{"title":"Enable Effective Digital Engineering Information Exchange using Digital Viewpoint Model (DVM) Framework","authors":"Jack Lam, Sean McGervey, Leqi (Ken) Zhang","doi":"10.1002/iis2.13214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iis2.13214","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The objective of the Digital Viewpoint Model (DVM) framework is to characterize the content and relationships involved in the exchange of digital artifacts and its curation for stakeholder use and consumption. The DVM Framework structures the characterizations in four inter-related ontological concepts — Stakeholder, Digital View, Digital Artifact and Process. The Stakeholder concept focuses on the definition of stakeholder needs in terms of perspectives. The Digital View concept focuses on the construction of views that relate inter-disciplinary data that conforms to stakeholder needs and constraints. The Digital Artifact concept focuses on ensuring the quality and trustworthiness of data being used to construct the digital views. The Process concepts provide a construct to define necessary work activities to extract data to use. Applications of the DVM Framework are described in form of use cases to demonstrate its utility in facilitating effective digital engineering information exchange.</p>","PeriodicalId":100663,"journal":{"name":"INCOSE International Symposium","volume":"34 1","pages":"1384-1397"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142165526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Using VR to Validate and Visualize MBSE-Designed Interfaces","authors":"Sean L. Flanagan","doi":"10.1002/iis2.13159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iis2.13159","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Several unique challenges arise in the new field of integration between Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) models and game-based digital twin visualizations. First, no known standardized interfaces between the MBSE model and game engine visualization are defined, which can lead to custom or stove-piped solutions. Additionally, visualizing digital twin models in true to life scale is insufficient with typical desktop computers. The Bi-Directional Interface Requirements Operational System Test (BIFROST) prototype, funded by the US Army Program Executive Office (PEO) Aviation, seeks to address these challenges.</p><p>Progress of the BIFROST prototype is covered in the paper. The prototype aims to determine the feasibility and challenges of validating interfaces through visualizing changes to an MBSE model in a 3D game engine. Research was performed to visualize part of an uncrewed aircraft system ground control station in 3D using the Unity game engine. A Mission Control Architecture MBSE model, developed by PEO Aviation, is used to drive the digital twin of the ground control station through a set of virtual reality (VR) controls. Users can visualize, analyze, and test the human-machine interaction of the 3D models in VR prior to real-world system changes. This paper presents the recommended interfaces between the MBSE model and 3D engine, lessons learned, and future research areas.</p>","PeriodicalId":100663,"journal":{"name":"INCOSE International Symposium","volume":"34 1","pages":"503-515"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142165460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Hardware-in-the-Loop with SysML and Cameo Systems Modeler","authors":"Philipp Helle, Gerrit Schramm","doi":"10.1002/iis2.13238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iis2.13238","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper describes an approach for Hardware-in-the-Loop simulations with SysML models in the Cameo Systems Modeler tool. It is based on a plugin called <i>MQTT Simulation Connector</i> that enables bidirectional communication between the tool and hardware components using the MQTT protocol. The paper presents the applicable requirements and constraints that were considered, describes the <i>MQTT Simulation Connector</i> in detail and shows an example of its use in the form of a Smart Home demonstrator.</p>","PeriodicalId":100663,"journal":{"name":"INCOSE International Symposium","volume":"34 1","pages":"1807-1819"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142165507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Do Algorithms Dream of Electric Requirements? Leveraging AI-Based Approaches for Automated Allocation and Classification of Requirements in Railway Engineering","authors":"David Martín Rodríguez, Jaume Sanso Ferrer","doi":"10.1002/iis2.13283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iis2.13283","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In recent years, Artificial Intelligence has experienced an extraordinary growth. Systems Engineering is a discipline where the implementation of AI can be challenging, but that could immensely benefit from its capabilities. This paper presents one of the many implementations that AI can have within the Systems Engineering field. AI has been leveraged to create an algorithm that allows for the automatic identification and classification of requirements within a specific engineering sector: large railway projects. While text classification algorithms are well established, the key to a successful implementation of a requirements classification algorithm lays on the effective structurization of the data, as well as the high quality of the training datasets. This paper describes how an AI-based requirements classification algorithm has been planned and trained to effectively classify requirements in future documents based on systems and subsystems from a System Breakdown Structure (SBS), as well as to predict the adequate method of verification for both the Design and Testing and Commissioning stages of a railway project.