Clinical and Experimental Optometry最新文献

{"title":"Efficacy of repeated red-light laser therapy for myopia control in Australian children: a pilot randomised controlled trial.","authors":"Gabriella Bulloch, Ziyi Qi, Yuri Yin-Moe Aung, Zeinab Fakih, Diba Rezazadeh, Dzung Tran, Zhuoting Zhu, Nelofar Deen","doi":"10.1080/08164622.2026.2648328","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08164622.2026.2648328","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Childhood myopia is increasingly prevalent in routine optometric practice and is associated with a lifetime risk of ocular complications. Clinically acceptable and evidence-based strategies to slow myopia progression are therefore important for long-term eye health management across diverse populations.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>To assess the efficacy, feasibility and safety of repeated red-light laser (RLRL) therapy among multi-ethnic school-aged children in Australia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Randomised controlled trial. 34 multi-ethnic children aged 8-13 years with myopia were enrolled. Participants were randomly assigned to the RLRL therapy with single-vision spectacles (SVS) group or the SVS group. RLRL therapy was administered for 3 minutes, twice daily for 5 days per week, while SVS group continued routine activities. Assessments were scheduled at baseline and follow-up visits at 1, 3, 6 & 12 months, with compliance monitoring and safety assessments throughout. Axial length (AL), spherical equivalence refraction (SER) and Optical coherence tomography were conducted.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 34 children were randomised to 17 in the RLRL group and 17 in the SVS group. Three children in the RLRL group withdrew due to headache (<i>n</i> = 1) and poor compliance to treatment (<i>n</i> = 2). Adjusted mean changes of 12-month AL and SER were -0.03 (95% CI, -0.05 to -0.01) mm and 0.08 (95% CI, 0.04 to 0.13) D for RLRL group and 0.12 (95% CI, 0.10 to 0.14) mm and -0.20 (95% CI, -0.29 to -0.10) D for SVS group. No severe adverse events were observed during the study period.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This pilot study in a non-Chinese Australian population demonstrated that RLRL therapy may be a promising alternative treatment for myopia control in multi-ethnic school-aged children, with no documented functional and structural damages. Further research with a larger cohort is warranted to confirm results and explore the long-term efficacy and safety of RLRL therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":10214,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Optometry","volume":" ","pages":"1489-1499"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147638082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Orbital fracture and emphysema after sneezing.","authors":"Kemal Örnek, Tülay Karacan Erşekerci","doi":"10.1080/08164622.2026.2722999","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08164622.2026.2722999","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10214,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Optometry","volume":" ","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148873031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implementation and evaluation of an optometry-led satellite outpatient clinic for patients with diabetes.","authors":"Jacqueline Warren, Jyoti Khadka, Lucy Chipchase, Stewart Lake, Ranjay Chakraborty, Nicola Anstice","doi":"10.1080/08164622.2026.2631767","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08164622.2026.2631767","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Collaborative models involving optometrists and ophthalmologists can provide safe, evidence-based, quality care, enhance access to diabetic eye care services, and alleviate pressure on hospital-based ophthalmology services.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Australian hospital-based ophthalmology services face high demand, far exceeding supply. However, many patients with non-sight threatening pathologies may be safely assessed in community settings. This study explored the safety, effectiveness and patient satisfaction of a collaborative diabetic eye care model between a university optometry-led clinic and a public ophthalmology department.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The program implemented a collaboratively developed clinical protocol that minimised the need for direct ophthalmology oversight. Following implementation, a retrospective review of clinical data, post-visit patient satisfaction surveys and a randomised audit of clinical records assessing adherence to care protocols was undertaken. Data were evaluated to determine the models effectiveness in ensuring timely access to care, maintaining clinical safety and patient satisfaction.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Over 18 months, 770 appointments (522 first visits, 248 reviews) were completed. Eighty-one (10.5%) appointments required virtual ophthalmology review and a further 24 (3.1%) required transfer to tertiary ophthalmology. Most (98%) of patients were satisfied with the care they received and adherence to minimum clinical recording, clinical testing and management was 98.7%, 98.9% and 100%, respectively. At the first visit, only 36 (17.5%) patients were seen within 30 days of their recommended review time, compared to 187 (91.2%) at the time of their second visit. Among the 20 patients referred to the hospital for further evaluation and treatment, there was an 85% agreement (K = 0.80) in clinical diagnosis between the optometrist and ophthalmologist.