{"title":"Democratic Movements and Challenges in Nepal","authors":"Tara Nath Ghimire","doi":"10.3126/hssj.v14i1.57998","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/hssj.v14i1.57998","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines and analyses the democratic movements and challenges in Nepal. Democratic system of government is considered one of the best and most superlative governing systems of countries in the world. In the history of civilization, democracy has been fundamental in transforming the globe from monarchy, imperialism and invasion to constitutional democracy, self-determination, mutual understanding and peaceful co-existence. The democratic system is preferable and a better governing system because of the participation of people in decision-making. There have been many movements for the establishment of democracy in the world and those movements have contributed significantly not only democracy but also equally to human rights. Also in Nepal, there have been several movements for the establishment of the democratic system. For a long time, Nepal had a unitary system with absolute monarchy. A federal republic system has been established in Nepal through a long and continuous struggle involving various political movements. This study is related to those movements that have some significant role in the establishment of democracy in Nepal along with their challenges. It is qualitative research in nature and used only secondary data. The secondary data and facts have been drawn from library and related reviews and they are interpreted and analyzed with movements and challenges as analytical and descriptive method.","PeriodicalId":103345,"journal":{"name":"Humanities and Social Sciences Journal","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132216197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Morbidity Patterns and Associated Factors among Elderly People: The Case of Sunkoshi Rural Municipality, Nepal","authors":"N. Thapa, Mahendrakumar Rai","doi":"10.3126/hssj.v14i1.58000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/hssj.v14i1.58000","url":null,"abstract":"The rapidly increasing elderly population in Nepal is the most significant emerging demographic phenomenon. Multimorbidity is common among the elderly and its prevalence increases with age. This study aims to assess the chronic conditions and the demographic and socioeconomic factors that influence morbidity among the elderly. A cross-sectional study was carried out in the Sunkoshi rural municipality of Sindhuli district from December 2021 to January 2022 with 413 elderly people aged 60 and older using a structured questionnaire. Multinomial logistic regression was used for data analysis. About 27% of the elderly suffer from gastritis, followed by high blood pressure (27%), arthritis (24%), asthma (18%), and diabetes (10%). Seventy-seven percent of the elderly reported at least one morbidity and 41% have two or more morbidities. More than one-fifth of elderly people have no morbidity. In the multinominal logistic regression, moderate (RRR=3.31, 95% CI: 1.15-4.63) and poor (RRR=11.91, 95% CI: 1.00-141.83) self-reported health status was significantly associated with one morbidity. A joint family (RRR=2.01, 95% CI: 1.08-3.74), moderate (RRR=3.07, 95% CI: 1.52-6.21) or poor (RRR=32.05, 95% CI: 2.53-405.94) self-reported health status was significantly associated with two or more morbidity. Those aged 80 years or over, those who belonged to the hill Janajati, and those who consumed alcohol were less likely to have multimorbidity. Concerned authorities should consider expanding health services in order to improve the health status of the elderly.","PeriodicalId":103345,"journal":{"name":"Humanities and Social Sciences Journal","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116412854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"राजतन्त्रको अन्त्यमा नेपाली मिडियाको भूमिका","authors":"जगत् नेपाल","doi":"10.3126/hssj.v14i1.58005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/hssj.v14i1.58005","url":null,"abstract":"प्रस्तुत अनुसन्धानात्मक लेख नेपालमा राजतन्त्रको अन्त्य र मिडियाले खेलेको