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DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT FOR BUDD-CHIARI SYNDROME ACCOMPANIED BY THROMBOGENESIS OF INFERIOR VENA CAVA 布-恰利综合征伴下腔静脉血栓形成的诊断与治疗
Chinese Journal of Postgraduates of Medicine Pub Date : 2000-10-15 DOI: 10.3760/CMA.J.ISSN.1673-4904.2000.10.008
Long-shuan Zhao, Yong-fu Zhao
{"title":"DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT FOR BUDD-CHIARI SYNDROME ACCOMPANIED BY THROMBOGENESIS OF INFERIOR VENA CAVA","authors":"Long-shuan Zhao, Yong-fu Zhao","doi":"10.3760/CMA.J.ISSN.1673-4904.2000.10.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3760/CMA.J.ISSN.1673-4904.2000.10.008","url":null,"abstract":"Objective:To explore effective methods of diagnosis and treatment in Budd-Chiari syndrome accompanied by thrombogenesis of inferior vena cava.Methods:43 patients were diagnosed and treated from May 1983 to December 1998.Results:42 cases were treated by operation,one by percutaneous transluminal angioplasty.Thromboembolism of pulmonary artery were presented in 6 cases,4 cases of them were cured by drugs and 2 cases died.Conclusion:The combination of color Doppler songraphy and phlebography of IVC and percutaneous transhepatic hepatovenography can distinguish thrombosis of IVC for patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome.It is the main therapy to open IVC and take out thrombosis by operation.","PeriodicalId":10229,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Journal of Postgraduates of Medicine","volume":"30 1","pages":"18-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85826565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
THE CLINICAL CHARACTER OF INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS AND THE DIAGNOSTIC VALUE OF ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY 感染性心内膜炎的临床特点及超声心动图的诊断价值
Chinese Journal of Postgraduates of Medicine Pub Date : 2000-09-15 DOI: 10.3760/CMA.J.ISSN.1673-4904.2000.09.010
A. Sun, J. Hui, Jun-hua Yang, Su-dan Xu, Huifeng Wang
{"title":"THE CLINICAL CHARACTER OF INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS AND THE DIAGNOSTIC VALUE OF ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY","authors":"A. Sun, J. Hui, Jun-hua Yang, Su-dan Xu, Huifeng Wang","doi":"10.3760/CMA.J.ISSN.1673-4904.2000.09.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3760/CMA.J.ISSN.1673-4904.2000.09.010","url":null,"abstract":"Objective:To study the clinical character of infective endocarditis (IE) and the diagnostic value of echocardiography to IE.Methods:The clinical and echocardiographic information of 78 patients was analysed.Results:Basic heart diseases in 66 patients (84.6%) and vegetations in 51 patients (65.4%) were found.A total of 65 blood bacterial culture studies were porformed,and positive only in 16 cases (24.6%).The incidence of fever,enlarged spleen,embolism and death was 83.8%,52.6%,19.2% and 9.0% respectively.Conclusion:The decrease of positive blood culture and lack of typical symptoms make it diffcult to diagnose IE and then delay treatment.Echocardiography can provide etiological and pathological diagnose for IE.As a valuable tool,it can also assess the complications and prognosis.","PeriodicalId":10229,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Journal of Postgraduates of Medicine","volume":"4 1","pages":"22-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85760458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RIGHT-SIDED STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ENDOCARDITIS 右侧金黄色葡萄球菌心内膜炎的临床特点
Chinese Journal of Postgraduates of Medicine Pub Date : 2000-09-15 DOI: 10.3760/CMA.J.ISSN.1673-4904.2000.09.009
Qing-xiang Liang, L. Luo, Xiang-guang Xu, Jin-cheng Xu
{"title":"CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RIGHT-SIDED STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ENDOCARDITIS","authors":"Qing-xiang Liang, L. Luo, Xiang-guang Xu, Jin-cheng Xu","doi":"10.3760/CMA.J.ISSN.1673-4904.2000.09.