MedComm – Biomaterials and Applications最新文献

{"title":"Effect of different calcium sulfate aspect ratios and chitosan addition methods on the interface properties of calcium sulfate/chitosan composite bone cement","authors":"Liuyun Jiang,&nbsp;Chunyan Tang,&nbsp;Shuo Tang,&nbsp;Yuqing Wang,&nbsp;Qi Ouyang,&nbsp;Xiang Hu","doi":"10.1002/mba2.99","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mba2.99","url":null,"abstract":"<p>It is a great challenge to improve the properties of pure calcium sulfate bone cement. Here, two calcium sulfate hemihydrate powders with different aspect ratios were prepared, and three chitosan addition methods were adopted to investigate the effect on the surface and interface properties of calcium sulfate/chitosan composite bone cement. The results showed that it lacked chemical bond between chitosan and calcium sulfate, and the short rod calcium sulfate displayed better interface adhesion with chitosan owing to its smaller size, so it possessed shorter setting time, better compressive strength and slower degradation than the long rod calcium sulfate, while the biocompatibility had no remarkable difference. Moreover, chitosan solution as liquid phase was a better solidification mode than citric acid, and calcium sulfate/chitosan composite as solid phase was the worst mode because of poor interface compatibility. Conclusively, it was a simple, low-cost, and effective preparation process to choose short rod calcium sulfate powder as solid phase and 1 wt% chitosan solution as liquid phase, which could achieve calcium sulfate/chitosan composite bone cement with the best properties, including setting time, compressive strength, degradation rate, and biocompatibility, displaying a promising application in bone defect repair.</p>","PeriodicalId":100901,"journal":{"name":"MedComm – Biomaterials and Applications","volume":"3 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mba2.99","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142555440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metal-organic frameworks-based nanomedicines to promote cancer immunotherapy: Recent advances and future directions","authors":"Chenqian Feng,&nbsp;Xiaoyan Liang,&nbsp;Rangrang Fan,&nbsp;Min Mu,&nbsp;Liangxue Zhou,&nbsp;Gang Guo","doi":"10.1002/mba2.96","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mba2.96","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cancer immunotherapy uses the body's immune system to fight tumors by restoring natural antitumor responses. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), characterized by their unique crystalline porous structures formed from metal ions linked by organic ligands, offer a promising solution. Recent studies have unveiled the potential of MOFs in cancer immunotherapy. The exceptional porosity and surface area, coupled with their extraordinary thermal and chemical stability, bring significant advantages for efficient drug loading and delivery of immunotherapeutic agents. The adaptability of MOFs further enhances the controlled release of immunotherapeutic drugs within target cells and increases tumor sensitivity to other therapies such as photodynamic, photothermal, and radiotherapy. This multifunctional carrier contributes to modulating the tumor microenvironment and reactivating antitumor immunity, providing a comprehensive strategy for cancer treatment. In this review, we summarize the applications of MOFs in immune checkpoint blockade, immunomodulator delivery, and cancer vaccine delivery, and discuss existing challenges in their use for immunotherapy. This discussion aims to offer insights for developing better treatments and enhancing the efficacy of immunotherapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":100901,"journal":{"name":"MedComm – Biomaterials and Applications","volume":"3 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mba2.96","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142451739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research progress of hydrogels in the prevention of pelvic inflammatory disease","authors":"Yile Xiao,&nbsp;Teng Ma,&nbsp;Haoming Wu,&nbsp;Qiao Su,&nbsp;Yayu Zhou,&nbsp;Bingnan Zhou,&nbsp;Keyi Yang,&nbsp;Zhengguang Pu,&nbsp;Wanyue Feng,&nbsp;Xin Yong,&nbsp;Huili Zhu,&nbsp;Xulin Hu","doi":"10.1002/mba2.100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mba2.100","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a critical global health concern with the potential to lead to adverse outcomes, including infertility and chronic pelvic pain. Since PID is often caused by ascending vaginal infections or urinary tract infections, understanding the treatment of both is critical to preventing PID. Meanwhile, the emergence of drug-resistant and persistently infected strains poses a growing challenge. This review discusses current clinical treatments for the prevention of PID from the physiologic basis of PID, as well as summarizes the advantages and research progress of hydrogels in the prevention of PID. In contrast to conventional treatments, hydrogels serve as excellent vehicles for vaginal drug delivery, maintaining the presence of the drug at the target site and controlling its release. In the context of urinary tract infections (UTIs), hydrogels are employed primarily as coatings on catheters to prevent and treat catheter-associated UTIs. Finally, this review summarizes the limitations of hydrogels in PID prevention and future directions for development with the aim of elucidating avenues for clinical treatment of PID and informing further research.</p>","PeriodicalId":100901,"journal":{"name":"MedComm – Biomaterials and Applications","volume":"3 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mba2.100","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142430399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inception of AlphaFold 3: Shining light from structure prediction to de novo design of biomolecules","authors":"Sihui Zhang,&nbsp;Yue Hou,&nbsp;Yongye Huang","doi":"10.1002/mba2.102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mba2.102","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Recently, Josh et al. investigate a new structure prediction tool, AlphaFold 3 model, which has successfully predicted the structure and interactions of all living molecules with unprecedented accuracy.