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Investigating Systems Engineering Competencies in Norwegian Defense Industry to Strengthen the Role Definition 调查挪威国防工业系统工程能力以加强角色定义
INCOSE International Symposium Pub Date : 2026-09-11 DOI: 10.1002/iis2.70117
Susanne Selstad, Gerrit Muller, Linn Merete Sandvold
{"title":"Investigating Systems Engineering Competencies in Norwegian Defense Industry to Strengthen the Role Definition","authors":"Susanne Selstad,&nbsp;Gerrit Muller,&nbsp;Linn Merete Sandvold","doi":"10.1002/iis2.70117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iis2.70117","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigates the roles and competencies of systems engineers within a large Norwegian defense contractor to understand what factors contribute to the challenges in defining the systems engineering role and provide input that can strengthen the role definition in the company. The defense industry has experienced rapid growth in recent years, with increasing systems complexity. While working to overcome these challenges, even more importance will be put on systems engineers, as they facilitate successful system realization.</p><p>The investigation provides insights into roles and competencies in the Norwegian defense industry and compares these findings with a similar study conducted within high-tech industries in the Netherlands. This comparison reveals similarities between the two countries. Furthermore, this study suggests that factors such as rapid growth, a young workforce, a broad variety of role titles, and organizational restructuring contribute to the difficulty in defining the role. To provide input in strengthening the role definition, this study compares current competency levels with the knowledge areas of the π-shaped model. It proposes developing a collective understanding of systems engineering to strengthen role definition and enhance competencies in areas such as life cycles and finance.</p>","PeriodicalId":100663,"journal":{"name":"INCOSE International Symposium","volume":"36 1","pages":"31-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148943132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Application of MBSE Approach to Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID) MBSE方法在管道仪表图(P&ID)中的应用
INCOSE International Symposium Pub Date : 2026-09-11 DOI: 10.1002/iis2.70268
Hiroyuki Koito, Ryuki Tahara, Toshikazu Miyashita, Yoshinori Yamada, Norito Iwamuro, Hiroki Kokubo
{"title":"Application of MBSE Approach to Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)","authors":"Hiroyuki Koito,&nbsp;Ryuki Tahara,&nbsp;Toshikazu Miyashita,&nbsp;Yoshinori Yamada,&nbsp;Norito Iwamuro,&nbsp;Hiroki Kokubo","doi":"10.1002/iis2.70268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iis2.70268","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (P&amp;ID) is a legacy engineering document that represents the functional relationships among piping, instrumentation, and equipment components in a process plant. It provides engineers and operators with a comprehensive view of plant processes, particularly in complex designs typical of the oil and gas industry.</p><p>This paper presents a study on managing and utilizing process topology models in plant design based on a Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) approach. The objective is to establish a platform for structuring and effectively reusing process design information. By representing connectivity relationships among equipment as a graph-based model, we introduce a model-based P&amp;ID concept, referred to as the Tag Graph™, which serves as a formal design model rather than a document.</p><p>This work represents an initial step toward MBSE transformation in plant engineering, addressing the transition from a document-centric paradigm to a model-enhanced design approach.</p>","PeriodicalId":100663,"journal":{"name":"INCOSE International Symposium","volume":"36 1","pages":"229-237"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148943331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Shared Understanding: Cross-Generational & Cross-Cultural Engagements 共同理解:跨代和跨文化交往
INCOSE International Symposium Pub Date : 2026-09-11 DOI: 10.1002/iis2.70131
Daniel Grivicic, Glenda Alvarenga, Paul Pearce, Payal Parate, Raquel Hoffmann