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3760/CMA.J.ISSN.1673-4904.2000.09.009","url":null,"abstract":"Objective:To evaluate the clinical characteristics of right|sided staphylococcus aureus endocarditis(RSAE).Methods:The clinical data in 18 cases with RSAE was retrospectively analyzed.Results:It showed that in 18 cases with RSAE,12 cases without organic heart diseases previously,and 9 of the 12 cases were intravenous drug users,and 18 cases with cough,yellow purulent sputum or blood sputum,and can be heard with little and media moist rale over the two lungs,and their blood culture confirmed to grow with staphylococcus aureus two or more than two times,chest roentgenography discovered with patch or multiple nodule shadow over the two lung fields,and 6 cases found with cavity formation,2 cases with empyema.It need 25.3(14～72) days in average to discover the vegetation on right heart valves or endocardium confirmed in UCG test from the onset of the disease.Conclusions:X-film manifestations for pulmonary acute inflammation or multiple pulmonary abscess,and new regurgitation murmur over the tricuspid valves or pulmonary valve during the course,were all significant for RSAE diagnosis,Doppler ultrasonic examination was also important for RSAE diagnosis,but may be negative in the early stage,therefore,these suspected cases should be given a dynamic observation.","PeriodicalId":10229,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Journal of Postgraduates of Medicine","volume":"44 1","pages":"19-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86079059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
DETECTION AND ITS CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF FIBRINOGEN-BOUND SIALIC LEVELS IN PATIENTS WITH LIVER DISEASE 肝病患者纤维蛋白原结合唾液水平的检测及其临床意义
Chinese Journal of Postgraduates of Medicine Pub Date : 2000-08-15 DOI: 10.3760/CMA.J.ISSN.1673-4904.2000.08.010
Jian Li, Yu-gui Zhou, Guoyong Ding, Zheng Zhu
{"title":"DETECTION AND ITS CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF FIBRINOGEN-BOUND SIALIC LEVELS IN PATIENTS WITH LIVER DISEASE","authors":"Jian Li, Yu-gui Zhou, Guoyong Ding, Zheng Zhu","doi":"10.3760/CMA.J.ISSN.1673-4904.2000.08.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3760/CMA.J.ISSN.1673-4904.2000.08.010","url":null,"abstract":"Objective:To explore the clinical significance of fibrinogen-bound sialic acid levels in patients with liver disease.Methods:Fibrinogen was purified by precipitation from citrated plasma by saturated ammonium sulplvate.Fibrinogen-bound sialic acid levels with 22 controls and 113 liver patients were assayed by the thiobarbituric acid method.Results:The level of the patients with liver cirrhosis was significantly higher than that of the controls and others liver disease group (P0.01).In addition there was relationship between the thrombin time and fibrinogen-bound sialic acid contents.Poly merization of fibrin monomer was inverse ratio with fibrinogen-bound sialic acid.Conclusion:It suggests that fibrinogen-bound sialic acid levels may be diagnostic index acquired dysfibrinogenaemia.","PeriodicalId":10229,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Journal of Postgraduates of Medicine","volume":"139 1","pages":"20-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73541786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
CORRELATION BETWEEN ICG AND CHILD-PUGH CLASSIFICATION IN PATIENTS WITH LIVER CIRRHOSIS 肝硬化患者icg与child-pugh分型的关系
Chinese Journal of Postgraduates of Medicine Pub Date : 2000-08-15 DOI: 10.3760/CMA.J.ISSN.1673-4904.2000.08.008
Xiao-lan Zhang, F. Shao, Zhi-qing Zhang, Yu-zhuo Zhang, Hong-tao Jin
{"title":"CORRELATION BETWEEN ICG AND CHILD-PUGH CLASSIFICATION IN PATIENTS WITH LIVER CIRRHOSIS","authors":"Xiao-lan Zhang, F. Shao, Zhi-qing Zhang, Yu-zhuo Zhang, Hong-tao Jin","doi":"10.3760/CMA.J.ISSN.1673-4904.2000.08.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3760/CMA.J.ISSN.1673-4904.2000.08.008","url":null,"abstract":"Objective:To study the correlation between ICG and Child-Pugh classification in patients with liver cirrhosis.Methods:The levels of ICG were measured in 58 patients with cirrhosis and 32 normal controls.Results:The levels of ICG were significantly higher in patients with cirrhosis (23.12%±3.98%) than in controls (2.23%±1.47%),P0.01.Comparisons of the levels of ICG in group of patients with different liver function were shown as follows:Child-Pugh Cchild-Pugh BChild-Pugh A.There was positive correlation between ICG and Child-Pugh classification as well as BIL,but there was not correlation between ICG and albumin as well as PA.Conclusion:The increase of ICG is closely associated with the severity of liver cirrhosis and the ICG is suitable for objective analysis of Child-Pugh classification.","PeriodicalId":10229,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Journal of Postgraduates of Medicine","volume":"33 1","pages":"16-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76660687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
EVALUATION OF ABSOLUTE ALCOHOL TREATMENT FOR RENAL CYST BY PERCUTANEOUS PUNCTURE UNDER ULTRASONOGRAPHIC GUIDANCE 超声引导下经皮穿刺无水酒精治疗肾囊肿疗效评价
