{"title":"Tailoring of NASA-STD-3001 to Lunar Gateway Program Requirements","authors":"Jackelynne Silva-Martinez PhD","doi":"10.1002/iis2.13190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iis2.13190","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Gateway Program must meet NASA's Agency-level human rating requirements, which are intended to accommodate human capabilities and limitations while protecting the safety of the crew, and providing to the maximum extent practical, the capability to safely recover the crew from hazardous situations. Human systems integration represents a key human rating component of Moon to Mars systems to support the execution of Artemis missions, including compliance with mandatory standards for Health and Medical, Safety and Mission Assurance, and Engineering. The human system requirements, together with the human systems integration plan, medical operations requirements, and Gateway subsystem specifications, represent the flow-down of NASA Health and Medical Standards (NASA-STD-3001, Volumes 1 and 2) into the Gateway system. This paper discusses how these documents and other human systems integration activities provide full consideration of human capabilities and limitations as part of the total system design trade space, serving as an example on how the human must be effectively integrated as part of the system in order to achieve mission success. At a bigger scale, the paper contributes to the application of systems engineering standards to cutting-edge space exploration initiatives and to the dialogue on how systems engineering can continue to evolve to meet the needs of such ambitious projects.</p>","PeriodicalId":100663,"journal":{"name":"INCOSE International Symposium","volume":"34 1","pages":"985-991"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142165595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pete Chagnon, Rachelle Forney, Kenneth Harkenrider, Emily Wood, Yiyang Zhang, Jonathan Weaver
{"title":"A Case Study of AI Usage within the INCOSE Technical Process","authors":"Pete Chagnon, Rachelle Forney, Kenneth Harkenrider, Emily Wood, Yiyang Zhang, Jonathan Weaver","doi":"10.1002/iis2.13226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iis2.13226","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The purpose of the research described herein is to analyze the use of AI platforms by a user implementing a generic Product Development Process (PDP) mapped onto the INCOSE Technical Process (ITP) and to identify the advantages and disadvantages of doing so. The team's original work on a previously finished project, which followed the PDP without using AI tools, served as a crucial benchmark for conducting a comparative analysis with responses from the AI platform. It was found that only some of the stages of the ITP currently allow for effective template prompts. Much of the useful work requires an open, somewhat extensive two-way dialog with the AI platform, not a simple plug-and-play approach. The wording is important for each prompt, so the user must understand the aspects of the problem they are trying to solve. While the two Al platforms utilized produced comparable responses, the output depended heavily on the prompt context. Evaluating the AI platform performance is difficult because the AI platform response (output) and the prompt inserted by the user (input) are not mutually exclusive. The team found that AI can be more useful in customer needs definition and stakeholder identification, and less useful in concept selection and search internally steps. The recommendation is to employ AI as a supplement to the ITP rather than as the exclusive contributor. As technology continues to advance, we can expect to see new applications emerge, and the team expects that AI's impact will likely be quite significant.</p>","PeriodicalId":100663,"journal":{"name":"INCOSE International Symposium","volume":"34 1","pages":"1579-1594"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142165509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Early Validation of SysML Architectures by Extending MBSE with Co-Simulation using FMI and SSP","authors":"Johan Cederbladh, Daniel Krems","doi":"10.1002/iis2.13135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iis2.13135","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Due to complexity increases in modern systems and the digitalization paradigm shift, industrial development requires the integration of new technologies and methods to keep product quality high while reducing time to market. One emerging paradigm in the Systems Engineering (SE) discipline is ModelBased methods and technologies, and correspondingly Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) is seeing increased adoption. With mature MBSE application, several benefits can be expected from the availability of models, even from the very early stages of development, enabling increased communication clarity, cross-domain collaboration, traceability, and analysis. Notably, MBSE enables (Co-)simulation even at the early stage of architecture/design by leveraging model-based capabilities. Co-simulation specifically enables a smooth and seamless integration of different models defined across layers of abstraction, for example, system logical architecture and system physical architecture. However, while MBSE is assisting with many aspects of development it is still a predominantly isolated set of activities throughout the development, especially on the left-hand side of the traditional V-model. In this work we discuss the status of Co-simulation in industrial MBSE and list several existing challenges, then we propose a novel framework for implementing Co-simulation and exemplify using a real scenario how we might address the observed challenges. The framework hinges on the newly proposed SSP standard and extends the currently industrially adopted FMI (version 3) standard through embedding the FMI file format using various scripts, demonstrated in the Python language for this paper. Finally, we propose a set of recommendations for future investigations to strengthen Co-simulation in industrial MBSE.