry Assay.","authors":"Zike Zhang, Lingling Zou, Xiaofeng Chen","doi":"10.7754/Clin.Lab.2026.260507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7754/Clin.Lab.2026.260507","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies can interfere with immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE) during multiple myeloma monitoring.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>Serum samples from an immunoglobulin M kappa (IgMκ) myeloma patient on daratumumab therapy were analyzed by serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP)/IFE and a mass spectrometry assay. A new immunoglobulin G kappa (IgGκ) band appeared on IFE during active treatment. Mass spectrometry identified a monoclonal peak at m/z 23,386, matching daratumumab. The band disappeared at trough concentration.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Mass spectrometry rapidly identified daratumumab interference, serving as a reagent independent confirmatory tool to avoid misinterpreting therapeutic antibodies as clonal evolution.</p>","PeriodicalId":10384,"journal":{"name":"Clinical laboratory","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148944251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The rSIG Score Predicts Intensive Care Unit Admission and Blood Transfusion in Pediatric Trauma Patients.","authors":"Guleser Akpinar, Mehmet Koşargelir, Yaser Guney, Amine E Başibuyuk, Ahmet S Yilmaz, Arzu Kose, Selmani Doğan","doi":"10.7754/Clin.Lab.2025.250930","DOIUrl":"10.7754/Clin.Lab.2025.250930","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The aim of this study was to compare the values of the Age-Adjusted Pediatric Shock Index (SIPA), Reverse Shock Index (rSI), and the index obtained by multiplying the Reverse Shock Index by the Glasgow Coma Scale (rSIG) in predicting prognosis and transfusion requirements in pediatric multitrauma patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this retrospective observational study, 168 patients presenting with multiple pediatric trauma com-plaints to the Emergency Medicine Clinic of Başakşehir Çam and Sakura City Hospital between June 1, 2020, and June 1, 2022, were evaluated. Patients were divided into two groups based on their rSIG values: normal (n = 85) and abnormal (n = 83). rSIG classification was performed using age-specific cutoff points (1 - 6 years: ≤ 13.1, 7 - 12 years: ≤ 16.5, 13 - 17 years: ≤ 20.1). ROC analysis was performed for intensive care unit (ICU) admission, transfusion requirement, and surgical intervention.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The AUC value of rSIG in predicting ICU admission was 0.811 (95% CI: 0.719 - 0.903), which was significantly superior to rSI (AUC: 0.664) and SIPA (AUC: 0.623) (p < 0.001). The AUC value of rSIG in predicting transfusion requirement was 0.861 (95% CI: 0.767 - 0.956), while it was 0.610 (95% CI: 0.524 - 0.696) for surgical intervention. In the logistic regression analysis, each 1-point increase in rSIG reduced the odds ratio for ICU admission by 0.78 (OR: 0.780, 95% CI: 0.652 - 0.933, p = 0.006).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>rSIG demonstrated significantly higher discriminatory power than SIPA and rSI for predicting ICU admission. Although rSIG showed higher AUC values for transfusion requirement and surgical intervention, these differences did not reach statistical significance. Nevertheless, rSIG may serve as a practical tool for rapid risk stratification and to transfer decisions in emergency departments, particularly for identifying patients requiring ICU admission.</p>","PeriodicalId":10384,"journal":{"name":"Clinical laboratory","volume":"72 9","pages":"1911-1918"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148963029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Myeloid Dendritic Cell Counts and Coronary Heart Disease: a Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Study.","authors":"Feng Lv, Lihong Zhou, Rongrong Pan, Ting Zhang, Yufeng Jiang, Junyi Zhang, Yafeng Zhou","doi":"10.7754/Clin.Lab.2026.260615","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7754/Clin.Lab.2026.260615","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Coronary heart disease (CHD) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with immune and inflammatory mechanisms playing important roles in its pathogenesis. Dendritic cells (DCs) are key regulators of immune responses; however, the relationship between specific DC subsets and CHD risk remains incompletely understood.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study conducted a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis using publicly available genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics to investigate the potential associations between circulating dendritic cell traits and CHD. Genetic instruments for myeloid dendritic cells (Myeloid DCs) and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (Plasmacytoid DCs), including both absolute counts and relative proportions, were obtained from immune cell GWAS datasets. Summary statistics for CHD were derived from a large European-ancestry population. Multiple MR methods were applied, and sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the robustness of the findings and potential pleiotropic effects.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Nominal associations between genetically predicted Myeloid DC counts and CHD risk were observed in the MR-Egger and weighted median analyses, whereas the inverse variance weighted analysis demonstrated no significant association. These nominal associations did not remain statistically significant after correction for multiple testing. No significant associations were observed for Plasmacytoid DC counts or for the relative proportions of either DC subset. Reverse MR analyses were inconclusive due to wide confidence intervals, precluding meaningful inference regarding a causal effect of CHD on DC-related traits. Sensitivity analyses revealed no substantial heterogeneity or horizontal pleiotropy.