भूमिकावारे केन्द्रित छ । यो अध्ययनको उद्देश्य २००७ सालको क्रान्तिदेखि २०६५ जेठ १५ मा गणतन्त्र घोषणा हुँदासम्मका घटनाक्रमको विश्लेषण गर्दै राजतन्त्रले कसरी प्रत्यक्ष वा परोक्षरूपमा आफ्नै अवशनका लागि मिडियालाई भूमिका निर्वाह गर्न बाध्य पा¥यो भन्ने दर्साउनु नै हो । पटकपटक राजनीतिक परिवर्तन भए पनि दरबारको षड्यन्त्र र जालझेलका कारण मुलुकमा राजनीतिक स्थायित्व कायम हुन सकेन । राजाहरूको ध्यान सधैँ कसरी राजनीतिक शक्तिहरूलाई लडाउने, भिडाउने र जनताका प्रजातान्त्रिक अधिकार खोसेर दरबारलाई बलियो बनाउने भन्नेमै केन्द्रित हुन थाल्यो । यस क्रममा मिडियालाई सधैँ तारो बनाइयो । त्यही कारण मिडियाले दरबारका गलत क्रियाकलाप र जनाधिकार खोस्न भएका प्रयासबारे जनतालाई सुसूचित गर्ने र जनाधिकारको पक्षमा लड्न प्रेरित गर्ने खालका सामग्रीलाई प्राथमिकता दियो । २०५८ जेठ १९ को दरबार हत्याकाण्डमा राजा वीरेन्द्र र उनको वंश नास भएपछि गद्दीको उत्तराधिकारी बनेका ज्ञानेन्द्रप्रति आम नेपालीको विश्वास थिएन । मिडियाले त्यो वेलाको यथार्थ चित्रण गरिदियो । राजा ज्ञानेन्द्रले २०६१ माघ १९ मा शासनसत्ता हातमा लिए लगत्तै सेना परिचालन गरी मिडियामा कडा सेन्सरसिप सुरु गरे । मिडियाले तत्काल सशक्त विरोध जनाउन नसके पनि राजनीतिक दलहरूको आन्दोलनलाई बल पुग्ने गरी राजाको विरोधमा जनमत बनाउने काम ग¥यो । त्यसैको परिणाम हो, २०६२–०६३ को जनान्दोलन, संविधानसभा निर्वाचन, राजतन्त्रको अन्त्य र गणतन्त्रको घोषणा ।","PeriodicalId":103345,"journal":{"name":"Humanities and Social Sciences Journal","volume":"89 13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129752877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"ग्रीष्मको नीलो बतास नियात्रामा मानववाद","authors":"ज्ञानु ढुङ्गेल","doi":"10.3126/hssj.v14i1.58009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/hssj.v14i1.58009","url":null,"abstract":"प्रस्तुत ग्रीष्मको नीलो बतास नियात्रामा मानववाद शीर्षकको अनुसन्धानमूलक लेख नियात्राकार दामोदर पुडासैनी ‘किशोर’को ग्रीष्मको नीलो बतास नियात्रामा मानववादको विश्लेषण गर्नमा केन्द्रित रहेको छ । यस लेखमा मानववादी सिद्धान्तको आलोकमा प्रस्तुत नियात्रामा मानवकल्याणको खोजी कसरी गरिएको छ ? ईश्वरीय शक्तिप्रतिको असहमति कसरी प्रकट भएको छ ? र अन्धविश्वासको विरोधको अवस्था कस्तो छ भन्ने प्राज्ञिक समस्याको समाधान खोजिएको छ । मानवलाई प्राथमिकतामा राखेर मानव विरुद्धका यावत् कुराको विरोध गरी मानव र प्रकृतिका बिचमा अन्य नियामक तŒवको उपस्थितिको विरोध गर्ने प्रस्तुत नियात्रा मानववाद प्रयोगका दृष्टिले उत्कृष्ट रचनाका रूपमा रहेको छ । धार्मिक र सांस्कृतिक अन्धविश्वासको भुमरीमा विकसित नेपाली सामाजिक धरातललाई मानवमूल्यको महŒव बुझाउन प्रस्तुत नियात्रा सफल भएको छ । मानवका सकारात्मक र नकारात्मक क्रियाकलापको समर्थन र विरोधका माध्यमबाट कर्तव्याकर्तव्यको सन्देशसहित अभौतिक काल्पनिक उडानलाई निषेध गरी यथार्थिक धरातलमा उभ्याउन खोज्नु प्रस्तुत नियात्राको प्राप्ति हो । नेपाली समाज विश्वपरिवेशभन्दा पछाडि पर्नुको कारणका रूपमा मानवलाई तिरस्कार गरेर ईश्वरलाई सर्वशक्तिमान् ठान्नु रहेको छ । संसारको सृष्टि भौतिक र जैविकरूपमा प्राकृतिक तŒवको स्वत संयोजनमा भएको भन्ने विज्ञानसम्मत विचार र यथार्थलाई लत्याएर काल्पनिक ईश्वरको भ्रममा जनमानसलाई अलमल्याएर त्रास र आसको प्रपञ्च निर्माण गरी स्वार्थपूर्ति गर्ने कथित सामाजिक र आर्थिक उच्च वर्गका व्यक्तिको वास्तविकता देखाउनु यस नियात्राको उद्देश्य रहेको कुरालाई प्रस्तुत आलेखले निष्कर्षका रूपमा प्रस्तुत गरेको छ । प्रस्तुत अध्ययनमा सामग्री सङ्कलनका लागि पुस्तकालय विधि र विश्लेषणको ढाँचा गुणात्मक रहेको छ ।","PeriodicalId":103345,"journal":{"name":"Humanities and Social Sciences Journal","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128888842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Syncretism of Body and Sexuality in The Catcher in the Rye","authors":"Hukum Thapa","doi":"10.3126/hssj.v14i1.57990","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/hssj.v14i1.57990","url":null,"abstract":"The present paper examines the syncretism of body and sexuality and its consequences in The Catcher in the Rye written by J.D. Salinger. This paper further discusses how the young adult Holden Caulfield perceives his body and sexuality; and how the body and sexuality work in The Catcher in the Rye. Moreover, this paper analyzes body celebration, abuse and sexuality of young adult Holden. This study argues that young adults perceive their body as a means of power, freedom, identity and maturity. Young adults employ their body and sexuality as agencies to be distinct and noticeable in