INCOSE International Symposium最新文献

{"title":"Lifecycle Switching Costs","authors":"Yanheng Henry Zhu","doi":"10.1002/iis2.70115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iis2.70115","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Switching costs, an important topic in adaptive systems, are the costs incurred by modifying a product design to another. Most previous works focused on development switching costs. However, design switching can trigger different production costs and operational costs too. Also, for development costs, only two methods, process-based and parametric are available. For open-source tools, only one tool is available, COSYSMO (parametric). However, parametric methods require large sets of historic cost data, and cannot support small or medium size products, which leaves the problem still unresolved. This paper addressed these gaps. Its contributions are: first, it analyzed the whole lifecycle switching cost and revealed that some mathematical properties from development switching costs no longer hold. Second, it identified and proved the new mathematical properties for lifecycle switching costs, and developed a new useful concept, vendor switching cost. Third, it presented a new tool for estimating these costs, which does not rely on product sizes, making it the first open-source tool that supports all systems. Finally, we demonstrated its effectiveness through an example use case of office area design, and made the tool available online, with a manual and this detailed example.</p>","PeriodicalId":100663,"journal":{"name":"INCOSE International Symposium","volume":"36 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148943133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SysML v2 based MBSE and MBD Harmonization","authors":"Takashi Nakazawa,&nbsp;Takafumi Suzuki,&nbsp;Bharani Raj Mohan,&nbsp;Hisashi Miyashita","doi":"10.1002/iis2.70122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iis2.70122","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) is established for organizing and integrating complex systems and system-of-systems (SoS) development. However, significant challenges persist in tool and data integration, particularly in modern automotive development, where efficient harmonization between systems development (MBSE) and analysis (MBD) is vital. This discontinuity often leads to inefficient manual data synchronization tasks.</p><p>We propose a novel approach to integrate MBSE and MBD by leveraging the capabilities of SysML v2 and State Space Representation (SSR). Our tool environment establishes SysML v2 as a single source of truth while flexibly providing optimal views tailored for different roles and tasks—notably via Excel and MATLAB/Simulink. This architecture effectively eliminates nonessential manual data synchronization across the development lifecycle.</p><p>By applying this integrated approach to Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) system development, we achieved an estimated labor cost reduction of approximately 30%. This demonstrates the substantive productivity gains realized through seamless tool integration. We conclude that this methodology is highly generalizable and plan to expand its application to broader MBSE areas, including critical requirement management workflows.</p>","PeriodicalId":100663,"journal":{"name":"INCOSE International Symposium","volume":"36 1","pages":"127-139"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148943256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mission Architecture using Simulation and Automation for Gap Identification and Analysis","authors":"Clive Sugama PhD","doi":"10.1002/iis2.70119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iis2.70119","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The ability to plan and analyze faster with military operations is essential to rapidly make informed decisions. Developing mission architectures to include process simulation with automation assists in assessing and analyzing processes for military use cases prior to performing live test events. This technique can be utilized using Dassault Systems' Cameo Systems Modeler (CSM) software for mission threads and mission engineering threads related to sensor to shooter kill chains and other end-to-end processes. This paper presents a novel approach to mission architecture by taking a high level objective to constructing an interactive model to select &amp; visualize mission threads, automate the creation of sequence diagrams / views and assess time values from time line charts and histograms for process analysis. Developing simulated process flows with resource interconnectivity diagrams enabled visualization and assessment of processes in motion such as the Sense, Make Sense and Act process. The architecture can be used as a basis to further simulate and analyze the flow of information across various stages of the kill chain / mission thread, from target identification to engagement. By leveraging the user interface feature within the software, users can select mission threads and visualize the flow of information, enabling them to identify potential vulnerabilities, bottlenecks and feasibility of various mission threads. Timing was also included within the simulated model to identify process improvement areas between steps within the mission thread. Currently, process flow models and diagrams are done in static / flat Microsoft power point and visio documents limiting digital engineering practices to include simulation for process analysis and improvement. Using Modeling &amp; Simulation (M&amp;S) features in CSM software such as signal flow simulation, custom graphic user interfaces, automatic sequence diagram generation, automated timeline charts, automated histograms for Monte Carlo analysis and report generation with the report wizard, mission thread analysts can make informed decisions at an accelerated rate.