{"title":"Shared Understanding: Cross-Generational & Cross-Cultural Engagements","authors":"Daniel Grivicic,&nbsp;Glenda Alvarenga,&nbsp;Paul Pearce,&nbsp;Payal Parate,&nbsp;Raquel Hoffmann","doi":"10.1002/iis2.70131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iis2.70131","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Shared understanding, <i>the intentional alignment of goals, context, and rationale across diverse stakeholders</i>, is essential for success in complex systems engineering projects. However, achieving and sustaining this alignment can be challenging when generational and cultural differences shape how engineers communicate, interpret leadership, and collaborate in multidisciplinary environments. This paper examines how systems engineering leaders can foster shared understanding amid these generational and cultural dynamics. Using a mixed-methods approach that integrates a global survey of nearly 200 systems engineers, semi-structured interviews with senior technical leaders, and interactive workshops with members of INCOSE's Technical Leadership Institute (TLI), the study explores how cultural norms and generational expectations influence collaboration, communication styles, and perceptions of leadership. The analysis is structured around four themes: foundational mindset, role of the leader, team dynamics, and technical conflict. Findings show that while cultural and generational diversity can create friction, they also enrich problem-solving and innovation when guided by inclusive leadership and psychological safety. The paper presents actionable guidance for leaders to align diverse perspectives, manage conflict constructively, and strengthen trust and collaboration across global teams. Limitations and future research opportunities are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":100663,"journal":{"name":"INCOSE International Symposium","volume":"36 1","pages":"285-300"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148943253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
MBSE model exchange: A Landing Gear example MBSE模型交换:起落架示例
INCOSE International Symposium Pub Date : 2026-09-11 DOI: 10.1002/iis2.70128
Adriana D'Souza, Nicolas Gueit, Tanmay Mandal, Obil Madoungu, Yves Bernard, Patrick Poite, Julien Castex
{"title":"MBSE model exchange: A Landing Gear example","authors":"Adriana D'Souza,&nbsp;Nicolas Gueit,&nbsp;Tanmay Mandal,&nbsp;Obil Madoungu,&nbsp;Yves Bernard,&nbsp;Patrick Poite,&nbsp;Julien Castex","doi":"10.1002/iis2.70128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iis2.70128","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Systems are getting more and more complex in general and this is true for the aerospace industry as well. Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) promises to be an answer to de-risk developments in the aerospace industry and manage this complexity, however one of the key issues in the industry is the heterogeneous landscape of implementation of MBSE and associated methods, languages and tools used. Standards in this field have not caught up yet. The paper will explore the MBSE data exchange between two partners in the aerospace industry (Airbus and Safran Landing Systems) on a dummy example model inspired from the SAE ARP 4754B standard of the appendix E of the pedal braking system. The paper will explore the benefits behind this approach and the value added to both companies.</p>","PeriodicalId":100663,"journal":{"name":"INCOSE International Symposium","volume":"36 1","pages":"238-254"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148943257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Aided Requirement Specification: A Case Study in the Aerospace Domain 辅助需求规范:航空航天领域的案例研究
INCOSE International Symposium Pub Date : 2026-09-11 DOI: 10.1002/iis2.70130
Beatrice Melani, Antonello Diglio, Davide Fabbroni
{"title":"Aided Requirement Specification: A Case Study in the Aerospace Domain","authors":"Beatrice Melani,&nbsp;Antonello Diglio,&nbsp;Davide Fabbroni","doi":"10.1002/iis2.70130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iis2.70130","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper presents a method and a supporting tool designed to bridge the architecture definition process (and related visual modeling tools) with key requirements-related activities, particularly specification and validation. The method is based on a previous publication (Melani, Diglio, and Fabbroni, 2025) that presents the theoretical background supporting the method and the tool, but without providing a large-scale example to substantiate the method or to compare the new approach with existing ones. The proposed method creates a more integrated and consistent MBSE workflow, reducing possible mistakes and misalignments between the functional architecture and the requirements. In addition, validation checks such as syntactic correctness, consistency, and coverage checks help refine the set of requirements and ensure that it reflects the intended behavior of the system by alerting the user of missing scenarios and conflicting constraints. The case study chosen for this paper concerns part of the development of a Flight Control System (FCS) in Leonardo Helicopters Division. The comparison between the