their community and society. For these purposes, this paper primarily employs the ideas of Roberta S. Trites and Judith Butler as theoretical tools. This paper opens an avenue for further research about young adults of Nepal and other topography besides America.","PeriodicalId":103345,"journal":{"name":"Humanities and Social Sciences Journal","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114456410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Health Condition of Elderly People at Dhurkot Rural Municipality in Gulmi District, Nepal","authors":"Thaneshwar Kunwar","doi":"10.3126/hssj.v14i1.58001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/hssj.v14i1.58001","url":null,"abstract":"Aging is a gradual, continuous process of natural change that begins in early adulthood. The objective of the study was to analyse the health condition of elderly people atDhurkot Rural Municipality in Gulmi district. Purposively three wards were chosen for sample population. There were 930 elderly people aged 60 years and above who had received Old Age Allowance provided by the government of Nepal. A total of 280 elderly were interviewed. Finding shows that hill Dalit elderly people have better health condition than hill Brahmin elderly people [OR=.46(.26-.81)]. Elderly people who depended on agriculture labour were found to have better health condition than elderly who depended on their own agriculture [OR=.38(.19-.81)]. Elderly belonging to the age of 65-69 years had more good health condition than that of elderly people above 75 years and above [OR= .35(.15-.79)]. Elderly people work as a household work are two times more better health condition than who do agriculture work [OR=2.13(.95-4.47)]. Elderly people living with family without spouse are better health condition than elderly live alone [OR=.22(.07-.69)]. Likewise, elderly people living with spouse and family are better health condition than elderly people living alone [OR= .33(.1-1.03)]. Various health schemes, policies and programmes can be designed in the research area and similar settings based on the study findings.","PeriodicalId":103345,"journal":{"name":"Humanities and Social Sciences Journal","volume":" 47","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132095314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Manifestation of Sexist Ideology in Nepali Folk Songs","authors":"D. R. Niroula","doi":"10.3126/hssj.v14i1.57989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/hssj.v14i1.57989","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this research article is to examine and analyse the representative folk songs intonated by two Nepalese vocal maestros, Kumar Basnet and Ram Thapa. Feministic theoretical approach has been used to expose how patriarchal ideology belittles women as inferior sex. For that purpose, the perspective of sexist ideology has been employed. Thirteen different songs are taken as the primary texts in this research. Definitely, a number of researches have been carried out on Nepali folk songs by the foreign as well as home scholars basically from the descriptive approach. Aesthetic perspective has been widely used employing the literary parameters of simile, metaphor, symbol and the like. However, the critical analysis of the rustic folk songs from the perspective of sexist ideology is virtually sporadic and in the low ebb. This research tends to seek answers to the three prominent questions. Firstly, what sexist ideology means. Secondly, why pernicious images that are unfriendly to women reoccur in these folk songs. Thirdly, how the selected songs of these two folk maestros manifest sexism based on men/women dichotomy of the patriarchal social regime.","PeriodicalId":103345,"journal":{"name":"Humanities and Social Sciences Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128468573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Workings of Cyborg: Bridging Humans and Machines in The Matrix","authors":"M. P. Dahal","doi":"10.3126/hssj.v14i1.57991","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/hssj.v14i1.57991","url":null,"abstract":"Machines are human-made objects and subservient to