Watershed Ecology and the Environment最新文献

{"title":"Groundwater salinity and irrigation suitability in low-lying coastal areas. A case of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania","authors":"Timoth Mkilima","doi":"10.1016/j.wsee.2023.07.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsee.2023.07.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Groundwater salinity is a crucial factor that can impact soil structure and plant water uptake, potentially posing a threat to agricultural productivity. This study focused on assessing the salinity hazard of groundwater in low-lying coastal zones, specifically in Dar es Salaam. Thirty four boreholes were examined, and six water quality parameters (magnesium, calcium, sodium, potassium, total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity) were analyzed to investigate the feasibility of using groundwater for irrigation. Sodium adsorption ratio indices were calculated and employed to construct the Wilcox diagram, which played a crucial role in determining the groundwater suitability for irrigation. The concentrations obtained from the analysis of water quality parameters were compared to the permissible limits recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Based on the Sodium Adsorption Ratio analysis, 14.7% of the examined samples were assigned to class one (S1), indicating irrigation-worthy water quality with minimal risk of harmful salt accumulation in the soil. On the other hand, 32.4% of the samples were categorized as class two (S2), indicating water suitable for irrigation with a significant risk that can be effectively managed. Additionally, 17.6% of the sampling points were classified as class three (S3), signifying water unsuitable for most crops. Lastly, 35.3% of the samples fell into class four (S4), suggesting water quality generally unsuitable for irrigation purposes. The analysis indicated that 94% of the samples exceeded 2250 µs/cm, classifying them as C4, indicating extremely high salinity levels rendering them unsuitable for irrigation. This study underscores the importance of conducting comprehensive research before utilizing groundwater for irrigation in low-lying coastal zones.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101280,"journal":{"name":"Watershed Ecology and the Environment","volume":"5 ","pages":"Pages 173-185"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49759544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of aquatic ecological health: A comparative study between cistern-made and ‘Natural’ earthen-made waterbody","authors":"Sukhendu Dey ,&nbsp;Palas Samanta ,&nbsp;Apurba Ratan Ghosh","doi":"10.1016/j.wsee.2023.02.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsee.2023.02.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ecological health of two waterbodies <em>i.e.,</em> cistern-made and ‘natural’ earthen-made waterbody was compared in the present study based on temporal variations of physicochemical and biological parameters. Number of physicochemical parameters [transparency, temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), dissolved oxygen (DO), total hardness (TH), total alkalinity (TA), biochemical oxygen demands (BOD), nitrate, phosphate and chlorophyll <em>a</em> (Chl a)], and biological parameters, <em>e.g.,</em> zooplankton community and aquatic macrophytes were studied seasonally. Zooplankton communitiy comprised six arthropods and two rotifers. SIMPER analysis depicted that <em>Moina</em> sp., <em>Daphnia</em> sp., and <em>Cyclops</em> sp. were dominant species in cistern pond while <em>Cyclops</em> sp., <em>Daphnia</em> sp., <em>Keratella</em> sp. and <em>Brachionus</em> sp. were dominant in earthen natural pond. Abundance of species was highest in summer followed by post-rainy and winter in both the ponds while maximum abundance of zooplankton was recorded in summer. Species richness peaked in winter in natural pond, while in cistern pond species richness and diversity raised in summer. Multivariate analyses depicted significant temporal variation in zooplankton species in both the conditions. RELATE analysis revealed that temporal variation in species distribution and zooplankton community was significantly correlated with environmental parameters. Moreover, biological-environmental best matching (BIO-ENV) analyses indicated that water temperature, pH, TH and BOD (for cistern pond) and water temperature, EC and TSS (for earthen natural pond) were the main driving forces for temporal variations in species distribution and zooplankton community. Additionally, correlation analysis depicted that <em>Moina</em> sp., <em>Daphnia</em> sp., <em>Diaptomus</em> sp., <em>Cyclops</em> sp., <em>Cypris</em> sp., <em>Bosmina</em> sp., and species abundance was positively (significant) correlated with transparency, water temperature, and Chl a in natural pond. On the other hand, correlation analysis depicted that zooplankton species, species abundance, evenness and diversity were positively correlated with water temperature, DO, BOD and Chl a in cistern pond. Moreover, abundance of aquatic macrophytes were limited in three basic groups, namely free floating [(<em>Lemna</em> sp. (Major), <em>Lemna</em> sp. (Minor), <em>Azolla</em> sp., <em>Pistia</em> sp. and <em>Eichhornia</em> sp.], rooted submerged [<em>Hydrilla</em> sp., <em>Ceratophyllum</em> sp.] and rooted emerged [<em>Nymphaes</em> sp. and <em>Ipomoea</em> sp.]