new approach and the document-based one is carried out on four core functions of FCS development: automatic altitude control, horizontal speed control (airspeed), heading control and control of horizontal position in hover. The comparison highlights how a structured and formal method for the writing and validation of requirements can sensibly improve the quality of the requirement set. In fact, sets of requirements produced using the method and the accompanying Aided Requirements Specification tool (ARS) are more structured than their document-based counterpart, more consistent and complete. The ability to perform an early validation on the requirements helps avoid costly reworkings that are unavoidable in those situations in which issues related to erroneous or incomplete requirements are spotted through testing during the design phase of the project.</p>","PeriodicalId":100663,"journal":{"name":"INCOSE International Symposium","volume":"36 1","pages":"271-284"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148943198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
MISSION AND BUSINESS ENGINEERING: Aligning Purpose, Performance and Enterprise Systems 使命与商业工程:调整目标、绩效和企业系统
INCOSE International Symposium Pub Date : 2026-09-11 DOI: 10.1002/iis2.70120
Gary Robert Smith, Richard Beasley
{"title":"MISSION AND BUSINESS ENGINEERING: Aligning Purpose, Performance and Enterprise Systems","authors":"Gary Robert Smith,&nbsp;Richard Beasley","doi":"10.1002/iis2.70120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iis2.70120","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Modern mission enterprises are complex, multi-actor ecosystems in which mission outcomes depend not only on individual system performance, but on the coherence of the enterprise that conceives, develops, governs, and sustains them. Persistent misalignment between mission intent, enterprise behaviour, and system development arises from fragmented incentives, siloed optimisation, and contractual boundaries that restrict iteration and limit the ability to act on new insight.</p><p>This paper introduces Mission and Business Engineering (MBE) as a meta-discipline for addressing these challenges. MBE integrates mission logic, enterprise structure, and system behaviour within an Architecture of Intent grounded in Fit–Form–Function. By treating the mission enterprise itself as a system-of-interest, MBE provides modelling constructs, decision mechanisms, and alignment structures for sustaining coherence across organisational boundaries, life cycles, and evolving mission contexts.</p><p>The paper diagnoses systemic sources of mission–enterprise misalignment, explains why existing discipline-specific approaches are insufficient, presents the MBE meta-architecture and its three structural pillars, and outlines an illustrative implementation pathway. The result is a framework that complements, but extends beyond, ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288 and the DoD Mission Engineering Guide by helping practitioners engineer mission-coherent enterprises capable of delivering effective outcomes in complex environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":100663,"journal":{"name":"INCOSE International Symposium","volume":"36 1","pages":"86-99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148943328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
How Augmented Intelligence “Divorce Mediation” Helps Understand Systems Engineering Skills 增强智能“离婚调解”如何帮助理解系统工程技能
INCOSE International Symposium Pub Date : 2026-09-11 DOI: 10.1002/iis2.70126
Sarah Sheard, Andrew Pickard, Kenneth Cureton, Richard Beasley
{"title":"How Augmented Intelligence “Divorce Mediation” Helps Understand Systems Engineering Skills","authors":"Sarah Sheard,&nbsp;Andrew Pickard,&nbsp;Kenneth Cureton,&nbsp;Richard Beasley","doi":"10.1002/iis2.70126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iis2.70126","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Claude and Chatty are getting divorced but cannot talk directly about the settlement. They have to work through a divorce mediator, who helps them iterate to a mutually satisfactory settlement. This is a metaphor for getting two Large Language Model Artificial Intelligence models to come to a common solution when ranking Team/Personality Types for suitability/unsuitability for filling Systems Engineering roles. The iterations are through a human “mediator”, who also learns about the background and training of the Artificial Intelligences.</p>","PeriodicalId":100663,"journal":{"name":"INCOSE International Symposium","volume":"36 1","pages":"188-205"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148943330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
What's So Fundamental About Architecture? 什么是建筑的基础?
