{"title":"Successfully Integrating Early Validation and Verification in Industrial MBSE","authors":"Johan Cederbladh, Daniel Krems","doi":"10.1002/iis2.70100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iis2.70100","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) is being adopted and integrated in industrial settings. Through MBSE several capabilities are unlocked and made available during development, especially in the earlier stages of development where there is historical use of document-based artifacts. A notable capability enabled by a primarily model-based development is Validation and Verification (V&V). <i>Earlier</i> V&V is potentially a strong enabler for improving development efficiency, particularly through reducing the need for later prototyping stages. In fact, through MBSE virtual prototyping can be enabled through the early and continuous use of models. While virtual prototyping provides a significant value proposition, it is often confirmed to be challenging to adopt MBSE and <i>integrate</i> approaches in specific industrial contexts. In this article, we analyze existing approaches to understand what made them successful when applied in industry. From these findings we develop a set of criteria that positively influences the integration process, and reason about how to concretely achieve successful industrial integration. From the identified criteria a discussion on existing barriers is also provided, reasoning <i>why</i> these successful factors are missing from a majority of the disseminated MBSE work. Our final contribution is a set of recommendations that could steer research towards successful application of early V&V in industry through various incentives.</p>","PeriodicalId":100663,"journal":{"name":"INCOSE International Symposium","volume":"35 1","pages":"1886-1900"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145248415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Three Fundamental Questions: A Minimal Complete Framework of Systems Engineering","authors":"Christian Sprague, Graeme Troxell","doi":"10.1002/iis2.70075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iis2.70075","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Contemporary systems engineering continues to diversify across frameworks, tools, and methodologies, possibly obscuring its core role of transforming stakeholder needs into operational systems. We propose a minimal complete framework of conceptualizing the task of engineering systems through three fundamental questions (3FQ) – “What are we making?”, “How are we making it?”, and “What has been made?” We argue that these collectively describe the whole of the systems engineering activity across scales, domains, and lifecycles. To do so, we establish a formal grounding in transform theory – the mapping between inputs and outputs through transformational operators – and (1) demonstrate the necessity and sufficiency of these questions, (2) empirically validate the framework by mapping over twenty established methodologies (including V-Model, DoDAF, MBSE, SAFe, and digital engineering paradigms), and (3) present potential counterexamples. Our results reveal applicability from components to systems-of-systems, hardware to software, commercial to defense, and traditional to agile contexts. The 3FQ reframes systems engineering as functionally pluralist but structurally unified, serving as a meta-methodological interface – a conceptual socket into which a method or process can be plugged, evaluated, or adapted. The 3FQ offer a first step towards a unifying theoretical structure that can guide framework selection, process improvement, and cross-scale integration – enabling organizations to align practices with outcomes rather than prescriptive methodologies. We discuss implications as part of a larger research project: subsequent theoretical formalization, invariance properties, and future research on axiomatizing systems engineering principles. By conceptualizing a minimal complete framework of what it means to engineer systems, practitioners and researchers can use the 3FQ to navigate complexity with clarity and coherence.</p>","PeriodicalId":100663,"journal":{"name":"INCOSE International Symposium","volume":"35 1","pages":"1639-1657"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145248418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brian Pepper, Habibi Husain Arifin, Saulius Pavalkis, Kyle Post
{"title":"Systematic Risk Analysis: FMEA and FTA Approaches for Multi-Level System Architectures","authors":"Brian Pepper, Habibi Husain Arifin, Saulius Pavalkis, Kyle Post","doi":"10.1002/iis2.70109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iis2.70109","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper explores the advantages of Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) and Model-Based Safety & Reliability Analysis (MBSRA) compared to traditional approaches in the context of multi-level complex system architecture. It outlines a comprehensive approach to developing multilayer architectures while integrating reliability analysis and ensuring traceability of design elements. Utilizing Failure Mode Effects Analysis (FMEA) and Fault Tree Analysis (FTA), the study demonstrates how these reliability analyses yield actionable insights for modifying system design. The iterative process of refining both architecture and reliability assessments throughout the product lifecycle underscores the dynamic interplay between design evolution and safety considerations. The findings highlight the effectiveness of MBSE and MBSRA in enhancing the reliability and robustness of complex systems, ultimately contributing to more resilient engineering practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":100663,"journal":{"name":"INCOSE International Symposium","volume":"35 1","pages":"573-594"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145248532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gauthier Fanmuy, Adel Taghiyar, Saulius Pavalkis, Tarik Kebdani