. Further, trophic state index (TSI) value revealed that both the ponds are hyper-eutrophic (‘natural’ waterbody &gt; cistern waterbody) with a strong temporal variations. Therefore, these data could be used as water quality community-based bio-assessment tool as well as basis of water ","PeriodicalId":101280,"journal":{"name":"Watershed Ecology and the Environment","volume":"5 ","pages":"Pages 88-99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49727484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prioritization of erosion susceptible watersheds using morphometric analysis and PCA approach: A case study of lower Sutlej River basin of Indian Punjab","authors":"Navneet Sharma ,&nbsp;Arun Kaushal ,&nbsp;Abrar Yousuf ,&nbsp;Samanpreet Kaur ,&nbsp;Rakesh Sharda ,&nbsp;Som Pal Singh ,&nbsp;OP Gupta ,&nbsp;Anil Sood","doi":"10.1016/j.wsee.2023.08.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsee.2023.08.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Morphometry helps in understanding the behaviour of drainage characteristics with respect to various hydrological processes including infiltration, runoff, erosion and sediment transport. Morphometric analysis of river basins is an essential technique to the study the response of drainage basin in response to topological characteristics. The river basins' morphometric analysis is an important technique to prioritize the watersheds for implementation of soil and water management strategies. In this study, the morphometric characteristics of the lower Sutlej River have been determined using the geo-spatial techniques. The river basin, having area of 8577 km², was delineated into the fourteen sub-watersheds (WS-1 to WS-14) in the GIS environment. The ALOS PALSAR DEM and ArcGIS were utilized to evaluate the morphometric parameters of the delineated watersheds. The calculated morphometric parameters were used to rank the watersheds in terms of soil erosion potential. The priority ranks to the watersheds were assigned as per compound parameter, which was calculated by averaging the ranks designated to each morphometric parameter. Watersheds with the lowest compound parameter values were given the highest priority rating, and vice versa. Based on the results WS-7 was assigned the first rank whereas WS-13 was assigned the 13th rank. The principal component analysis was performed to determine the highly correlated morphometric parameters. Out of the 18 parameters, 13 were found be highly correlated. The compound parameter obtained based on these highly correlated parameters also prioritized WS-7 as the most vulnerable watershed. Therefore, WS-7 should be selected for the implementation of soil and water conservation strategies. It can be concluded that morphometric analysis along with PCA in combination with GIS can be helpful in prioritizing the watersheds in terms of soil erosion vulnerability and water management.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101280,"journal":{"name":"Watershed Ecology and the Environment","volume":"5 ","pages":"Pages 209-224"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49751865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of the ecotoxicological effects of deltamethrin to Daphnia magna: Linking sub-individual and supra-individual parameters","authors":"S. Rodrigues ,&nbsp;M.I. Teixeira ,&nbsp;B.S. Diogo ,&nbsp;S.C. Antunes","doi":"10.1016/j.wsee.2023.10.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsee.2023.10.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Deltamethrin (DM) is a pyrethroid insecticide, widely used worldwide, and is known to be toxic to diverse aquatic organisms. This work intended to evaluate the ecotoxicological effects of DM in <em>Daphnia magna</em>. To calculate the LC₅₀ and EC₅₀ values, an acute bioassay was conducted with a range of DM concentrations (0.1-150 µg/L). A chronic bioassay was also performed with a range of DM concentrations (18.66-100 ng/L). In both assays, a negative and a solvent control (acetone) were also tested. Life history parameters (reproduction and growth) were evaluated. Biochemical quantifications were also assessed regarding antioxidant and biotransformation capacity, oxidative damage, neurotoxicity, energy reserves content, and genotoxicity. LC₅₀ values and confidence interval at 95 % (CI₉₅) were 64.13 (CI₉₅: 46.40–81.85) and 65.22 (CI₉₅: 43.17–87.27) μg/L, and EC₅₀ values were 0.68 (CI₉₅: 0.54–0.81) and 0.31 (CI₉₅: 0.23–0.39) μg/L, for 24 h and 48 h, respectively. Regarding life-history parameters, only the lower DM concentration tested (18.7 ng/L) induced a significant increase in the rate of population increase (<em>r</em>). A significant increase in the solvent control was recorded for N1 fecundity, reproductive output, and <em>r</em>. Biochemical effects were only observed in terms of antioxidant/detoxification mechanisms (18.7, 32.6, 100 ng/L and solvent control) and oxidative damage (&gt;18.7 ng/L and solvent control) but did not show an evident pattern of oxidative stress promoted by DM. Depletion of energy reserves (glycogen content) was observed from the lowest concentration tested as well as for the solvent control, and DNA damage up to 100 ng/L of DM was also observed. Future investigations (e.g. ecotoxicological studies with exposure of other aquatic organisms to environmentally relevant concentrations for longer exposure periods) would be required to confirm DM’s toxicity under ecologically relevant conditions. Moreover, the solvent effects in an ecotoxicological approach must be clarified.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101280,"journal":{"name":"Watershed Ecology and the Environment","volume":"5 ","pages":"Pages 231-240"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49759560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A systematic review of ecosystem services assessments, trends, and challenges in Ethiopia","authors":"Chakoro Tamire ,&nbsp;Eyasu Elias ,&nbsp;Mekuria Argaw","doi":"10.1016/j.wsee.2022.12.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsee.2022.12.