&lt;span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt; This is a breakthrough in the development of artificial intelligence (AI) tools (Figure 1).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;AlphaFold 3 is able to achieve that scaling up the predictive power of a single deep learning model by an evolution of the AlphaFold 2 Evoformer and Structure Module. This prediction function involves complexes containing a more extensive range of biomolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, small molecules, ions, complexes modifying protein residues, and antibody-antigen interactions. It meets the gap of current AI technology for structure and interaction prediction, and its accuracy significantly exceeds that of existing specific interaction types prediction tools.&lt;span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt; This proves that high accuracy modelling across biomolecular space is possible, promising to address the core challenge of molecular biology, which is to understand and finally regulate the complex atomic interactions in biological systems.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;AlphaFold 3 introduces Diffusion Model as its core machine learning architecture, a model that has been successful in the field of AI image generation. Compared with the previous version of AlphaFold model, the diffusion model of AlphaFold 3 can directly generate the 3D coordinates of each atom, no longer relying on the structural modules of amino acid framework and side chain dihedral angles. This approach allows the model to be more flexible and intuitive in constructing 3D structures of proteins and their interacting partners. The principle of diffusion model is similar to the process of gradually get rid of the noise. And this model is able to provide confidence scores for its predictions, which helps to improve the predictive accuracy and confidence of the model. The design of the diffusion model considering the calculation efficiency and scalability, making AlphaFold 3 biomolecular systems that can handle the larger and more complex, this is particularly important for drug design and biological engineering, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;We can conclude that the progress of the AlphaFold system: (I) accurate model architecture and more powerful training algorithms, (II) faster and more efficient, and (III) expanded utility and universality.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;AlphaFold 3 is, after all, a prediction tool, and there will still be some model limitations in terms of accuracy. In particular, those proteins with complex structural or dynamic properties may challenge the predictive power of AlphaFold 3. These prediction errors may be manifested in chiral violation rate, the case of atomic collisions, and spurious structural order during the prediction. The prediction results of AlphaFold 3 are highly dependent on the quality and quantity of the training data, which may influence the accuracy of predictions due to limitations ","PeriodicalId":100901,"journal":{"name":"MedComm – Biomaterials and Applications","volume":"3 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mba2.102","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142273109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A recent advancement in the delivery of CAR-T: Use lyophilized lymph nodes","authors":"Xinze Du,&nbsp;Keman Cheng,&nbsp;Xiao Zhao","doi":"10.1002/mba2.97","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mba2.97","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;A new study by Shi et al. in &lt;i&gt;Nature Materials&lt;/i&gt; utilized lyophilized lymph nodes (L-LNs) as carriers for the delivery of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells targeting mesothelin (MSLN) to effectively suppress local recurrence following the resection of solid tumors.&lt;span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt; They demonstrated significant antitumor efficacy in preclinical models. The work proposed a novel delivery strategy for CAR-T cells and highlighted the pivotal role of tumor-draining lymph nodes (tdLNs) in immunotherapy for solid tumors.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;CAR-T cell therapy has demonstrated remarkable efficacy in the treatment of B cell malignancies and multiple myeloma in recent years. Due to the poor infiltration of CAR-T cells within the tumor, its effectiveness in solid tumor remains limited. However, Shi's work offered a novel CAR-T cells' delivery approach which exhibits a distinct clinical application scenario and holds significant potential for clinical implementation (Figure 1).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Shi et al. washed LNs in ice-cold phosphate-buffered saline and lyophilized the frozen LNs quickly for 4 h or overnight. Then they infused CAR-T cells into L-LNs to construct CAR-T@L-LNs, and characterized the CAR-T@L-LNs using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and immunofluorescence staining, demonstrating its successful construction with a CAR-T cells loading efficiency of up to 93%. They subsequently confirmed in vitro that L-LNs could preserve CAR-T cells activity and sustain their proliferation, as well as maintain a continuous release profile of CAR-T cells. Finally, partial resection models were used to validate the therapeutic efficacy of CAR-T@L-LNs in suppressing postoperative recurrence of solid tumors.