</p><p>Finally, the paper showcases how the use of this AI-based requirements classifier does not only lower the probability of human error, but also reduces ∼75% human workload per project. Additionally, overall ∼30% cost savings to organizations are expected in a 10-year period in the task of classifying requirements with respect to manual classification performed by subject matter experts.</p>","PeriodicalId":100663,"journal":{"name":"INCOSE International Symposium","volume":"34 1","pages":"2509-2525"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142165275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Electric Revolution: Fully Electric Transportation System on An Urban College Campus","authors":"Zabi Sharifi, Mo Mansouri Ph.D.","doi":"10.1002/iis2.13188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iis2.13188","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper offers a comprehensive exploration of the implementation of fully electric transportation systems within urban college campuses. Urbanization and environmental concerns have intensified the need for sustainable transportation solutions, and college campuses serve as ideal testbeds for innovative mobility initiatives. The paper begins by establishing the context through background research, which highlights the adverse effects of urban air pollution and the role of electric vehicles (EVs) in mitigating these issues. The driving forces behind the adoption of fully electric transportation systems are discussed, Benefits, challenges, and implications of implementing electric transportation systems are meticulously examined. The anticipated benefits encompass improvements in air and noise pollution, reduced operational costs, and enhanced campus reputation. Nevertheless, the challenges of infrastructure costs, charging management, and operational intricacies are acknowledged. The paper underscores that successful implementation goes beyond immediate advantages, positioning campus electric transportation systems as living laboratories for research and innovation in sustainable mobility. Additionally, these systems serve as models for neighboring communities and influence regional transportation policies. The paper concludes by laying the groundwork for forthcoming discussions. It highlights the subsequent sections' focus on planning, stakeholder engagement, technological integration, and operational management, which collectively shape the implementation. The paper will employ the application of Systems Thinking approaches, tools, and techniques in order to properly analyze and tackle the problem statement at hand.</p>","PeriodicalId":100663,"journal":{"name":"INCOSE International Symposium","volume":"34 1","pages":"958-966"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142165593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Barry Papke, Gan Wang, Sean Densford, Ricardo Valerdi
{"title":"The Convergence of COSYSMO Parametric Cost Estimation with Model-Based Systems Engineering","authors":"Barry Papke, Gan Wang, Sean Densford, Ricardo Valerdi","doi":"10.1002/iis2.13176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iis2.13176","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The promise of Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) and its advertised benefits hinge on the ability of our profession to integrate engineering disciplines and project management across the system life cycle. In particular, connecting system architecture and design decisions to the economics of the system's development is a critically important topic, but has often been overlooked by the system engineering community. Achieving such integration requires two key elements: (1) the standardization of multidisciplinary terms and functions, and (2) the establishment of rules governing relationships between cross-functional models and modeling environments. This paper contributes to these areas by (1) establishing common terminology describing systems engineering and cost estimating, and (2) proposing specific cost drivers and counting rules within an MBSE environment that can be applied to estimating systems engineering effort using the COSYSMO cost model. COSYSMO is a systems engineering cost model, originally developed in 2005, and was grounded on document-based systems engineering methods. This paper facilitates the convergence of COSYSMO and MBSE by updating the COSYSMO counting rules to specifically address size driver selection and assessment in a SysML model. It illustrates how advanced modeling tool features streamline and automate cost estimation activities, while queries and crosscutting views offered by modern MBSE tools enhance the completeness, quality, and consistency of parametric cost estimation process. Additionally, it provides guidelines for identifying system model content and level of detail for cost estimating, and proposes an approach to link attributes and properties in a system model to the variables in the COSYSMO cost estimating relationship.</p>","PeriodicalId":100663,"journal":{"name":"INCOSE International Symposium","volume":"34 1","pages":"763-780"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142165313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Integrating IoT Technology with a Systems Engineering Approach to Improve the GHG Emission Accounting in the Waste Management Industry","authors":"Tobias Hylleseth, Henri Giudici, Gerrit Muller","doi":"10.1002/iis2.13272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iis2.13272","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This work presents how to automate emission accounting and analysis in the waste management industry. The methodology adopted is based on the combined use of Internet of Things (IoT) technology and a Systems Engineering approach. The presented methodology has been tested in an industrial case. In the case, there were multiple systems available to collect environmental data. However, the accessibility and the interpretability of this environmental data were observed as a challenge. After gathering the data in a centralized database, the automation of the Green House Gasses (GHG) emission management and accounting was performed. Findings show that the operational emissions of the industry partner mainly occur from energy and fuel consumption. By measuring and categorizing energy usage, the industry partner identified several potential improvements for reducing emissions. Lowering energy usage can consequently decrease the associated carbon footprint. Finally, the authors suggest some useful insights for companies with the aim of improving the effectiveness and efficiency of industrial GHG emissions accounting.