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This systematic review analyzes ecosystem services assessments and challenges at the national level of Ethiopia. The articles were downloaded from Google Scholar and Science Direct. Using the Boolean theory in the selected search engine, the number of articles downloaded was 78, but only 54 met the criteria. The output indicated that approximately 45% of the analyzed articles were performed in the forest ecosystem. But urban greening, groundwater-dependent ecosystem, and national parks are Ethiopia's most miniature researchable ecosystems. The most valued category of ecosystem services in the review article was the provision and regulation of services. The common methods used in researching the valuation process were simple estimation rather than standardized modeling systems. The other methods, such as benefit transfer, willingness to pay, choice experiments, bao game, and accounting of national systems, were standardized for estimating the ecosystem's economic value in selected articles. Based on the analysis, the value of the ecosystem services in Ethiopia showed a decreasing trend year by year. The most common drivers of ecosystem service change were land cover change, climate change, population growth, invasive species, insufficient attention from policymakers, and lack of sensitization of community and government authorities. Ignorance and lack of awareness about ecosystem services are enormous challenges for Ethiopia. Therefore, creating awareness for the community and government organizations must be the first task to restore and conserve all natural resources and ecosystem services.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101280,"journal":{"name":"Watershed Ecology and the Environment","volume":"5 ","pages":"Pages 38-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49759659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First report of “wire mesh reinforcement” in avian nest construction","authors":"Pathissery John Sarlin ,&nbsp;Sancia Morris ,&nbsp;Savio Morris ,&nbsp;Sandie Morris ,&nbsp;Polycarp Joseph","doi":"10.1016/j.wsee.2023.03.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsee.2023.03.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Debris accumulation in natural ecosystems is one of several anthropogenic stressors exerting pressure on ecosystems all around the world. Effects of the ubiquitous anthropogenic debris pollution on free-living organisms is well known. Increasing reports of anthropogenic debris in nests of several species of birds ranging from terrestrial to seabirds are pouring in year after year. Shortage of natural nesting materials coupled with abundance of anthropogenic debris have been suggested the rationale behind the change in the nest building. Synthetic materials incorporated in nests can harm the occupants and negatively impact nesting and fledging success. As of late, majority of these studies are centred on plastic debris in bird nests. Here we present, a report of nest incorporation of metallic wire mesh in avian nests. 24 nests of Little egrets and 9 nests of Indian pond herons, totalling 33 nests in a heronry in India contained welded wire mesh. Though metal strips and wires in bird nests have been reported earlier, this could be the first report of inclusion of wire mesh in bird nests.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101280,"journal":{"name":"Watershed Ecology and the Environment","volume":"5 ","pages":"Pages 108-113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49751939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Over-summering shorebirds at the Kerala coasts, west-coast of India","authors":"C.T. Shifa","doi":"10.1016/j.wsee.2023.09.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsee.2023.09.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Over-summering is a phenomenon usually exhibited by migratory shorebirds. Those individuals that over-summer at their wintering grounds appear to be sexually immature or unfit to meet the risks of migration. Documentation of such migratory shorebirds are scanty along the Indian coasts and the present study focused on recording the over-summering shorebirds at five sites (Kappad Beach, Korappuzha Beach, Elathur Beach, Ariyallur Beach and Kadalundi-Vallikkunnu Community Reserve) along the west coast of India during 2021–2022. Over-summering shorebird species were identified and documented once in a week using a binocular, a spotting scope and a 4 K high speed motion latest video camera. Six species of over-summering shorebirds (Lesser Sand Plover <em>Charadrius mongolus</em>, Greater Sand Plover <em>Charadrius leschenaultii</em>, Pacific Golden Plover <em>Pluvialis fulva</em>, Whimbrel <em>Numenius phaeopus</em>, Common Sandpiper <em>Actitis hypoleucos</em> and Ruddy Turnstone <em>Arenaria interpres</em>) were recorded from the five study areas and their abundance were observed to be declining during the study period.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101280,"journal":{"name":"Watershed Ecology and the Environment","volume":"5 ","pages":"Pages 225-230"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49755405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prioritization of watersheds based on morphometric assessment in relation to flood management: A case study of Ajay river basin, Eastern India","authors":"Subhasish Sutradhar,&nbsp;Prolay Mondal","doi":"10.1016/j.wsee.2022.11.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsee.2022.11.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Morphometric analysis and sub-watershed prioritising were carried out to ascertain the Ajay river basin's susceptibility to flooding. The whole Ajay river basin was divided into seven smaller watersheds, and a ranking algorithm was used to the morphometric features of these smaller watersheds to determine their prioritization rank. 13 distinct morphometric criteria of linear, relief and areal characters<!