{"title":"Model-Based Systems Engineering for Industrial Systems","authors":"Gauthier Fanmuy, Adel Taghiyar, Saulius Pavalkis, Tarik Kebdani","doi":"10.1002/iis2.70048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iis2.70048","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) in a modeling and simulation approach has emerged as a critical approach for designing and managing complex systems. While traditionally applied to product development, its application to Industrial systems (e.g. Manufacturing, Supply chain) is even more important from complexity and lifecycle costs consideration. This paper explains the challenges and the benefits of MBSE for Industrial system. It develops the key systems / methodological concepts to develop Industrial Systems, in a context of a co-engineering with end-product systems. It will be illustrated on a commercial aircraft manufacturing system use case from industrial network system up to a production line system.</p>","PeriodicalId":100663,"journal":{"name":"INCOSE International Symposium","volume":"35 1","pages":"931-953"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145248537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Applying Systems Thinking and Soft Systems Methodology to Explore the Complexity of Innovation in the Defense Industry","authors":"Linn Merete Sandvold, Mo Mansouri, Kristin Falk","doi":"10.1002/iis2.70045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iis2.70045","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The defense industry experiences rapid technological advancements in a dynamic environment with numerous multi-layered and interconnected forces. Therefore, it can be seen as a complex system. The innovative cyber-physical systems developed undergo strict requirements and testing, thus making the development efforts both time-consuming and, at times, a barrier to innovation. Given the military's need for swift responses to armed conflict situations, there is a desire for a more expedient deployment of combat systems within the operative context. Product developers must grasp a holistic view of the problem domain to achieve this.</p><p>This research employs Systems Thinking and Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) to explore the complexity of innovation within the realm of product development in the defense industry. We initially evaluated the complexity through the first steps in Soft Systems Methodology, following a prose description and creating a descriptive picture to reason about the system boundaries. By combining this methodology and Customers, Actors, Transformation, Worldview, Owner and Environment (CATWOE) framework, we generated a conceptual model in the form of a systemic diagram.</p><p>The result of this research is a theoretical foundation that can be utilized to further explore the perceived problem in a real-world application. This provides a critical understanding necessary for fostering innovation and efficiency in developing and deploying cyber-physical systems within the defense industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":100663,"journal":{"name":"INCOSE International Symposium","volume":"35 1","pages":"993-1004"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145248538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Boosting COSYSMO to derive a comprehensive Acquisition benchmarking tool","authors":"Christer Fröling","doi":"10.1002/iis2.70063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iis2.70063","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The combination of the Constructive Systems Engineering Cost Model (COSYSMO) version 2.0 with the Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) creates a groundbreaking approach to optimizing public sector acquisition. This methodology enhances cost estimation accuracy, supplier evaluation, and risk management by also incorporating the comprehensive SE frameworks from ANSI/EIA 632, Total Cost of Ownership (TCO), and Technology Readiness Levels (TRL). The proposed model addresses the complexities inherent in public acquisition by aligning technical and organizational assessments with evidence-based metrics.</p><p>To adapt COSYSMO 2.0 for public sector use, the model uses metrics derived from INCOSE's Guide to Writing Requirements (GtWR), enabling the segmentation of requirements into ‘easy,’ ‘nominal,’ and ‘hard’ categories. The classification, based on an analysis of bidder submitted Request for Information (RFI) and Request for Quote (RFQ) documentation, creates a comparable and baselined Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) cost estimations. The inclusion of requirement quality analysis using the correctness, completeness, and consistency metrics per INCOSE's standards supports a robust quality assessment of requirements early in the process, helping the contracting agencies to make a robust and fair decision answering:</p><p><b><i>Who is the best supplier from a technical, economical and project perspective and what risks are associated with the different potential contractors?</i></b></p>","PeriodicalId":100663,"journal":{"name":"INCOSE International Symposium","volume":"35 1","pages":"1209-1220"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145248588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Assessing Management Measures in Large-Scale Residential Facilities: An SNS-Driven Evaluative Approach","authors":"Long Fu, Kazuhiro Aoyama","doi":"10.1002/iis2.70021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iis2.70021","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This research proposes a novel approach to assess management measures in large-scale residential facilities using resident-exclusive Social Networking Services (SNS) data. The study develops a three-domain model (“User-Subjective-Objective”) adapted from Wada's “Value-Function-Activity-Entity” model to analyze resident interactions and behaviors within the SNS environment (M. Wada, 2021). The methodology consists of three main components: modeling the resident exclusive SNS (S. Tsugawa, 2020), clustering users based on their browsing behaviors (Y. Yamaguchi, S. Yamamoto and T. Sato, 2013) and developing a framework for quantitatively assessing management measures. The study employs Hierarchical Clustering Analysis to group users based on their temporal browsing patterns and introduces a method to evaluate management measures through “degree of interest fulfillment.” The research applies this methodology to a case study in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area, analyzing SNS data from 495 users over a one-year period, complemented by survey responses from 78 residents. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach in identifying distinct user clusters and evaluating different management measures, such as “House Reform” and “Mix Bazaar” initiatives. The findings highlight the value of integrating SNS data analysis into residential facility management (A. Kobayashi, et al., 2022), offering a more dynamic and responsive approach to understanding resident needs and evaluating management strategies' effectiveness.</p>","PeriodicalId":100663,"journal":{"name":"INCOSE International Symposium","volume":"35 1","pages":"650-662"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145248629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aurelijus Morkevicius, Aiste Aleksandraviciene, Edita Mileviciene