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In terms of the material preparation, L-LNs exhibit the following characteristics: (1) minimal presence of viable cells, (2) preservation of suitable pores (~3–10 μm in size) for CAR-T cells loading, and (3) maintenance of a cytokine environment akin to that found in fresh lymph nodes. These attributes elucidate the outcomes observed in subsequent analyses investigating the biological functionalities of L-LNs. The elimination of living cells through lyophilizing prevents tumor cells' infiltration and mitigates any potential impact from immune cells on CAR-T cells' function within the lymph nodes. The retained structures postlyophilizing ensures a high CAR-T cells loading rate. Moreover, the presence of a cytokine milieu resembling that found in fresh lymph nodes ensures the robust proliferation of CAR-T cells.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In terms of antitumor functions, Shi's treatment modality involving loading CAR-T cells onto L-LNs has demonstrated significant inhibition of residual tumor growth, exhibiting superior therapeutic effects compared to both direct intravenous injection and encapsulating CAR-T cells in hydrogel with cytokines. Interestingly, mere placement of L-LNs on the surgical site also exhibited favorable therapeutic effects, which can be attributed to the ","PeriodicalId":100901,"journal":{"name":"MedComm – Biomaterials and Applications","volume":"3 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mba2.97","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142273085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon dots-based materials and their applications in regenerative medicine","authors":"Jinjin Ma,&nbsp;Qianglong Chen,&nbsp;Hui He,&nbsp;Hao Jiang,&nbsp;Jie Hu,&nbsp;Yisi Liu,&nbsp;Liwei Yao,&nbsp;Haijiao Mao,&nbsp;Jiaying Li,&nbsp;Bin Li,&nbsp;Fengxuan Han","doi":"10.1002/mba2.98","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mba2.98","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Carbon dots (CDs)-based zero-dimensional nanomaterials with dimensions ranging from 1 to 10 nm have shown tremendous potential in the application of regenerative medicine, because of their unique physicochemical properties and favorable attributes like good biocompatibility, unique biological functions, low cost and high stability. These newly synthesized CDs-based nanomaterials could replace traditional semiconductor quantum dots, which have obvious toxicity drawbacks and higher costs. CDs not only show sustained fluorescent quality and biocompatibility, but also serve as superior carriers for drug delivery, as well as for bioimaging-guided detection of cells, drugs, and growth factors. So, they have been shown to play a role in various fields such as chemical and biological sensing, bioimaging, drug delivery, and photocatalysis. Thus, they are considered potential candidates for regenerative medicine applications. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the classification of CDs, focusing on their formation mechanisms, micro-/nanostructures, and distinctive properties. We describe their properties and synthesis methods in detail. Furthermore, we systematically highlight recent remarkable advances in the applications of CDs in regenerative medicine, such as bone and cartilage repair, wound healing, nerve regeneration, and myocardial regeneration, are systematically highlighted. Finally, we discuss the key challenges that lie ahead, outline future research directions, and explore the prospects of CDs-based materials in regenerative medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":100901,"journal":{"name":"MedComm – Biomaterials and Applications","volume":"3 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mba2.98","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142273086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current status and challenges of shape memory scaffolds in biomedical applications","authors":"Haoming Wu,&nbsp;Shuhao Yang,&nbsp;Jiuhong Li,&nbsp;Teng Ma,&nbsp;Keyi Yang,&nbsp;Tianzheng Liao,&nbsp;Wanyue Feng,&nbsp;Bingnan Zhou,&nbsp;Xin Yong,&nbsp;Kai Zhou,&nbsp;Xulin Hu","doi":"10.1002/mba2.95","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mba2.95","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The rapid evolution of clinical medicine, materials science, and regenerative medicine has rendered traditional implantable scaffolds inadequate for addressing the complex therapeutic demands of various diseases. Currently, implantable scaffolds in clinical practice are mainly made of metal, with the disadvantages of high stiffness, poor toughness, and low deformation. This paper offers a thorough review of shape memory scaffolds (SMSs), emphasizing their distinctive self-recovery and adaptive functionalities that enhance compatibility with injured tissues, surpassing the capabilities of conventional metallic biomaterials. It delves into the limitations of current clinical scaffolds and the requisite performance metrics for effective implants and outlines the essential materials and fabrication methods for SMSs. Moreover, we enumerate the biomedical applications of SMMs with different response types, including thermology-responsive, water-responsive, and light-responsive. The discussion extends to the burgeoning applications of SMSs in biomedical engineering, including their utility in bone tissue engineering, cardiovascular stenting, tubular structures, and cardiac patches, which underscore their potential in minimally invasive procedures and dynamic tissue interactions. This review concludes with an analysis of current challenges and prospects, providing valuable insights for developing and applying SMSs in the biomedical sector.