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The model demonstrated that a primary-tertiary care partnership can maintain high standards while improving service efficiency. A collaborative model with reduced dependence on direct ophthalmology oversight can deliver quality care, improve timely access and follow-up for patients with diabetes, with good patient satisfaction.</p>","PeriodicalId":10214,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Optometry","volume":" ","pages":"1509-1521"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147281412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three-year retinal and visual outcomes after ultraviolet- and blue light-filtering intraocular lenses.","authors":"Fatih A Ceylan, Olcay Tatar Kartaloğlu, İbrahim E Yılmaz","doi":"10.1080/08164622.2026.2688367","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08164622.2026.2688367","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Intraocular lens selection following cataract surgery has implications beyond refractive correction, with different lens chromophore compositions potentially affecting retinal light exposure and downstream visual and circadian outcomes. Understanding the long-term retinal and functional consequences of ultraviolet versus blue light filtration is of clinical importance for evidence-based intraocular lens counselling.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Blue light-filtering intraocular lenses have been proposed to reduce photochemical retinal damage, but their effects on retinal structure and self-reported visual function remain uncertain.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study included 127 eyes of 85 patients who underwent phacoemulsification between January 2020 and December 2021. Group 1 (<i>n</i> = 76) received blue light-filtering intraocular lenses and Group 2 (<i>n</i> = 51) received ultraviolet-filtering intraocular lenses. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography was performed preoperatively and at a mean follow-up of 34.8 ± 4.4 months. The self-reported visual function questionnaire was administered once at the time of imaging data collection. Primary outcomes included central macular thickness and thickness of the retinal nerve fibre layer, ganglion cell layer and inner plexiform layer. Secondary outcomes included retinal pigment epithelium reflectivity, ellipsoid zone reflectivity, choroidal vascularity index and self-reported visual function outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No significant differences were observed between groups in demographics or baseline parameters. Preoperative and postoperative central macular thickness values were similar between groups, with no significant postoperative change. Retinal nerve fibre layer thickness, quadrant measurements, ganglion cell layer, inner plexiform layer and ganglion cell complex thickness were comparable preoperatively and postoperatively. Retinal pigment epithelium reflectivity, ellipsoid zone reflectivity, subfoveal choroidal thickness and choroidal vascularity index were also similar and remained stable. No retinal pathology developed. Self-reported visual function questionnaire results showed no significant differences in low-light vision, night vision, sleep pattern, daytime alertness or colour vividness.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Ultraviolet-filtering and blue light-filtering intraocular lenses showed similar effects on retinal structure and self-reported visual function over approximately three years. Both lens types appeared safe regarding retinal structural integrity, and intraocular lens selection may therefore be guided by patient-specific factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":10214,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Optometry","volume":" ","pages":"1579-1589"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148263442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating classical binocular vision testing with objective eye-tracking to characterise oculomotor dysfunction in strabismus.","authors":"Mario Cantó-Cerdán, Ana Siverio-Colomina, Carmen Aragonés-Catalá, Almudena Ramos-Vega, Maria Alejandra Amesty, Antonio Martínez-Abad","doi":"10.1080/08164622.2026.2648331","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08164622.2026.2648331","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Objective eye-tracking provides quantitative metrics of oculomotor control and reading performance that complement conventional binocular vision testing. Integration of eye-movement analysis into clinical practice may support more comprehensive functional assessment of patients with binocular vision disorders.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>The aim of this work is to compare oculomotor parameters between patients with strabismus and healthy controls, integrating classical optometric/ophthalmological tests with objective video-oculography and eye-tracking measurements.