Clinical and Experimental Optometry最新文献

{"title":"Epidemiology of non-strabismic binocular vision anomalies in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Pious Tawiah Amoako, Prince Arthur, Dennis Quarshie, Raphael Osei Owusu, Samuel Kyei, Charles Darko-Takyi, Emmanuel Kwasi Abu","doi":"10.1080/08164622.2026.2722996","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08164622.2026.2722996","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Non-strabismic binocular vision anomalies (NSBVAs) are common causes of visual discomfort and reduced visual efficiency. Understanding their prevalence in African populations is essential for informing routine binocular vision assessment and improving clinical decision-making in optometric practice across the continent.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>NSBVAs contribute significantly to asthenopic symptoms and functional visual problems, yet their epidemiology in Africa has not been systematically synthesised. This review aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of NSBVAs in Africa and to examine the diagnostic criteria used across studies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Studies reporting the prevalence of NSBVAs in African populations were searched from database inception to 12 December 2025 in Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Ovid MEDLINE. Risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tool for prevalence studies. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed in R to calculate pooled prevalence estimates, and heterogeneity was assessed using the <i>I</i>² statistic. The review protocol was prospectively registered with PROSPERO (CRD42025648345).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Nine studies from Ghana, Nigeria, and South Africa, including 2,932 participants, met the inclusion criteria. The pooled prevalence of vergence anomalies was 19.19% (95% CI: 13.36-26.80%; six studies), with convergence insufficiency being the most prevalent (9.20%; 95% CI: 4.47-18.00%). The pooled prevalence of accommodative anomalies was 18.87% (95% CI: 17.27-20.59%; five studies), with accommodative infacility being the most common (9.00%; 95% CI: 5.97-13.35%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Across the included studies, approximately one in five participants met study-specific criteria for accommodative or vergence anomalies. However, because diagnostic criteria and symptom requirements varied and the certainty of evidence was very low, these estimates should be interpreted as indicative rather than definitive population prevalence estimates. These findings highlight the need for routine binocular vision assessment, standardised diagnostic criteria, and expanded epidemiological research to support evidence-based optometric care in Africa.</p>","PeriodicalId":10214,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Optometry","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149079933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tonic accommodation as the physiological baseline of the accommodative system.","authors":"Arlene E Gwon","doi":"10.1080/08164622.2026.2727577","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08164622.2026.2727577","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Understanding tonic accommodation as the physiologic baseline of the accommodative system may help clinicians interpret accommodative symptoms, refractive variability, presbyopic change, and responses to myopia-control and accommodative therapies. Accommodation is traditionally described relative to the optical far point of the eye, implicitly assuming that the distance-focused state represents physiological rest. However, experimental studies performed under conditions of minimal visual stimulation consistently demonstrate that the eye adopts an intermediate focal position known as tonic accommodation. This review examines the hypothesis that tonic accommodation represents the physiological baseline of the accommodative system and that accommodation towards both near and far targets involves active neural modulation around this resting state. Relevant literature addressing tonic accommodation, autonomic control of the ciliary muscle, accommodative dynamics, presbyopia, and clinical approaches to refractive correction and accommodative intervention was reviewed. Existing evidence supports the presence of a stable tonic accommodative state maintained primarily through baseline parasympathetic activity. Positive accommodation towards near targets is widely accepted as an active parasympathetic process. In contrast, relaxation towards distance has traditionally been considered passive; however, experimental and pharmacologic observations suggest that accommodative relaxation may involve graded neural modulation rather than elastic recoil alone. Anatomical heterogeneity within the ciliary muscle and differential receptor distribution provide a potential substrate for bidirectional accommodative control. Viewing tonic accommodation as the physiological baseline of the accommodative system provides a framework that integrates neural, mechanical, and age-related aspects of accommodation. This perspective does not replace classical theories of accommodation or presbyopia, but may help explain accommodative dynamics, refractive behaviour, and variable responses observed with myopia-control strategies, pharmacologic presbyopia treatments, and accommodating intraocular lenses.</p>","PeriodicalId":10214,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Optometry","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148911073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gender differences in myopic regression, corneal haze, and ectasia after corneal refractive surgery: a retrospective cohort study.","authors":"Ning Ma, Limin Qian, Chunlai Fang","doi":"10.1080/08164622.2026.2714994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08164622.2026.2714994","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Understanding factors that influence refractive stability and postoperative complications after corneal refractive surgery is important for improving patient selection, risk assessment, postoperative management, and long-term visual outcomes.