</p>","PeriodicalId":100901,"journal":{"name":"MedComm – Biomaterials and Applications","volume":"3 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mba2.95","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142165247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determining the effects of varying blood storage conditions on clot formation and digestion under shear","authors":"Alexei Christodoulides,&nbsp;Ziqian Zeng,&nbsp;Abigail R. Hall,&nbsp;Nathan J. Alves","doi":"10.1002/mba2.94","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mba2.94","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Studies aiming to understand the effects of storage on whole blood (WB) clotting often rely on characterizing coagulation under static conditions. Minimal work has explored the effects of physiologic shear on clot formation and thrombolysis utilizing fractionated and reconstituted whole blood (rWB) products. WB was fractionated into platelet-free plasma, packed red blood cells, and platelets storing each component under its ideal conditions—including platelet cryopreservation. Recombination at their native ratios was accomplished over 91 days of storage and clotting/thrombolysis was analyzed utilizing thromboelastography and Chandler loop. rWB preserved clot strength through 91 days with minimal deviation from baseline, in contrast to WB stored at 4°C which experienced a significant decline by storage Day-42. Clot formation under shear for both rWB and WB led to increased clot mass through storage. No significant deviation from baseline was appreciated until Day 70 of storage in rWB. Increasing degrees of thrombolysis were seen in both groups, with rWB significantly deviating from baseline at Day 70. No significant changes in overall clot architecture occurred throughout storage and recombination. This fractionation and recombination protocol serves as a method to further develop reproducible in vitro clot analogs for preclinical thrombolytic therapy screening.</p>","PeriodicalId":100901,"journal":{"name":"MedComm – Biomaterials and Applications","volume":"3 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mba2.94","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142100004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neutrophils activated by micropatches hold promising prospects in tumor immunotherapy","authors":"Mengran Chen,&nbsp;Bingyang Chu,&nbsp;Yu Wu","doi":"10.1002/mba2.93","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mba2.93","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study used polymer micropatches as a platform for sustained and targeted activation of neutrophils. The micropatches can promote the rapid conversion of neutrophils to the N1 type while also enhancing the activation of other immune cells in vivo. The activated neutrophils are recruited to the tumor site, where they exert effective antitumor effects.\u0000 <figure>\u0000 <div><picture>\u0000 <source></source></picture><p></p>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </figure></p>","PeriodicalId":100901,"journal":{"name":"MedComm – Biomaterials and Applications","volume":"3 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mba2.93","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142013525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanotherapy for rheumatoid arthritis: A ceria nanoparticle–mesenchymal stem cell nanovesicle hybrid system","authors":"Kai Zhou,&nbsp;Xinlong He,&nbsp;Jing Zheng","doi":"10.1002/mba2.92","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mba2.92","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Taeghwan Hyeon of the Institute for Basic Science (IBS) in Korea, Youngmee Jung of the Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), and Byung-Soo Kim of Seoul National University, in collaboration with other researchers, recently devised a hybrid system involving ceria nanoparticles (Ce NPs) attached to mesenchymal stem cell nanovesicles to target the various pathogenic factors associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study demonstrates the efficacy of the therapy in treating and preventing RA through symptom relief and the induction of regulatory T (Treg) cells in a collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse model. The findings were published in the prestigious journal, <i>Nature Nanotechnology</i>.<span>¹</span></p><p>RA is characterized by inflammatory autoimmune responses that lead to the loss of immune tolerance, synovial inflammation, and tissue damage, ultimately causing systemic and persistent functional limitations.<span>²</span> The precise etiology of RA remains uncertain; however, it is established that the aforementioned factors can synergistically contribute to a self-perpetuating cycle that significantly influences the onset and progression of the disease. The standard initial approach to managing RA involves the administration of anti-inflammatory medications, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, and biologics, albeit these pharmacological interventions primarily target symptom alleviation. While this method may provide short-term relief, it is crucial to acknowledge the potential adverse effects that may arise from prolonged drug use. As such, the optimal approach to treating RA should prioritize the restoration of normal immune function and the prompt suppression of inflammatory reactions and associated symptoms.<span>³</span></p><p>Numerous studies have demonstrated the effective modulation of innate immunity through the promotion of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages. Nevertheless, RA represents a chronic autoimmune condition that requires a more holistic strategy to restore immune function within both the innate and adaptive immune responses. Failing to achieve this objective necessitates the continued administration of palliative drugs, underscoring the critical need for a multifaceted intervention system capable of targeting numerous pathogenic factors to ensure comprehensive treatment of RA.<span>⁴</span></p><p>The Ce–mesenchymal stem cell nanovesicle (MSCNV) system is engineered to capitalize on the antioxidant properties of Ce NPs to neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS), a pivotal pathogenic factor in RA, and to induce a phenotypic shift from pro-inflammatory M1 to anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages. Simultaneously, MSCNVs within the hybrid system protect chondrocytes and deliver immunomodulatory cytokines, fostering a tolerogenic phenotype in dendritic cells (DCs) and the subsequent induction of Treg cells. This dual","PeriodicalId":100901,"journal":{"name":"MedComm – Biomaterials and Applications","volume":"3 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mba2.92","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141967865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}