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This observational cross-sectional study included 56 participants (20 with manifest strabismus and 36 visually normal controls). All subjects underwent a standardised optometric and ophthalmological examination, including refraction, visual acuity, cover test, near point of convergence, stereopsis, and Worth 4-dot testing. Oculomotor function and reading performance were objectively assessed using a binocular eye-tracking system, which recorded Developmental Eye Movement (DEM) test performance, fixation stability, horizontal saccades, smooth pursuit, and reading-related eye-movement metrics. Between-group comparisons were performed, effect sizes were calculated, and penalised logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were used to identify the most discriminative variable.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Participants with strabismus showed significantly longer DEM vertical and horizontal times (both <i>p</i> = 0.002), higher DEM error rates (<i>p</i> = 0.006), reduced reading speed (<i>p</i> < 0.001), and increased fixation and saccadic counts compared with controls. In penalised multivariable modelling, DEM times, DEM error measures, and reading speed emerged as the strongest independent predictors of strabismus. ROC analyses demonstrated good to excellent discriminatory accuracy for DEM horizontal time, DEM vertical time, total DEM errors, and reading speed (AUC > 0.80).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Strabismus is associated with marked impairments in oculomotor sequencing and reading-related eye-movement control. Objective eye-tracking-derived metrics, particularly DEM performance and reading efficiency, provide clinically relevant information beyond traditional binocular vision tests and may serve as sensitive functional biomarkers for the characterisation of strabismus.</p>","PeriodicalId":10214,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Optometry","volume":" ","pages":"1608-1619"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147627319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of digital versus faxed e-referrals on triage decisions in a medical retina clinic.","authors":"Myra B McGuinness, Michelle Waugh, Doron G Hickey, Peter van Wijngaarden, Catherine Mancuso, Peter Larsen","doi":"10.1080/08164622.2026.2636145","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08164622.2026.2636145","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Efficient triage is essential for managing increasing demand in resource-constrained ophthalmic services. Referral systems that enable structured clinical information and high-quality ocular imaging may support prioritisation according to clinical need and improve service efficiency.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>This study compared triage decisions made using traditional faxed referrals to those made using digital referrals with high-resolution retinal imaging in an Australian public hospital medical retina outpatient clinic.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Two ophthalmologists independently reviewed referrals for 100 patients (<i>n</i> = 73 for assessment of diabetic eye disease, <i>n</i> = 27 for other medical retina conditions). Referrals were originally generated by optometrists using a digital referral platform with colour fundus photographs and/or optical coherence tomography images and were transmitted to the hospital via fax (2018-2021). Study assessors were masked to original triage decisions and post-referral clinical findings. Each assessor graded the urgency of an appointment using the faxed version of the referral prior to assessing the corresponding digital referral file via a five-level triage classification system. Medical records were retrospectively reviewed to evaluate the alignment between triage decisions and downstream clinical outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At the time of original referral, 28% of patients were classified as requiring an appointment within a week, and 8% were deemed not to need an appointment. Agreement between assessors was moderate (exact match in triage level for 59.5% of cases across referral formats). Assessors were more likely to downgrade appointment urgency or reject referrals when grading digital files compared to when assessing the matched faxed referrals (45% downgraded urgency for Assessor 1, 13% Assessor 2).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Digital referrals with high-resolution imaging may improve triage accuracy in medical retina clinics by better aligning appointment urgency with clinical need. Greater alignment between referring optometrists and specialist services through interoperable systems, structured referral protocols, and secure image sharing may further enhance efficiency and communication across care settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":10214,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Optometry","volume":" ","pages":"1590-1597"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147347492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measuring contrast sensitivity in school children and young adults: a comparison between Pelli-Robson and SpotChecks charts.","authors":"Stephen Ocansey, Emmanuella Adjei Baffour, Ebenezer Oduro Antiri, Fuseina Safianu, Carl Haladay Abraham, Emmanuel Kwasi Abu, John Siderov","doi":"10.1080/08164622.2026.2686762","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08164622.2026.2686762","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Contrast sensitivity (CS) is an important component of functional vision assessment, providing information that complements visual acuity measurements. Reliable CS tests are valuable in clinical settings serving children and populations with limited access to ophthalmic equipment.