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This bidirectional MR study explored the potential relationships between circulating dendritic cell traits and CHD risk. Although nominal associations involving Myeloid DC counts were observed in secondary MR analyses, no robust evidence supporting an association remained after correction for multiple testing. Further studies using larger datasets and functional approaches are warranted to clarify the role of dendritic cells in CHD.</p>","PeriodicalId":10384,"journal":{"name":"Clinical laboratory","volume":"72 9","pages":"1858-1870"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148962901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pediatric Reference Intervals for Total Antioxidant Capacity, Oxidant Status, and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power.","authors":"N F Jacobi, A C M Ciceri, L B Casal, B G Rossato, R N Moresco, C Paniz, J A M De Carvalho","doi":"10.7754/Clin.Lab.2025.250952","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7754/Clin.Lab.2025.250952","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10384,"journal":{"name":"Clinical laboratory","volume":"72 9","pages":"2054-2056"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148962961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dry Plate-Based Direct-On-Target Microdroplet Growth Assay for Rapid Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of MRSA.","authors":"Masaki Nakamura, Hiroki Izawa, Shin Nihonyanagi, Yuzuru Adachi, Yuhsaku Kanoh","doi":"10.7754/Clin.Lab.2025.251007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7754/Clin.Lab.2025.251007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) is crucial for the early optimization of treatment against infections caused by drug-resistant bacteria such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Direct-on-target microdroplet growth assay (DOT-MGA), which uses matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), has emerged as a promising phenotypic method for rapid AST. The present study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of DOT-MGA for resistant isolates, including the optimi-zation of test conditions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The feasibility and performance of DOT-MGA were evaluated using a commercial dry plate (DP42) for the AST of MRSA strains, including a clinical isolate with low susceptibility to daptomycin (ATCC 29213, ATCC 43300, and KAM784). DOT-MGA was performed under varying conditions (standard or 10-fold inoculum; 6/8-hour incubation). The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were compared with those from the reference DP42 method based on their agreement and deviation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>DOT-MGA successfully estimated MICs within 6 - 8 hours. With the standard inoculum, the assay exhibited high concordance with the DP42 results, particularly for the ATCC strains. In contrast, a 10-fold increase in inoculum led to increased MIC values, consistent with the inoculum effect. The daptomycin-low-susceptibility strain (KAM784) exhibited decreased MICs in standard inoculum and short incubation periods, suggesting a risk of under detection in resistant strains. MIC agreement was influenced by both the antibiotic type and MIC rela-tive to the DP42 test range.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>DOT-MGA is a rapid phenotypic AST method for MRSA that can be implemented using MALDI-TOF MS and commercial reagents. Optimization of the inoculum size and incubation time is necessary to ensure accuracy, particularly for detecting reduced susceptibility to key antibiotics such as daptomycin and linezolid.</p>","PeriodicalId":10384,"journal":{"name":"Clinical laboratory","volume":"72 9","pages":"1957-1965"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148963171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"False-Positive hs-cTnI in a Patient on Immunotherapy: a Case of Macromolecular Interference.","authors":"Bilian Luo, Qian Qiu, Jing Zhu","doi":"10.7754/Clin.Lab.2025.251003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7754/Clin.Lab.2025.251003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>High-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn) is crucial for diagnosing acute coronary syndrome but is susceptible to analytical interference, leading to false-positive elevations (FPE). Macromolecular interferents (e.g., heterophilic antibodies or macrocomplexes) are known causes, especially in immunocompromised patients, such as those receiving immunotherapy [1,2].</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A 62-year-old male with renal cell carcinoma on toripalimab presented with persistently elevated hs-cTnI levels without clinical signs of myocardial injury. Interference was assessed via polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation (using 25% PEG 6000), serial dilution, and alternative platform testing. PEG recovery < 20% indicated macromolecular interference.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Initial hs-cTnI was 84.4 ng/mL (99th percentile URL = 24.2 ng/mL). Post-PEG, levels fell to 6.7 ng/mL (15.9% recovery), confirming interference. Serial dilution showed non-linearity. An alternate platform returned normal values. Subsequent hs-cTnI results remained normal, supporting transient interference.