</p>","PeriodicalId":100663,"journal":{"name":"INCOSE International Symposium","volume":"34 1","pages":"2318-2331"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142165338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Building a Scientific Foundation for Security: Multilayer Network Model Insights for System Security Engineering","authors":"Adam D. Williams, Susan A. Caskey","doi":"10.1002/iis2.13143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iis2.13143","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To help incorporate security into INCOSE's Systems Engineering Vision 2035, the INCOSE systems security engineering working group endorses a paradigmatic shift to reframe systems security as trustworthy, loss-driven, and capabilities-based. Similar research out of Sandia National Laboratories has explored cutting-edge approaches to systems security for national security applications. Together, these efforts highlight the need for—-and a path toward—-a scientific foundation for security. Leveraging underlying tenets of systems theory, observed security heuristics, and the concepts emerging from INCOSE's SSE working helps triangulate a set of “first principles” as part of a scientific foundation for security as an emergent systems property that incorporates traditional physical security designs, cyber security architectures, and personnel security programs—-as well as the (often ignored) interactions between them. These first principles, in turn, are the basis for a set of derived systems security performance axioms that support current INCOSE SSE working efforts. We have demonstrated this approach's logic and designability with a multilayer network model-based approach for systems security. The structure of this scientific foundation for security offers additional, innovative opportunities to achieve desired levels of trustworthiness, creative mechanisms to meet needs, innovative loss-driven approaches, and enhanced capabilities—-all aimed at producing more efficient and effective systems security solutions against current and emerging threats, uncertainties, and complexities.</p>","PeriodicalId":100663,"journal":{"name":"INCOSE International Symposium","volume":"34 1","pages":"224-238"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142165451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Theoretical Underpinnings to Establish Fidelity Conditions for Defining Verification Models","authors":"Paul Wach, Alejandro Salado","doi":"10.1002/iis2.13136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iis2.13136","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The current state of the discipline suggests that the desired fidelity of verification models is defined based on qualitative statements, that is, using heuristics, at the onset of an engineering endeavor. While the use of heuristics in systems engineering is well known, many heuristics have not been validated, and therefore there may be errors in judgement that could lead to systems being engineered that are ultimately not fit-for-purpose. This bears the question, based on what conditions should we formally define verification models? In this article, we provide insights from our research to discover the sufficient conditions for defining verification models, taking a science-based approach that leverages the richness of systems-theoretic constructs.</p>","PeriodicalId":100663,"journal":{"name":"INCOSE International Symposium","volume":"34 1","pages":"122-135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142165176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Technical Approach to the Digital Signature of MBSE Models","authors":"Risa Gorospe CSEP, Shannon Dubicki","doi":"10.1002/iis2.13202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iis2.13202","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To fully realize the benefits of Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE), users of an MBSE model need to be able to verify its authenticity and integrity. A digital signature is a common cryptographic technique that enables users to sign digital content and verify the integrity of the signed content. This enables users to verify that the signed content is truly from the author who signed the content and is a common practice in digital documentation. MBSE models have unique qualities that separate themselves from other digital documentation, thus specific digital signature approaches need to be implemented for MBSE models.</p><p>This paper describes an approach to apply digital signatures to MBSE models. The approach explores some characteristics of MBSE models and enables the digital signing of a portion of a model using a signer's digital certificate. The approach allows for the verification of the signed model content against the signature and indicates if information is altered from what the signer intended. This paper captures the technical challenges and lessons learned applying this approach as a prototype to an existing MBSE modeling tool. These findings from this paper can be used to guide the development of a digital signature capability in MBSE modeling tools.</p>","PeriodicalId":100663,"journal":{"name":"INCOSE International Symposium","volume":"34 1","pages":"1169-1183"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142165205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}