--> <!-->have been found and used to rank and priorities sub-watersheds, for critical analysis. Some morphometric parameters have a direct correlation with flood occurrence, whilst others have an indirect association with flood occurrence. According to their relative significance and impact on the floods, all parameters have been given weighted ratings. The basin with the lowest parameter value is placed first in the ranking. According to the results of the study, sub-watershed 7, which is located in the lower catchment of the Ajay river basin, is very vulnerable to floods. The findings of this research may be utilized as advice by competent authorities in the early stages of flood mitigation efforts, if necessary.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101280,"journal":{"name":"Watershed Ecology and the Environment","volume":"5 ","pages":"Pages 1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49765723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coupling MCDM-based ensemble and AHP for the sustainable management of erosion risk in a tropical Sub-Saharan basin","authors":"Saheed Adekunle Raji ,&nbsp;Akinlabi O. Akintuyi ,&nbsp;Emmanuel O. Wunude ,&nbsp;Busayo Fashoto","doi":"10.1016/j.wsee.2023.08.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsee.2023.08.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Intensified erosion threats are one of the major ecological problems ravaging global basins. To address this problem, it is crucial to identify erosion-prone areas at the sub-watershed level. In this study, a seven multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) models ensemble was developed to prioritize sub-watersheds in the Anambra Basin based on erosion risk. The integration of the MCDM models with the Analytical Hierarchical Process and Geographic Information System with 23 geomorphometric parameters (specifically 12 linear, 6 shape, and 5 relief parameters), enabled a comprehensive ranking approach. The accuracy of the models was tested using normalised Spearman's rank correlation to compute a uniform sub-watershed ranking. The results revealed that the study area is a 7th order basin with drainage densities between 0.54 km/km² to 0.62 km/km², average peak flow between 88 m³/sec to 361 m³/sec, texture ratio between 2.54/km to 11.25/km, and mean basin slope values between 10.9° to 22.2°. Out of the eight sub-watersheds, as indicated by the MCDM models, H returned the highest aggregate rank (1st), making it the top priority for erosion risk mitigation while B ranked the least (8th) suggesting the presence of some environmental conditions that are less erosion prone. The top-ranked MCDM models, MOORA (multi-objective optimisation based on ratio analysis) and COPRAS (complex proportional assessment), show that they are the best options for managing erosion in the Anambra Basin. These findings offer prospects for sustainable erosion risk control at the sub-watershed level and a scientific basis for resource management for basins with similar characteristics around the world.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101280,"journal":{"name":"Watershed Ecology and the Environment","volume":"5 ","pages":"Pages 186-208"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49765750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of land use/land cover changes in a watershed: A case study of the Murredu watershed in Telangana state, India","authors":"Padala Raja Shekar,&nbsp;Aneesh Mathew","doi":"10.1016/j.wsee.2022.12.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsee.2022.12.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Land-use change refers to a change in how a particular area of land is utilised or managed by humans. Land-cover change refers to a change in some continuous features of the land, such as vegetation type, soil conditions, and so on. For the purpose of identifying change-vulnerable areas and creating sustainable ecosystem services, mapping and quantifying the state of land use/land cover (LULC) changes and change-causing factors are crucial. The present research utilizes a geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) techniques to categorise and identify changes in a Murredu watershed in Telangana state, India, between 1996 and 2019. Five major LULC categories (agricultural land, forest, barren land, built-up area, and waterbodies) from satellite images of 1996 to 2019 were mapped. The maximum likelihood approach was used to supervise the classification process, and high-resolution Google Earth Pro was used to evaluate the accuracy of the classified map. The accuracy of the mapping was evaluated using the error matrix and Kappa statistics. Overall classification accuracy for the classified image of 2019 was found to be 90 % with overall kappa statistics of 85.98%. From these findings, change detection analysis shows that the area used for agricultural land, barren land, forest, built-up areas, and waterbodies has increased by 5.17%, 3.39%, 0.84%, and 0.26%, respectively, between 1996 and 2019. The forest area has decreased by 9.67% at the same time. Therefore, this research anticipates that the findings might provide information to planners, land managers, and decision-makers for the sustainable management and development of the natural resource.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101280,"journal":{"name":"Watershed Ecology and the Environment","volume":"5 ","pages":"Pages 46-55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49758970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}