humans. However, the simulated world dominated by cyborgs has led the humanity to postmodern fluidity. The cyborg, an artificially intelligent machine works with extra super power either inspired by divinity or satanic impulse. This article studies how The Matrix (1999), a science fiction film, blurs the distinction between human beings and simulated reality. The Wachowskis, the writers and directors, bring fusions between humans and the machines. The film unfolds the dynamics of human–machine interface in which humans ultimately remain subservient to machines. The study interprets the film from the postmodernist perspective concentrating on the ideas of Fredrick Nietzsche, Jean Francois Lyotard and Davis Ashley, who characterize postmodernism as indeterminacy, confusion and absurdity. It reflects on the question whether machines are doing good to humanity. It analyzes the movie from the lens of cinema as a culture industry. Its finding suggests humanity is trapped in a complex chain of simulated reality. The study adds insight on how Cyborgs have blended the material with virtual reality.","PeriodicalId":103345,"journal":{"name":"Humanities and Social Sciences Journal","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122268763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Role of Some Monetary Indicators on Nepalese Economic Growth","authors":"Bashu Dev Dhungel","doi":"10.3126/hssj.v13i1.44545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/hssj.v13i1.44545","url":null,"abstract":"This research paper attempts to examine the causal association between major’s Nepalese monetary factors and Gross Domestic Product growth from 1980–2019. To confirm the short-term and long-term contribution of monetary factors to Gross Domestic Product Growth, Johansen approach to cointegration and Error Correction Model has employed and the results have confirmed that the broad money supply and consumer price index positively and significantly affects Gross Domestic Product growth whereas bank rate is seemed to be negatively and significantly effect on Gross Domestic Product growth in Nepalese economy. Moreover, Error Correction coefficient term (-0.4) confirms the emergence of a nexus between the monetary related variables and Gross Domestic Product growth at 40% speed of adjustments towards the equilibrium.","PeriodicalId":103345,"journal":{"name":"Humanities and Social Sciences Journal","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127327964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Antithesis to Machismo in the Poetry of Parijat and Kundan Sharma","authors":"D. R. Niroula","doi":"10.3126/hssj.v13i1.44552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/hssj.v13i1.44552","url":null,"abstract":"This research paper tries to provide an analysis, from the feministic approach, of the Nepali modernist poetry written by Parijat and Kundan Sharma. They were the avant-garde female poets of the 1960s in Nepali literature to write on the gender issues threatening the patriarchal system. Their antithetical stand to machismo was inspired by the Western academic and literary tradition. Some of the women characters in Parijat's poems are found to have been sufferer under triple marginalization, namely, from the perspectives of economic status, caste and gender. In spite of the fact that the society in the 1960s was inhospitable to gender equality and women's rights, these poets brilliantly articulated agonizing experiences of gender bias pervasive in both textual and practical world. Undoubtedly, the preliminary moderate feministic voice in Nepali poetry initiated by Parijat and Kundan played a significant role to deconstruct myths about women institutionalized by text, tradition and socio-cultural context. Unlike the usual reading, this study shows how these two pioneer female poets initiated revolutionary zeal to defy status quo based on traditional gender role.","PeriodicalId":103345,"journal":{"name":"Humanities and Social Sciences Journal","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133615591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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