{"title":"Enterprise Transformation Planning with UAF","authors":"Aurelijus Morkevicius, Aiste Aleksandraviciene, Edita Mileviciene","doi":"10.1002/iis2.70061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iis2.70061","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Enterprise Transformation, Business Transformation, and Digital Transformation are widely used terms in today's literature. Proper planning is key to achieving a successful transformation. Documents are widely used for this purpose today; however, they provide limited analytical support to the decision maker and lead to delays and failures of the Enterprise Transformation. Model-based Enterprise Architecture can effectively support transformation planning by considering available resources, including systems, personnel, and technologies, as well as identifying any new resources to acquire or develop. This paper studies a city bus transportation transformation from hybrid to fully electric using Unified Architecture Framework (UAF). It tests the feasibility of UAF and proposes a new model-based approach to efficiently apply UAF to enterprise transformation planning.</p>","PeriodicalId":100663,"journal":{"name":"INCOSE International Symposium","volume":"35 1","pages":"1564-1588"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145248633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Appropriate Simulation Model Identification during Model-Based Systems Engineering","authors":"Johan Cederbladh, Thomas Zimmermann","doi":"10.1002/iis2.70092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iis2.70092","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) hinges on the use of models during development. Models enable several capabilities during development through concrete formalization of knowledge and data, while at the same time offering communication and reasoning support from application of abstraction. A primary capability enabled by models is simulation, and as a result simulation is promoted by many MBSE methodologies to support iterative decision-making during design. Nonetheless, simulation is a very complex capability, that requires significant investment in tooling and training. Likewise, enabling credible and valid simulation is a significant challenge in terms of progressive application during decision-making in development. In this article, we leverage the notion of appropriateness in the system modelling community and transfer these principles towards simulation as a tool in MBSE. By leveraging our experiences and previous work in the topics, we offer a pragmatic list of questions for practitioners to apply and guide them in the construction and application of simulation technologies in MBSE.</p>","PeriodicalId":100663,"journal":{"name":"INCOSE International Symposium","volume":"35 1","pages":"1829-1844"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145248689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Le Anh Hoang, Takahiro Omori, Mariko Sugimoto, Nobuyuki Suzuki, Kazuaki Yuuki
{"title":"Integrating configurator and model-based verification and validation to streamline the design process of large-scale ETO systems","authors":"Le Anh Hoang, Takahiro Omori, Mariko Sugimoto, Nobuyuki Suzuki, Kazuaki Yuuki","doi":"10.1002/iis2.70099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iis2.70099","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper presents the current model-based systems engineering efforts at Toshiba Corporation. It describes the background that has led us to these efforts as well as the approach that we have adopted on Design Configurator and Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) in the development of engineer-to-order (ETO) products. To improve the efficiency of engineering process and to construct a more proposalbased sales process (sales process that proposes high-value product systems to customers by verifying performance feasibility at the customer requirements inquiry and quotation phase), we proposed a standard process which integrate top-level design process with low level design process targeting ETO systems with high design loads. To implement the proposed standard process, we have built a configurator enhanced with mode-based development (MBD) interface to meet large scale customization (requiring major change to design) such as customization involving design mold modification. We have added to the configurator functions to optimize key design parameters in collaboration with external simulators as well as optimization tools, addressing the major change requirements from customers. This configurator enhancement applied a flexible concept of modular design to propose an approximate configuration as a baseline to accommodate higher levels of customization and estimate costs more accurately. Sequentially, proposed baseline configurations' design parameters are transferred swiftly to verification and validation(V&V) phase with smooth integration between the configurator and Model-based V&V tools for optimization, to ensure the optimal customization that meets customers' requirements. The preliminary evaluation with a Proof-of-concept for pump systems' motor design showed that the proposed process and tools return substantial improvement in engineering lead time, design cost and design quality.</p>","PeriodicalId":100663,"journal":{"name":"INCOSE International Symposium","volume":"35 1","pages":"1901-1911"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145248691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}