</p>","PeriodicalId":100663,"journal":{"name":"INCOSE International Symposium","volume":"36 1","pages":"68-85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148943325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Defining the Character of an Architecture Using Life Cycle Concepts: Phase and Stage Concepts in ISO/IEC/IEEE 42024 – An Emerging Standard on Architecture Fundamentals","authors":"Peter Bernus PhD,&nbsp;James N Martin PhD","doi":"10.1002/iis2.70127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iis2.70127","url":null,"abstract":"<p>An emerging standard on architecture fundamentals is under development to be published as ISO/IEC/IEEE 42024. This paper is a companion to a separate paper describing the evolving content of ISO 42024, but concentrates on an aspect that is notable, namely the clarification and enrichment of the concept of life cycles that in the past has caused some confusion. This is the result of using and combining the treatment of the life cycle concept elaborated in both ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288 and ISO 15704 / GERAM, as well as clarification of the difference between modelling dimensions and modelling aspects based on ISO/IEC 63339, which is relevant for any architecting effort, including enterprises, systems and software. Decades of methodology wars (e.g. top-down, spiral, agile, DevOps, etc.) did not facilitate a common understanding due to the lack of mapping these methodologies to a uniform life history model.</p>","PeriodicalId":100663,"journal":{"name":"INCOSE International Symposium","volume":"36 1","pages":"206-228"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148943327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tackling Grid Congestion: Governing Energy Hubs in Dutch Business Parks","authors":"Fatemeh Ghasemzadeh,&nbsp;Gerrit Muller","doi":"10.1002/iis2.70118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iis2.70118","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This research investigates the organizational and governance dynamics of energy hubs (EHs) as a solution to grid congestion in Dutch business parks. The researcher used a qualitative multiple-case study approach, gathering data through desk research and semi-structured interviews with eight stakeholders involved in energy hub projects. The analysis identifies key stakeholder groups and examines their roles, interests, and challenges. The researcher categorizes stakeholder insights into four main themes: needs, functionalities, constraints, and opportunities. Notable opportunities include using Group Transport Agreements (GTOs) to optimize grid capacity, shared battery storage to mitigate congestion, and real-time energy management systems (EMS) to enhance operational efficiency. Recurring barriers to implementing energy hubs include high initial investments, limited access to capital, unclear legislative frameworks, liability concerns, technical complexity, and resistance to change. The findings highlight the need for structured business models, clear regulations, and enhanced stakeholder collaboration to facilitate energy hub development. This research provides practical insights for energy decision-makers and stakeholders engaged in mitigating grid congestion and supporting local sustainability.</p>","PeriodicalId":100663,"journal":{"name":"INCOSE International Symposium","volume":"36 1","pages":"50-67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148942879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"BRIDGING MISSION ENGINEERING AND ARP-4754B: A MBSE FRAMEWORK FOR DERIVING AIRCRAFT FUNCTIONS","authors":"Andrea Carpanzano,&nbsp;Davide Fabbroni,&nbsp;Martina Gotti","doi":"10.1002/iis2.70129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iis2.70129","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The recent push for increased level of autonomy and advanced mission capabilities in modern rotorcraft create the need for Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) to integrate operational analysis earlier and more rigorously within the aircraft development lifecycle. Standards such as the ARP-4754B provide a process foundation to aircraft development, starting from the concept of aircraft function. However, the do not explicitly prescribe how mission objectives and operational concepts should inform the definition of aircraft functions. This paper presents a process implemented with a model-based approach that connects mission objectives, operational performers, and aircraft-level functions within a unified digital thread within a single model. A case study in the context of Helicopter Emergency Medical Services (HEMS) demonstrates how the approach supports both conventional piloted operations, and the architectural decisions required for autonomous mission execution. The paper concludes with practical considerations, current limitations, and future work towards integrating quantitative mission effectiveness analysis and autonomy-specific requirements within the same framework in Leonardo Helicopters.</p>","PeriodicalId":100663,"journal":{"name":"INCOSE International Symposium","volume":"36 1","pages":"255-270"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148943248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reproducing a Security Risk Assessment Using Computer Aided Design","authors":"Avi Shaked","doi":"10.1002/iis2.70124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iis2.70124","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Security risk assessment is essential in establishing the trustworthiness and reliability of modern systems. While various security risk assessment approaches exist, prevalent applications are “pen and paper” implementations that – even if performed digitally using computers – remain prone to authoring mistakes and inconsistencies. Computer-aided design approaches can transform security risk assessments into more rigorous and sustainable efforts. This is of value to both industrial practitioners and researchers, who practice security risk assessments to reflect on systems' designs and to contribute to the discipline's state-of-the-art. In this article, we report the application of a model-based security design tool to reproduce a previously reported security assessment. The main contributions are: 