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>SpotChecks, a self-administered CS test, has shown good agreement with the Pelli-Robson chart (PR) chart in older adults. This study evaluated its performance in children from a Black African population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this cross-sectional study, 152 children aged 5-17 years and 27 adults aged 18-37 years with normal vision were recruited. Monocular and binocular CS were measured using SpotChecks at 40 cm and PR at 40 cm and 1 m under room illumination (80-120 cd/m²). Adults were grouped into 18-25 years (<i>n</i> = 17) and 26-37 years (<i>n</i> = 10). Agreement between tests was assessed using paired t-tests and Bland-Altman analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>CS improved significantly from ages 5-8 years to older age groups (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Participants aged ≥ 9 years and adults showed comparable CS between SpotChecks and PR at 40 cm (all <i>p</i> > 0.05). However, PR at 1 m yielded lower CS scores in children than adults (monocular: 1.51 ± 0.16 vs 1.61 ± 0.15; binocular: 1.58 ± 0.13 vs 1.73 ± 0.18; <i>p</i> < 0.05). Agreement between SpotChecks and PR at 40 cm was good (mean difference: +0.023 logCS binocular; 95% limits of agreement: -0.28 to +0.33). PR at 1 m consistently produced lower scores than at 40 cm.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>CS improves with age, stabilising around 9-10 years, with children aged 5-8 years showing lower scores than older groups. SpotChecks at 40 cm showed good agreement with PR at the same distance and may serve as an alternative. PR at 1 m may underestimate CS in children. Further studies should evaluate both tools in paediatric populations with visual impairment.</p>","PeriodicalId":10214,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Optometry","volume":" ","pages":"1629-1639"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148263460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Objective amplitude of accommodation using different accommodative stimuli.","authors":"Alejandro León Álvarez, Mark Rosenfield, Sandra Milena Medrano, Nancy Piedad Molina","doi":"10.1080/08164622.2026.2695843","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08164622.2026.2695843","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>While the amplitude of accommodation is commonly measured using subjective procedures in the clinic, objective techniques are more repeatable and can be adopted using any technique to stimulate accommodation.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>The aim of this work is to evaluate the differences, concordance and reliability of objective methods for measuring the amplitude of accommodation using different procedures to stimulate accommodation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A descriptive, cross-sectional study. Objective (dynamic retinoscopy push up, push down and push away) and subjective (push up, push down and push away) procedures were used to measure the monocular amplitude of accommodation in 80 subjects between 18 and 27 years of age by two independent evaluators over two sessions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Neither the objective nor subjective methods showed significant differences between the two sessions (<i>p</i> > 0.05). Post-hoc comparisons showed significant differences between the push up method of stimulating accommodation and the other procedures (all <i>p</i> < 0.001). However, the objective push up method showed poor concordance with the other objective procedures. Poor to moderate concordance was found for the subjective methods with moderate precision and accuracy.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>While the objective push up procedure provided significantly higher findings than the push down and pull away techniques, the differences were small (mean ≤ 0.25D) and so any of the techniques adopted here can be used to stimulate accommodation in an objective assessment of the accommodative amplitude.</p>","PeriodicalId":10214,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Optometry","volume":" ","pages":"1654-1663"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148419035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rewarding yet challenging: factors influencing domiciliary optometry services in Australian long-term care communities.","authors":"Sheela Kumaran, Marianne Piano, Zhilin Choo, Marie Liang, Piers Dawes, Carly Meyer, Najwan El-Saifi, Divya Anantharaman, Lisa Keay","doi":"10.1080/08164622.2026.2695834","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08164622.2026.2695834","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>A thorough understanding of the challenges involved in practising in long-term care communities is essential to enhance optometric engagement with this sector.