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Gender-related differences in healing responses after corneal refractive surgery may influence rates of myopic regression and corneal haze, but evidence remains inconsistent.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective cohort study was conducted at a tertiary refractive surgery center of Harbin medical university and included patients undergoing LASIK, PRK, or SMILE. A total of 376 patients (752 eyes) with at least 12 months of follow-up were analysed. Myopic regression was defined as a ≥0.50 D myopic shift between 3- and 12-month postoperative refraction. Corneal haze was graded using the Fantes scale, and ectasia was diagnosed based on clinical and tomographic criteria. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to adjust for confounding variables.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The cohort included 212 females (56.4%) and 164 males (43.6%) with a mean age of 28.9 ± 6.7 years. Baseline refractive and keratometric parameters were comparable between groups, although females had significantly thinner corneas. Myopic regression occurred in 18.2% of eyes and was significantly more frequent in females (20.5% vs. 15.3%, p = 0.048), with greater regression magnitude (-0.46 ± 0.33 D vs. -0.37 ± 0.29 D, p = 0.031). Corneal haze developed in 6.9% of eyes and was also more common in females (8.4% vs. 4.9%, p = 0.041), while persistent haze remained rare. Postoperative ectasia occurred in 0.53% of eyes with no sex-based difference (p = 0.62). Multivariate analysis identified younger age, higher preoperative myopia, PRK surgery, and high myopia as significant predictors of regression, whereas female sex was not independently associated (adjusted OR: 1.27, p = 0.174).     .</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings suggest that clinical and surgical characteristics, rather than sex alone, should guide risk assessment and postoperative counselling.</p>","PeriodicalId":10214,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Optometry","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148900184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prominent clinical, structural, and vascular features of adult-onset foveomacular vitelliform dystrophy: a comparative study with subgroup analysis.","authors":"Cemal Çavdarli, Elif Akarslan, Zeynep Ömerbeyoğlu, Yelda Yıldız Taşçı, Sebile Çomçalı","doi":"10.1080/08164622.2026.2727578","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08164622.2026.2727578","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Adult-onset foveomacular vitelliform dystrophy (AFVD) is a rare, slowly progressive disorder that shares features with other macular diseases. A thorough analysis of its structural and vascular characteristics is increasingly important for understanding its aetiology and distinguishing it from others.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Structural retinal changes of AFVD are well documented; the relationship between vascular alterations and disease mechanisms remains unclear. This study aimed to compare the clinical, structural, and vascular characteristics of AFVD patients and healthy controls.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study included 48 patients with AFVD and 40 healthy controls. Participants underwent assessment of demographic and functional characteristics with structural and vascular density measurements, using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT- angiography. Data were compared between the AFVD and control groups and among AFVD subgroups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean best-corrected visual acuity of AFVD patients was 0.29 ± 0.18 logMAR, and there was no significant difference among the subgroups. The mean central macular thickness in the AFVD group was higher than in the controls (282 ± 55 vs 251 ± 27 µm; <i>p</i> = 0.003). The pseudohypopyon subgroup had the highest mean central thickness (303 ± 27 µm) and lesion base measurements (1212 ± 375 µm). There was a positive correlation between age and lesion height and lesion base among AFVD patients, while there was a negative correlation between visual acuity and choroidal thickness (<i>r</i> =  -0.468 and <i>r</i> =  -0.600). Vessel density of the superficial parafovea and fovea, the deep parafovea, the outer-retinal fovea, and all choriocapillaris regions, as well as some FAZ parameters measured by OCT-A, in eyes with AFVD, were significantly lower than those in the controls.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>AFVD is characterised by reduced visual acuity, age-related lesion enlargement, and decreased macular and choriocapillaris vessel density. Advanced longitudinal multimodal imaging may contribute to understanding the disease aetiopathogenesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":10214,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Optometry","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148879395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Age-stratified normative lens densitometry in children: zone-specific reference curves from 4-18 years.","authors":"Rukiye Kilic Ucgul, Kemal Tekin, Esin Saygili, Sueda Nur Ozdemir, Kuddusi Teberik","doi":"10.1080/08164622.2026.2703040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08164622.2026.2703040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Quantitative evaluation of lens transparency may aid the clinical assessment of normal and abnormal lenticular changes during childhood.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Scheimpflug imaging enables objective measurement of crystalline lens light backscatter. While age-related increases in lens densitometry are well documented in adults, normative paediatric data remain limited. Because lens development in childhood differs fundamentally from adult cataractogenesis, age-stratified reference standards are required.