Chinese Journal of Postgraduates of Medicine Pub Date : 2000-08-15 DOI: 10.3760/CMA.J.ISSN.1673-4904.2000.08.015
F. Jiang, Hou-bao Huang
{"title":"EVALUATION OF ABSOLUTE ALCOHOL TREATMENT FOR RENAL CYST BY PERCUTANEOUS PUNCTURE UNDER ULTRASONOGRAPHIC GUIDANCE","authors":"F. Jiang, Hou-bao Huang","doi":"10.3760/CMA.J.ISSN.1673-4904.2000.08.015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3760/CMA.J.ISSN.1673-4904.2000.08.015","url":null,"abstract":"Objective:To observe therapeutic effect with absolute alcohol treatment for 118 cases renal cyst by percutaneous puncture under ultrasonographic guidance.Methods:With transrenal aspiration of the encased fluid followed by injection of pure ethanol into the lumen.Results:After absolute alcohol treatment for 173 cysts in 118 cases,cure rate 87.28%,markedly effective rate 96.53%,effective rate 99.42%.Conclusion:This method is effective,safe and accurate,simple and economy.","PeriodicalId":10229,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Journal of Postgraduates of Medicine","volume":"33 1","pages":"32-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80822779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
THE MEASUREMENT AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF NEURON-SPECIFIC ENOLASE IN PATIENTS WITH HEPATOENCEPHALOPATHY 肝脑病患者神经元特异性烯醇化酶的测定及临床意义
Chinese Journal of Postgraduates of Medicine Pub Date : 2000-08-15 DOI: 10.3760/CMA.J.ISSN.1673-4904.2000.08.009
Guanghao Zhang, Q. Jin
{"title":"THE MEASUREMENT AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF NEURON-SPECIFIC ENOLASE IN PATIENTS WITH HEPATOENCEPHALOPATHY","authors":"Guanghao Zhang, Q. Jin","doi":"10.3760/CMA.J.ISSN.1673-4904.2000.08.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3760/CMA.J.ISSN.1673-4904.2000.08.009","url":null,"abstract":"Objective:To study the clinical significance of neuron|specific enolase (NSE) in the patients with hepatoencephalopathy(HE).Methods:The serum NSE was measured by ELISA in 46 cases.The results were analyzed in every clinical type liver disease and every stage of HE.Results:The serum NSE levels was significantly increased in the patients with HE (46.038±24.260) μg/L compared with the patients with chronic hepatitis (12.127±5.673) μg/L and control cases (10.196±3.237) μg/L.The serum NSE levels gradually increased (P0.05) in the patients with liver cirrhosis,subacute fatal hepatitis and acute fatal hepatitis,and the serum NSE levels was obviously higher in patients with the fourth stage HE than they with first and second stage.Conclusion:The serume NSE levels obviously increased in the patients with HE,and it gradually increased in the patients with liver cirrhosis,subacute fatal hepatitis and acute fatal hepatitis.The serum NSE levels were higher in the patients with more serious HE.","PeriodicalId":10229,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Journal of Postgraduates of Medicine","volume":"26 1","pages":"18-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88855385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
THE CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS AND OPERATION MANAGEMENT OF STRANGULATING INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION IN 139 CASES 139例绞窄性肠梗阻的临床诊断与手术处理
Chinese Journal of Postgraduates of Medicine Pub Date : 2000-08-15 DOI: 10.3760/CMA.J.ISSN.1673-4904.2000.08.012
Xueying Chen, Rong-lin Yan, Xing Yang, Wen-yuan Guo, Weiyuan Zhang
{"title":"THE CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS AND OPERATION MANAGEMENT OF STRANGULATING INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION IN 139 CASES","authors":"Xueying Chen, Rong-lin Yan, Xing Yang, Wen-yuan Guo, Weiyuan Zhang","doi":"10.3760/CMA.J.ISSN.1673-4904.2000.08.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3760/CMA.J.ISSN.1673-4904.2000.08.012","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To investigate the early diagnosis and operative manner of strangulating intestinal obstruction. Methods: The clinical material of 139 patients with strangulating intestinal obstruction from Jan. 1975 to Dec. 1999 was analysed retrospectively. Results: There were only 58 patients(41.7%) were diagnosed as strangulating intestinal obstruction before operation, the other 81 patients(58.3%) were diagnosed at laparotomy. All patients were treated by operation, 106 patients were cured, 33 dead. The mortality was 23.7%. The main cause of death was septic shock、MOF、ARDS and severe disturbance of water-electrolyte、acid-base balance. Conclusion: Early diagnosis of strangulating intestinal obstruction was difficult. Intestine necrosis may be prevented by analysing carefully the clinical features and related examinations. Early operation was the most effective treatment. Emphasized post operative ICU management was the key procedure of decreasing mortality.","PeriodicalId":10229,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Journal of Postgraduates of Medicine","volume":"41 1","pages":"25-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80188665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