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Unexplained hs-cTnI elevations in immunotherapy-treated cancer patients should raise suspicion for macromolecular interference. PEG precipitation, dilution tests, and platform comparisons are effective verifica-tion tools. Clinician-laboratory collaboration is key to preventing misdiagnosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":10384,"journal":{"name":"Clinical laboratory","volume":"72 9","pages":"2038-2041"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148963196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic Evidence Linking Circulating Epidermal Growth Factor to Sjögren's Syndrome Risk.","authors":"Yin-Hua Peng, Yin-Juan Wang","doi":"10.7754/Clin.Lab.2025.251104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7754/Clin.Lab.2025.251104","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study aimed to explore the potential causal correlations between circulating expression levels of six growth factors - epidermal growth factor (EGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and nerve growth factor (NGF) - and the risk of developing Sjögren's syndrome (SS), from the perspective of genetic variation, using a Mendelian Randomization (MR) approach.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Genetic data related to SS and the six growth factors were obtained from the IEU OpenGWAS project [GWAS IDs: \"finn-b-M13_SJOGREN\" (SS), \"ebi-a-GCST90010212\" (EGF), \"ebi-a-GCST90011995\" (VEGF), \"ebi-a-GCST004459\" (FGF), \"ebi-a-GCST90000481\" (TGF-β), \"ebi-a-GCST004432\" (PDGF), and \"prot-b-40\" (NGF)]. A two-sample MR analysis was conducted to estimate the causal effect of each growth factor on SS risk. Five complementary MR methods were employed to ensure robustness: Inverse Variance Weighted (IVW), MR-Egger, Weighted Median, Simple Mode, and MR-PRESSO. We further assessed heterogeneity and horizontal pleiotropy using Cochran's Q test and MR-Egger intercept, and performed leave-one-out analyses to test the sensitivity and reliability of the results.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The MR analysis provided evidence supporting a causal association between elevated EGF levels and increased SS risk. Both IVW (p = 0.0485, OR [95%] = 1.0696 [1.0004 - 1.1436]) and MR-PRESSO (p = 0.0406, OR [95% CI] = 1.0684 [1.0080 - 1.1325]) yielded statistically significant results. No significant causal associations were observed between SS and the other five growth factors across all MR methods. Sensitivity analyses supported the robustness of the observed association between EGF and SS.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings suggest that elevated circulating EGF levels may play a causal role in the development of Sjögren's syndrome, supporting EGF as a potential biomarker for early diagnosis and risk prediction. These results provide novel insights into the pathogenesis of SS and highlight EGF as a potential target for future diag-nostic and therapeutic strategies. Further research is needed to explore the clinical utility of growth factor-targeted approaches for SS prevention and treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":10384,"journal":{"name":"Clinical laboratory","volume":"72 9","pages":"1978-1985"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148963199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing for the Diagnosis of Trichomonas Vaginalis-Associated Empyema: a Case Report and Literature Review.","authors":"Bing Huang, Yan-Chao Liang, Yan Gao, Can-Can Xie","doi":"10.7754/Clin.Lab.2025.250962","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7754/Clin.Lab.2025.250962","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This report describes a rare case of empyema caused by Trichomonas vaginalis co-infected with Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus pyogenes, aiming to explore the role of T. vaginalis in the development of empyema, its diagnostic methods, and treatment strategies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The patient was a 46-year-old male who presented with cough, sputum production, and shortness of breath. The diagnosis was made using chest CT, routine pleural fluid analysis, bacterial culture, and metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS). Pleural fluid examination revealed numerous motile Trichomonas organisms, and bacterial culture identified Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus pyogenes as the pathogens. Fur-ther mNGS confirmed these bacteria as the causative agents, with 39 Trichomonas sequences detected, including 32 sequences specific to T. vaginalis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The patient received combination antimicrobial therapy and underwent chest tube drainage and thoracoscopic empyema debridement. Post-treatment, the patient's condition significantly improved. A literature review revealed that while Trichomonas tenax is a common pathogen in empyema, T. vaginalis is an extremely rare cause. T. vaginalis infection may be associated with bacterial co-infections, immunosuppression, or poor hygiene.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This case is the first report of T. vaginalis induced empyema, expanding the understanding of Trichomonas infections. Although such infections are rare, they should be considered in high-risk patients. Further studies are needed to investigate the infection pathways of T. vaginalis and its mechanisms of bacterial synergy in disease pathogenesis to improve clinical diagnosis and treatment strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":10384,"journal":{"name":"Clinical laboratory","volume":"72 9","pages":"2034-2037"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148963297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}