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study included 188 eyes from 188 participants aged 4-18 years. Scheimpflug imaging (Pentacam HR) was used to measure global and zone-specific lens densitometry (nucleus 0-2 mm, anterior cortex, posterior cortex, annulus 2-4 mm, annulus 4-6 mm). Demographic and biometric parameters, including visual acuity, refraction, keratometry, anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, and pupil diameter, were recorded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean age was 12.5 ± 3.6 years (range 4-18), with 53.2% male. Mean global lens density declined from 7.98 ± 0.41 in children aged 4-9 years, to 7.93 ± 0.21 in those aged 10-13 years, and further to 7.72 ± 0.50 in adolescents aged 14-18 years (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Nuclear density showed the steepest decrease, from 8.53 ± 0.57 to 8.23 ± 0.28 and then 7.89 ± 0.29 across the three age groups (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Anterior cortical density increased slightly (7.25 ± 0.77 → 7.20 ± 0.58 → 7.53 ± 0.73, <i>p</i> = 0.028), while posterior cortical density rose modestly (4.63 ± 0.76 → 4.46 ± 0.69 → 4.83 ± 0.65, <i>p</i> = 0.005). Annulus 2-4 mm and 4-6 mm values progressively decreased from childhood to adolescence (<i>p</i> < 0.001 for both).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Lens density decreases across childhood, most markedly in the nucleus, reflecting physiologic maturation.</p>","PeriodicalId":10214,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Optometry","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148879339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of limbal stem cells on neurotrophic cornea.","authors":"Mukaddes Damla Ciftci, Gamze Dereli Can, Mehmet Gurdal, Ozlem Barut Selver","doi":"10.1080/08164622.2025.2561862","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08164622.2025.2561862","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Corneal innervation and corneal epithelium integrity are essential for the maintenance of ocular surface homoeostasis, which is necessary for the preservation of the overall ocular surface health. Neurotrophic keratopathy (NK) is a condition characterised by a reduction or absence of corneal sensation, while limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) is defined as the loss of limbal epithelial stem cells. The co-occurrence and common pathophysiological pathways of LSCD and NK necessitate the consideration of both diseases in a unified framework. Interactions between limbal stem cells and the corneal sub-basal nerve plexus, facilitated by paracrine signaling, cytokines, and growth factors, culminate in a mutualistic relationship that supports ocular surface homoeostasis. The presence of overlapping therapeutic approaches in the treatment of NK and LSCD further substantiates the interconnected nature of these two conditions. The objective of this review is to provide a summary of the interdependent relationship between the two diseases in question.</p>","PeriodicalId":10214,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Optometry","volume":" ","pages":"1408-1414"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145111960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of cooled irrigation fluid on post-phacoemulsification dry eye and corneal endothelium parameters.","authors":"Levent Dogan, Ömer Özer, Zeki Baysal, İbrahim Edhem Yılmaz, Gazi Bekir Özçakmakçı","doi":"10.1080/08164622.2026.2677595","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08164622.2026.2677595","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Corneal oedema and dry eye symptoms following phacoemulsification are major determinants of early postoperative satisfaction. Strategies that protect the ocular surface and minimize endothelial stress during phacoemulsification are therefore of clinical importance.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>To evaluate the effect of using cooled Balanced Salt Solution as an irrigation fluid during phacoemulsification on postoperative dry eye findings and corneal endothelial function.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>In this prospective study, Group 1 consisted of 114 cataract patients who underwent phacoemulsification with the use of cooled BSS (2.7 ± 0.1°C), whereas Group 2 comprised 115 patients who received room‑temperature BSS as the irrigation fluid. The presence of dry eye was evaluated preoperativelyand on postoperative day one, day three, week one, and month one using tear break-up time (TBUT), the Schirmer test, and corneal fluorescein staining scoring. Additionally, corneal endothelial parameters were evaluated using non-contact specular microscopy across five distinct corneal quadrants:central, superior, inferior, nasal, and temporal.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>On the first postoperative day, TBUT and Schirmer test values were significantly higher in Group 1, and the fluoresce in staining score was significantly lower (p < 0.05 for all). Similarly, on the third postoperative day, TBUT remained significantly higher and the staining score lower in Group 1 (p = 0.002 and p = 0.014, respectively). The staining scores in the central and superior corneal quadrants were significantly lower in Group 1 on the 1st and 3rd postoperative days (p < 0.001 for both). At postoperative days one and three, the reduction in endothelial cell density and in hexagonality observed in the superior corneal quadrant was significantly less in Group 1. Corneal thickness and coefficient of variation values in the superior quadrant were significantly lower in Group 1 (p < 0.05 for all).