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Vision impairments are common among older adults living in long-term care communities. However, significant gaps in access and utilisation of eyecare services exist in this setting. This study explored the barriers and enablers faced by optometrists to provide domiciliary eyecare services in long-term care.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A qualitative descriptive approach was adopted. Twenty-seven Australian optometrists (16 with long-term care experience) participated in interviews or focus groups, guided by the theoretical domains framework. The sessions were audio recorded, transcribed, coded deductively and inductively, and analysed iteratively to form themes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Five themes emerged, highlighting several barriers at macro/ system-level (e.g. regulatory gaps, workforce shortage), meso/ organisational level (e.g. environment, poor care coordination) and micro/ practitioner-patient-family level (e.g. capabilities, competing priorities). Enablers included positive beliefs about socio-professional responsibilities, experience managing complex conditions, confidence in clinical skills and practising in non-traditional settings, knowledge of referral practices, and job satisfaction. Recommendations to overcome barriers included financial incentives, peer-support, and mentoring opportunities, an enabling environment in aged care, centralised health records, and collaborative models of care involving aged care staff, health professionals, and families.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Multifaceted challenges hinder eyecare in long-term care. The findings highlight the need for advocacy and a systems-thinking approach to build capacity, enhance care coordination, and optimise funding for domiciliary optometry to improve eye and health outcomes for people in long-term care. The study recommendations align with the Integrated People-Centred Health Services framework of the World Health Organization, offering opportunities for further development.</p>","PeriodicalId":10214,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Optometry","volume":" ","pages":"1664-1679"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148560959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Systemic inflammatory and nutritional biomarkers associated with anatomical and visual outcomes after intravitreal bevacizumab for diabetic macular oedema.","authors":"Muhiddin Fatih Bodur, Hakan Berk Yılmaz, Gürol Değirmenci, Kamil İnan, Eren Göktaş","doi":"10.1080/08164622.2026.2726392","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08164622.2026.2726392","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Systemic inflammatory-nutritional biomarkers are readily accessible potential indicators of anti- vascular endothelial growth factor (antiVEGF) treatment outcomes in diabetic macular oedema; however, their independent clinical value remains uncertain.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Systemic inflammatory indices have been associated with diabetic retinopathy and anti-VEGF treatment outcomes. This study evaluated whether composite inflammatory-nutritional biomarkers, particularly haemoglobin, albumin, lymphocyte, and platelet (HALP) score and prognostic nutritional index, are associated with anatomical and visual outcomes following bevacizumab treatment in diabetic macular oedema.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study included 77 eyes of 77 patients with diabetic macular oedema treated with three consecutive intravitreal bevacizumab injections. Anatomical response was defined as a ≥ 50-µm reduction in central macular thickness from baseline. Systemic inflammatory-nutritional biomarkers were evaluated between responders and non-responders. Multivariable logistic regression was performed for anatomical response, while multivariable linear regression was used to evaluate visual improvement, adjusting for relevant ocular and systemic covariates.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Anatomical response was observed in 24 eyes (31.2%). None of the evaluated inflammatory-nutritional indices differed significantly between responders and non-responders. In multivariable analysis, neither HALP nor prognostic nutritional index was independently associated with anatomical response, whereas higher baseline central macular thickness was independently associated with response (OR = 1.022, 95% CI: 1.010-1.034; <i>p</i> < 0.001). Neither HALP nor prognostic nutritional index was independently associated with best corrected visual acuity, whereas baseline best corrected visual acuity was significantly associated with visual improvement (β = 0.511; <i>p</i> < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>HALP and prognostic nutritional index were not independently associated with anatomical or visual outcomes following bevacizumab treatment in diabetic macular oedema. Baseline ocular characteristics, particularly central macular thickness and best corrected visual acuity, showed stronger associations with treatment outcomes than systemic inflammatory-nutritional indices.</p>","PeriodicalId":10214,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Optometry","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148872941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}