OPERATION OF INDICATION AND METHODS OF TRAUMATIC CEREBRAL EXTERNAL FLUID ACCUMULATIVE 外伤性脑外积液的手术适应证及方法
Chinese Journal of Postgraduates of Medicine Pub Date : 2000-07-15 DOI: 10.3760/CMA.J.ISSN.1673-4904.2000.07.011
Shao-qin Zheng, Ying-ming Yang
{"title":"OPERATION OF INDICATION AND METHODS OF TRAUMATIC CEREBRAL EXTERNAL FLUID ACCUMULATIVE","authors":"Shao-qin Zheng, Ying-ming Yang","doi":"10.3760/CMA.J.ISSN.1673-4904.2000.07.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3760/CMA.J.ISSN.1673-4904.2000.07.011","url":null,"abstract":"Objective:To detect the operation indication and methods of traumatic cerebral external fluid accumulative (TCEFA).Methods:The clinical characters,feature of CT scan and MRI and to determine the protein contain of fluid were analysis,according to the 27 cases and uses different operation to cure.Results:Operation respectively with fluid-peritoneal cavity shunts 16 cases,bores hole drainage 6 cases,fontanel drainage 3 and puncture in 4.Twenty-five cases gets recover entirely and 2 cases abandon cure.Conclusion:The operation of indication dependent on the clinical disease that quantity accumulating liquid and patient's signs and symptoms,but the method is decided by nature (composition of accumulating liquid).And that the protein content is high or gets along with blood,and Drainage outside the line or aspirates through the fontanel;opposite,fluid-peritoneal cavity shunt should done.","PeriodicalId":10229,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Journal of Postgraduates of Medicine","volume":"65 1","pages":"23-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83878692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
STUDY ON THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ACE GENE POLYMORPHISMS WITH ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION AND INSULIN RESISTANCE ace基因多态性与原发性高血压和胰岛素抵抗的关系研究
Chinese Journal of Postgraduates of Medicine Pub Date : 2000-07-15 DOI: 10.3760/CMA.J.ISSN.1673-4904.2000.07.009
Y. Zhan, W. Qian, Hai-yan Wang
{"title":"STUDY ON THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ACE GENE POLYMORPHISMS WITH ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION AND INSULIN RESISTANCE","authors":"Y. Zhan, W. Qian, Hai-yan Wang","doi":"10.3760/CMA.J.ISSN.1673-4904.2000.07.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3760/CMA.J.ISSN.1673-4904.2000.07.009","url":null,"abstract":"Objective:To explore the association of ACE gene polymorphisms with essential hypertension and insulin resistance in Chinese population.Mothod:A population-base case-control study was carried out.Possible factors related to essential hypertension were inquired in 112 essential hypertensive patients and the same amount of sex age-matched healthy control subjects.Their fasting blood sugar,fasting blood insulin were measured.ACE gene polymorphisms were measured by using PCR method.Result:The genotype composition of ACE(I/D) polymorphisms had significant difference between the case group and the control group.Genotype DD in the case group was higher than in the control group,espically for males case group.Compare with non-obesity subjects whose ACE genotype is DD,non-obesity subjects with genotype Ⅱ,especially for males,had a higher ISI value.Conclusion:The results suggest that genetic varitaion in the ACE gene may be associated with essential hypertension and insulin resistance in Chinese population.The genotype DD of ACE gene may be an independent predictor of essential hypertension,espically for men;and it could be a genetic linkage of essential hypertension.The non-obosity subjects with genotype Ⅱ of ACE gene,males in particular,are liable to insulin resistance.","PeriodicalId":10229,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Journal of Postgraduates of Medicine","volume":"21 1","pages":"18-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89856566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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