</p>","PeriodicalId":100663,"journal":{"name":"INCOSE International Symposium","volume":"34 1","pages":"106-121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142165175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Are Electric Vehicles Always Better for the Environment?","authors":"Eng Seng CHIA, Zhe YANG, Han WANG","doi":"10.1002/iis2.13241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iis2.13241","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Electric vehicles have been touted for their environmental friendliness, as their carbon emissions are significantly reduced during the usage phase compared to traditional petrol vehicles. However, from a lifecycle perspective, it is necessary to examine how the components of electric vehicles are obtained, constructed, operated, maintained, and disposed to better inform of their impact on the environment. Moreover, the environment's focus is often on the impact of carbon emissions but less on other forms of environmental impact such as ecotoxicity to marine life.</p><p>To better study the carbon emission reduction effect of electric vehicles throughout their entire lifecycle and their other environmental impacts, the petrol, and electric versions of the SAIC Roewe i6 MAX vehicles in China will be compared throughout their entire lifecycles, including raw material collection, transportation, manufacturing, usage, and disposal processes. The results for the diesel and hybrid vehicles will also be briefly covered for comparisons purposes.</p><p>The study showed that the breakeven point for carbon emission between petrol vehicles and electric vehicles is at about 2.8 years for use in China. This means that electric vehicles produce more carbon emission in the manufacturing/ assembly and only after 2.8 years of usage, that they emit less carbon emissions than petrol cars. As expected, the carbon emissions of diesel and hybrid cars fell in between these two, with hybrid vehicles performing better than diesel vehicles. However, electric vehicles produced the worst marine toxicity, with hybrid cars being second.</p>","PeriodicalId":100663,"journal":{"name":"INCOSE International Symposium","volume":"34 1","pages":"1854-1866"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142165521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Updated SERC AI and Autonomy Roadmap 2023","authors":"Tom McDermott, Kara Pepe, Megan Clifford","doi":"10.1002/iis2.13200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iis2.13200","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The first Systems Engineering Research Center (SERC) Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Autonomy Research Roadmap was developed in 2020 and published in the first quarter 2021 special INSIGHT issue on Systems Engineering and AI. This roadmap development was heavily informed by the INCOSE Future of Systems Engineering (FuSE) initiatives. Following on in 2020, INCOSE and the SERC collaborated with the Association for Advancement of AI (AAAI) to execute two workshops entitled “AI meets Systems Engineering.” These resulted in version two of the roadmap which was published as an introductory chapter to the book “Systems Engineering and Artificial Intelligence.” In 2020 through 2023 the SERC hosted four SE4AI/AI4SE workshops with the U.S. Army that have further informed research and application at the intersection of AI and SE. This paper presents the updated version of the roadmap resulting from engagement across those four workshops. It is provided as a means to inform the SE community of the critical research needs and related applications emerging at the intersection of AI and SE.</p>","PeriodicalId":100663,"journal":{"name":"INCOSE International Symposium","volume":"34 1","pages":"1135-1148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142165203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Human Frailties: Springboard to Increased Systems Engineering Influence","authors":"Eileen Patrice Arnold, Dorothy McKinney","doi":"10.1002/iis2.13236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iis2.13236","url":null,"abstract":"<p>One responsibility of systems engineers is to improve the quality of project decision-making. Systems engineers often struggle to deal effectively with key decision-makers who ignore critically important information. It is easy to bemoan human limitations, but in this paper, we advocate something different: using human frailties for constructive purposes. We believe that it is possible to leverage human frailties to ethically increase the influence that systems engineers have on key decision-makers. Advertisers have been using human frailties for their own purposes for centuries, and we think it is time for systems engineers to capitalize on strategies advertisers and other influencers use successfully. In this paper, we identify the human frailties which have the greatest potential leverage to increase the influence systems engineers can have on key decision-makers and suggest specific strategies and tactics systems engineers can use to increase their positive impact.