1) an independent attempt to reproduce a refereed article describing a real security risk assessment of a system; 2) comparison of a new computer-aided application with a previous non-computer-aided application, based on a published, real-world case study; 3) a showcase for the potential advantages – for both practitioners and researchers – of using computer-aided design approaches to analyze reports and to assess systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":100663,"journal":{"name":"INCOSE International Symposium","volume":"36 1","pages":"154-170"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148943329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What SEs Need to Know about AI and Safety-Critical Systems","authors":"Sarah Sheard","doi":"10.1002/iis2.70125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iis2.70125","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper discusses the nature of system safety for safety-critical systems that include AI elements. Safety for AI elements has been intensely studied in the last decade, but from an AI element point of view, not from a system point of view. This paper discusses the needed systems engineering input in this critical topic. Systems engineers need to know how safety is determined from the top down and how the advent of AI/ML components might change the safety of safety-critical systems. Safety cases and the STPA method for understanding the relation of safety to hazards, losses, and the SE process are the remaining topics.</p><p>Safety-critical systems need the systems engineering viewpoint because to date most of the research relevant to AI has been done by software engineering, focusing on the App/AI/ML view, and not on the system view. System safety requires a system view, which is demonstrated by completing a safety case, including a safety claim, an argument, and evidence. The evidence and argument will generally require STPA analysis, including understanding the system control structure that keeps hazards from causing loss.</p>","PeriodicalId":100663,"journal":{"name":"INCOSE International Symposium","volume":"36 1","pages":"171-187"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148943252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Multi-Agent Approach to Validating Systems Models","authors":"Qiana Curcuru,&nbsp;Ethan Cox","doi":"10.1002/iis2.70121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iis2.70121","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The release of SysML v2 introduces new opportunities to leverage AI for system modeling. Agentic AI, a framework where language models autonomously execute tasks with external tools and information, offers a novel approach for SysML v2 modeling and validation.</p><p>This paper explores the architecture and methodology for developing a multi-agentic Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) tool to assist with model validation, focusing on accuracy, efficiency, and scalability while also addressing concerns such as cost, explainability, data control, and security.</p><p>This body of work proposes a novel framework for SysML v2 model validation, specifically focusing on requirement derivation and model relationships. This work also addresses common deployment challenges. The modularity of this framework will be expanded to address additional validation objectives and design recommendations to create a full end-to-end agentic modeling tool. This framework demonstrates promising validation results on a simplified SysML v2 CubeSat model. Further testing on larger, real-world models, and integration with industry standard MBSE tools such as MagicDraw is suggested to fully assess its scalability and broader applicability.</p><p>To implement this approach, objective modeling rules were distilled into smaller functions and assigned to agents within an agentic AI tool. The agentic tool was then tested on a simplified SysML v2 CubeSat model to evaluate its validation capabilities. A similar test was then given to four systems engineers (two junior engineers, and two senior engineers). In addition to being approximately 10 times faster than the fastest engineer at finding parent-child relationships, the results demonstrated that the agentic tool had a better average correctness score compared to systems engineers. When only considering the senior engineers, the agentic tool had a comparable average correctness score.</p>","PeriodicalId":100663,"journal":{"name":"INCOSE International Symposium","volume":"36 1","pages":"113-126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148943251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The SoSE Navigator: A Meta-Methodology to drive Agility","authors":"Jaci M Pratt","doi":"10.1002/iis2.70132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iis2.70132","url":null,"abstract":"<p>System of Systems Engineering (SoSE) is a prominent approach for the design, development and management of complex enterprise systems, such as defense capabilities. Much research has been conducted to improve SoSE with many approaches addressing discrete aspects of SoSE. This paper presents a novel meta-methodology – the SoSE Navigator – that uses multiple methodologies, processes and tools to holistically drive SoSE and enable agility and flexibility in practice. The SoSE Navigator emphasizes improving knowability and acknowledging areas of influence to address uncertainty and emergence. The SoSE Navigator pro-actively manages evolution by seeking satisficing solutions within risk tolerance and adaptation ability. The paper discusses the Navigator concept, an initial process and each of its supporting SoSE artefacts (typology, principles, methodology catalogue and metrics). The SoSE Navigator is designed to provide practitioners with practical guidance and tools to safely navigate the design and evolution of large, complex capabilities.</p>","PeriodicalId":100663,"journal":{"name":"INCOSE International Symposium","volume":"36 1","pages":"301-319"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148943131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}