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The use of cooled BSS during phacoemulsification may mitigate postoperative dry eye symptoms during the initial period when complaints are most pronounced, potentially contributing to a more comfortable postoperative course for patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":10214,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Optometry","volume":" ","pages":"1449-1458"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148013996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Portrayal of characters with glasses in animated films.","authors":"Brady Hogan, Nicholas Cordaro, Peter Van Os, Dalton Tanner, Evan McKee, Nathan Grove, Karen L Christopher","doi":"10.1080/08164622.2026.2679037","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08164622.2026.2679037","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Portrayals of spectacle-wearing characters in children-oriented media may influence attitudes towards glasses use and adherence. Negative stereotypes could contribute to reduced compliance, particularly in paediatric patients requiring consistent spectacle wear for optimal visual development.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Eyeglasses may influence the self-image and social perception of children. As animated films are widely consumed by children and caregivers, portrayals of spectacle-wearing characters may shape attitudes towards glasses use. This study aimed to identify common character traits associated with glasses-wearing characters in animated films.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A review of 167 animated films from seven major studios was conducted. Characters wearing corrective eyewear with at least one line of dialogue were included. Five independent reviewers evaluated character traits, and traits with ≥60% agreement were analysed. Statistical comparisons used Fisher's exact and two-sample proportion tests.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 167 films, 39% featured at least one glasses-wearing character (121 characters total). Most were supporting characters (91%). Children with glasses were more likely than adults to be portrayed as socially awkward (52% vs 18%, <i>p</i> = 0.001) and weak (36% vs 11%, <i>p</i> = 0.006), and less likely to be mature (8% vs 44%, <i>p</i> < 0.001) or authoritative (8% vs 41%, <i>p</i> = 0.002). Common traits across all age groups included intelligent (41%), quirky (50%), and comedic (39%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Children with glasses are more frequently portrayed with negative or limiting traits compared to adults in animated films. These portrayals may reinforce stereotypes and influence social perceptions and self-image among children who wear glasses.</p>","PeriodicalId":10214,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Optometry","volume":" ","pages":"1640-1645"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148454846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cumulative incidence of myopia and risk factors in rural south India: results from the Andhra Pradesh Eye Disease Study III.","authors":"Winston D Prakash, Rohit C Khanna, Srinivas Marmamula, Asha Latha Mettla, Pyda Giridhar, Neha Purohit, Aarti Goel, Seema Banerjee, Shekhar Konegari, Subhabrata Chakrabarti, Debananda Padhy, Gudlavalleti V S Murthy, Clare Gilbert, Gullapalli N Rao","doi":"10.1080/08164622.2026.2695842","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08164622.2026.2695842","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Understanding the epidemiology and risk factors for the onset of myopia is essential to implementing its prevention and control strategies.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Myopia is becoming a major public health condition affecting 30-35% of the global population and is expected to affect 50% by 2050. This study aimed to determine the 15-year cumulative incidence and risk factors of myopia among participants of the Andhra Pradesh Eye Disease Study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A population-based longitudinal cohort study was conducted to follow-up participants at a mean of 15 years across three rural districts of two south Indian states. Participants underwent a comprehensive eye examination, including dry refraction. Incident myopia was defined as spherical equivalent of < -0.50D in the right eye at follow-up, excluding participants with baseline myopia or nuclear sclerosis (≥2.5 on LOCS III grading scale) or had undergone cataract surgery at follow-up.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 7,771 baseline participants, 5,395 (69.4%) were examined at follow-up. A total of 2,071 participants <30 years and, 755 ≥30 years at baseline were analysed. The overall cumulative myopia incidence was 8.0% (95%CI: 7.0-9.0). It was 8.0% (95%CI: 6.9-9.3) and 7.8% (95%CI: 6.0-10.0) among the younger and older participants respectively. The incidence was higher in younger females (9.9%) than males (6.1%), but it was higher in older males (10.4%) than females (5.5%). In multivariable analysis, female gender and residence at Mahabubnagar and Adilabad districts were risk factors among those <30 years, whereas current alcohol consumption was a significant risk among ≥30 age group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Although the overall estimates were similar between younger and older participants, in the latter, the incidence may be linked to residual nuclear sclerosis. Future studies should consider including other modifiable risk factors associated with myopia, which could aid in developing suitable intervention strategies to address the rising global prevalence.</p>","PeriodicalId":10214,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Optometry","volume":" ","pages":"1500-1508"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148535607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Re: 'Enhancing eye care training: a comprehensive rubric for retinoscopy'.","authors":"Sachitanand Singh, Ashith Tripathi, Iqra Jamaal Khan, Sanskriti Singh","doi":"10.1080/08164622.2026.2644390","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08164622.2026.2644390","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10214,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Optometry","volume":" ","pages":"1691-1692"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147497931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}