</p>","PeriodicalId":100663,"journal":{"name":"INCOSE International Symposium","volume":"34 1","pages":"1771-1786"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142165569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"MIGRATING TO ARP4754A: TAILORING OF ARCHITECTURE AND SYSTEMS REQUIREMENTS DEFINITION PROCESSES IN THE ROTORCRAFT INDUSTRY","authors":"Davide Fabbroni, Guido Casella, David Ward","doi":"10.1002/iis2.13260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iis2.13260","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Rotorcrafts are very complex systems that require a huge systems engineering effort to design, implement and integrate. A successful aircraft design is a matter of good integration between engineering disciplines and suppliers just as much as it is about finding a good technical solution to the customers' expectations. This issue is well understood within the industry and competent authorities. Companies now face the challenge of transitioning from <i>integrating complex systems to make an aircraft</i> (as per ARP4754) to <i>engineering and collating a complex aircraft system</i> as per ARP4754A: in other words, the focus shifted to a more holistic view to the aircraft development, a game changer in all respects. Leonardo Helicopters is tailoring its internal processes to reflect this change and challenge. While the ideal process can be defined today, the transition takes time and a significant change in culture and organization needs to take place. To support the transition, the authors have developed a hybrid approach to the aircraft architecture and system requirements definition process. This new approach leverages existing expertise at a system level to facilitate the integration between systems and the subsequent migration to bridge the gap with the aircraft engineering activities required by the ARP4754A.</p>","PeriodicalId":100663,"journal":{"name":"INCOSE International Symposium","volume":"34 1","pages":"2140-2153"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142165419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Application of the ARCADIA Method on a Bulk Carrier Vessel Equipped with a Wind-assistance Device","authors":"Mathias Dreier, Matthias Bajzek, Hannes Hick, Nico Michels, Carsten Burchardt, Kazuhiro Aoyama","doi":"10.1002/iis2.13130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iis2.13130","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The maritime industry is undergoing a major transformation to achieve reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Many new options, such as alternative propulsion systems and fuels, optimized routes, or auxiliary propulsion systems, including wind-assistance devices, need to be integrated and aligned within a wide network of different stakeholders. New ways are necessary to work with and manage the increasing complexity in the maritime industry. Model-based systems engineering approaches are a promising strategy to gain a better understanding of the as-is situation and to develop advanced solutions. This paper shows the application of the ARCADIA method for the maritime industry, with the target of integrating wind-assistance devices to vessels, using the ARCADIA modeling language and the Capella tool.</p>","PeriodicalId":100663,"journal":{"name":"INCOSE International Symposium","volume":"34 1","pages":"24-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142165450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ken Kawamura, Habibi Husain Arifin, Ho Kit Robert Ong, Thomas Brun, Nasis Chimplee, Daphne Wu
{"title":"Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) Application in Nuclear Power Plants (NPP)","authors":"Ken Kawamura, Habibi Husain Arifin, Ho Kit Robert Ong, Thomas Brun, Nasis Chimplee, Daphne Wu","doi":"10.1002/iis2.13182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iis2.13182","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Companies in the nuclear power sector are constantly being challenged to improve their safety and reliability due to increasing complexity arise from evolving safety regulations, long production life, interdisciplinary collaboration, and the need for analyzing the impact of the changes in an operational life cycle. Recognizing these challenges, the paper proposes a transition to Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) as a transformative solution to improve the management of such complex systems. With this objective, this paper presents a workflow implementation that demonstrates the MBSE methodologies to define a concept model, system architecture, impact analysis, safety and reliability analysis, and operational decision-making of Nuclear Power Plants (NPP). The paper concludes that MBSE provides a potent approach to managing NPP by employing graphical models to develop interrelated systems that has strong adaptability to heterogeneous environments and regulatory changes. The simulation results demonstrated an NPP life cycle, impact analysis, and a test case for model-based safety and reliability analysis for regulatory compliance, operational efficiency, balance safety, and informed decision-making in NPP. The study also leads to a number of interesting directions of future work such as synchronization through Product Lifecycle Management, integration with Building Information Modeling, Model-Based Commissioning/Decommissioning, and Model-Based Cyber System Security tailored for nuclear power systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":100663,"journal":{"name":"INCOSE International Symposium","volume":"34 1","pages":"864-880"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142165268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Security Interpretations and Elaborations on Systems Engineering Principles","authors":"Mark Winstead","doi":"10.1002/iis2.13281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iis2.13281","url":null,"abstract":"<p>INCOSE's Systems Engineering Vision 2035 includes thirty-one mentions of security as part of the vision, including security to become as foundational a perspective to system design as performance and safety. INCOSE's Systems Engineering Principles technical product published a “first set of systems principles” (Watson, et al., 2022). This paper examines interpretations of these principles for security as captured in the vision and suggests modifications and possible additional principles to see security more integrated into the systems engineering process.</p>","PeriodicalId":100663,"journal":{"name":"INCOSE International Symposium","volume":"34 1","pages":"2476-2488"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142165270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}