INCOSE International Symposium Pub Date : 2026-09-11 DOI: 10.1002/iis2.70116
James N Martin PhD
{"title":"What's So Fundamental About Architecture?","authors":"James N Martin PhD","doi":"10.1002/iis2.70116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iis2.70116","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A new standard on architecture fundamentals is under development to be published as ISO/IEC/IEEE 42024. This paper provides an overview of the key concepts in this standard and the rationale for these ideas. This standard specifies a core set of vocabulary, architecture concepts, and architecting principles associated with the architecture practice. It is applicable to various entities such as enterprises, business units, capability areas, capabilities, mission areas, missions, systems, systems of systems, families of systems, infrastructure, products, services, product lines, hardware items, software applications and technologies.</p><p>This standard can be used as a foundation for development of architecture standards and practices, and for the development of architectures and architecture models. It can also be used as a basis for implementation of architecture standards and reference architectures, as well as development of organizational training and guidebooks on architecting methodologies and for related processes, methods and tools.</p><p>This paper provides an introduction to the key principles and concepts that can serve as the foundation for good architecture practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":100663,"journal":{"name":"INCOSE International Symposium","volume":"36 1","pages":"13-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148943254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Business Process Redesign for IT-OT Convergence in Industry 4.0 工业4.0中IT-OT融合的业务流程重新设计
INCOSE International Symposium Pub Date : 2026-09-11 DOI: 10.1002/iis2.70256
Shiva Rajabi, Yangyang Zhao
{"title":"Business Process Redesign for IT-OT Convergence in Industry 4.0","authors":"Shiva Rajabi,&nbsp;Yangyang Zhao","doi":"10.1002/iis2.70256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iis2.70256","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The convergence of Information Technology (IT) and Operational Technology (OT) presents operational challenges in industrial automation, particularly in cloud-native environments of Industry 4.0. This case study examines the process of systematically redesigning business processes for effective convergence of IT and OT in a growing company. To address the identified problem, we adopt a systems engineering methodology and propose an Industrial Business Process Twin (IBPT)-based solution. The solution comprises standardized, scalable, and traceable layers that coordinate the IT-OT convergence in operations that were previously siloed. Specifically, we apply Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) techniques to visualize the architecture of specific user cases for the redesign workflow, including integration, communication, technical verification, and validation within the company. The solution is validated at the end.</p>","PeriodicalId":100663,"journal":{"name":"INCOSE International Symposium","volume":"36 1","pages":"100-112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148943255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Advancing Transdisciplinarity from Concept to Practice: Elegant Solutions for a Better World 从概念到实践推进跨学科:为更美好的世界提供优雅的解决方案
INCOSE International Symposium Pub Date : 2026-09-11 DOI: 10.1002/iis2.70123
Javier Calvo-Amodio PhD, James N Martin PhD, Azad M. Madni PhD, NAE
{"title":"Advancing Transdisciplinarity from Concept to Practice: Elegant Solutions for a Better World","authors":"Javier Calvo-Amodio PhD,&nbsp;James N Martin PhD,&nbsp;Azad M. Madni PhD, NAE","doi":"10.1002/iis2.70123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iis2.70123","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Transdisciplinarity has become a defining feature of contemporary systems engineering, yet it remains conceptually underdeveloped and inconsistently applied. This paper advances transdisciplinarity (TD) from an abstract concept to a guide for its practical application within systems engineering (SE). Drawing from systems science, general systemology and current SE practice, we 1) propose a guide that provides an epistemological and methodological bridge necessary to address the growing complexity of socio-technical systems, 2) examine the foundations of SE as an inherently transdisciplinary endeavor, 3) explore how General Systems Transdisciplinarity (GSTD) unifies systemic theories and methodologies, and 4) propose a framework that links the purpose, values and techniques of SE to transdisciplinary knowledge production. Finally, we discuss how adopting a “transdisciplinary attitude” — characterized by collaboration and purposeful learning — can transform SE education, workforce development, and leadership growth. By embracing our proposed framework and identifying the nature of the complex problem and the needed solution, we expect SEs to achieve elegant, sustainable solutions to complex problems while advancing the scientific foundation of SE practice and research.</p>","PeriodicalId":100663,"journal":{"name":"INCOSE International Symposium","volume":"36 1","pages":"140-153"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148943326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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