IEEE Open Journal of the Solid-State Circuits Society最新文献

{"title":"An Overview of Hybrid DC–DC Converters: From Seeds to Leaves","authors":"Yan Lu;Junwei Huang;Zhiguo Tong;Tingxu Hu;Wen-Liang Zeng;Mo Huang;Xiangyu Mao;Guigang Cai","doi":"10.1109/OJSSCS.2023.3334228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJSSCS.2023.3334228","url":null,"abstract":"With the surging demands for higher current at sub-1-V supply level in high-performance digital systems, high-efficiency and high-current-density power converters are essential for system integration. Higher voltage supply buses are emerging for high-current applications to reduce the IR losses on the power delivery networks. Thus, there is a wide voltage gap between the power bus and the digital supply rails at the point of load (PoL). Meanwhile, battery-powered portable or wearable devices favor extremely high-power-density solutions, calling for novel power conversion topologies, which have been the hottest topic in the power management IC area in the past decade. This article reviews the switched-capacitor-inductor (SCI) hybrid dc–dc buck converters from the topology “seeds” to their “leaves.” Here, we define six seeds, they are: 1) three-level buck; 2) double-step down buck; 3) inductor-first buck; 4) always-dual-path buck; 5) buck–buck; and 6) multiple-output hybrid buck. We try to analyze and summarize their pros and cons, and to derive the evolution of the hybrid dc–dc converters, with milestone examples. Then, we share our observations, design intuitions, and suggestions to help the researchers and engineers to pick up and design a new SCI hybrid dc–dc converter.","PeriodicalId":100633,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Solid-State Circuits Society","volume":"4 ","pages":"12-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10323295","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139704594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Terahertz Light-Field Imaging With Silicon Technologies","authors":"U. R. Pfeiffer;A. Kutaish","doi":"10.1109/OJSSCS.2023.3328975","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJSSCS.2023.3328975","url":null,"abstract":"The terahertz (THz) frequency range is widely considered the most challenging and underdeveloped frequency range due to the lack of technologies to effectively bridge the transition region between microwaves (below 100 GHz) and optics (above 10 000 GHz). Although THz radiation would be perfect for material identification and as a safe alternative to X-rays for producing high-resolution images of the interior of opaque objects, first a fundamentally new approach is needed to establish novel devices and techniques.","PeriodicalId":100633,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Solid-State Circuits Society","volume":"4 ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10302341","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135263571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physical-Layer Security for Energy-Constrained Integrated Systems: Challenges and Design Perspectives","authors":"Alperen Yasar;Rabia Tugce Yazicigil","doi":"10.1109/OJSSCS.2023.3327326","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJSSCS.2023.3327326","url":null,"abstract":"The expanding scale and growing connectivity of Internet of Things (IoT) devices coincide with the emergence of next-generation communication technologies. These devices serve various purposes, including communication, manufacturing, biomedical, and environmental monitoring. However, the increasing number of connected devices raises concerns about data security and integrity. Previous research has highlighted the severe consequences of security inadequacies, shown by incidents involving biomedical devices \u0000<xref>[1]</xref>\u0000, \u0000<xref>[2]</xref>\u0000, \u0000<xref>[3]</xref>\u0000 as an example. Nevertheless, due to resource constraints like power, hardware complexity, and latency, digital cryptography is not universally suitable for these devices \u0000<xref>[4]</xref>\u0000, \u0000<xref>[5]</xref>\u0000, \u0000<xref>[6]</xref>\u0000. An alternative is embedding physical-layer security (PLS) measures. Diverse countermeasures within the physical layer have been explored, including wireless network security \u0000<xref>[4]</xref>\u0000, \u0000<xref>[5]</xref>\u0000, \u0000<xref>[6]</xref>\u0000, \u0000<xref>[7]</xref>\u0000, \u0000<xref>[8]</xref>\u0000, \u0000<xref>[9]</xref>\u0000 and resistance against side-channel attacks (SCAs) \u0000<xref>[10]</xref>\u0000, \u0000<xref>[11]</xref>\u0000, \u0000<xref>[12]</xref>\u0000. This study reviews threat modeling for PLS, underlining its significance and emphasizing its similarities and distinctions from conventional security threat models. We then investigate two commonly employed adversarial techniques: 1) eavesdropping and 2) SCAs. This exploration involves an investigation of distinct security approaches, alongside an evaluation of their associated threat models and tradeoffs. While PLS techniques address the aforementioned resource and latency constraints, they do not universally apply to all devices. Ultralow-power or ultralow-latency devices might necessitate balancing security with performance. However, the absence of a standardized framework in the realm of PLS poses challenges for designers in comparing and selecting the most fitting approach. To conclude, this work provides suggestions for addressing current gaps and enhancing the field of PLS.","PeriodicalId":100633,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Solid-State Circuits Society","volume":"3 ","pages":"262-273"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10296525","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135159133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A 2.4-GHz Wideband Wireless Harvester With Integrated Autonomous RF Input-Frequency Tracking for FCC-Compatible Chip-Scale Battery Charging","authors":"Kamala Raghavan Sadagopan;Arun Natarajan","doi":"10.1109/OJSSCS.2023.3323913","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJSSCS.2023.3323913","url":null,"abstract":"RF-powered Internet of Things (IoT) sensor duty cycles are limited due to low available energy at long range in the absence of a battery. Additionally, RF energy harvesters with high-\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$Q$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 interfaces between the antenna and rectifier suffer from poor sensitivity for RF input frequencies outside their narrow bandwidth. In this article, we address these challenges and present a channel-agnostic far-field 2.4-GHz energy harvester achieving: 1) dynamic RF input frequency tracking for wideband sensitivity; 2) FCC-compatible frequency-hopped input harvesting; and 3) optimal battery charging capability for powering energy-constrained IoT applications. An enhanced antenna-rectifier interface is designed with 2-dB better stand-alone sensitivity and \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$5times $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 lower leakage using a bulk-connected rectifier. Input frequency tracking is achieved over 15-MHz bandwidth using a fast-settling auto-zeroing amplifier that senses the rectifier’s first-stage output. Chip-scale pulsed battery charging is achieved from cold-start over \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$10times $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 RF available power ranging from −27 to −17 dBm with > 22% efficiency across the entire range. State-of-the-art battery charging is achieved at −21.5-dBm incident power and 4.18% duty cycled (1-h-per-day charging) FCC-compliant frequency-hopped RF input assuming a steady-state 100-nA load. The compact harvester IC occupies 2 mm2 in a 65-nm CMOS technology and the antenna and IC integrated together in a chip-on-board approach occupy 2.125 cm2 of PCB area.","PeriodicalId":100633,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Solid-State Circuits Society","volume":"3 ","pages":"249-261"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10278207","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136257139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-Power Heterodyne Receiver Architectures: Review, Theory, and Examples","authors":"Aman Gupta;Trevor J. Odelberg;David D. Wentzloff","doi":"10.1109/OJSSCS.2023.3322671","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJSSCS.2023.3322671","url":null,"abstract":"The growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) has led to a massive upsurge in low-power radio research. Specifically, low-power receivers (RX) have been developed that efficiently receive data and extend the battery life for energy-constrained IoT systems. This has led to innovations in energy-detector (ED) first RXs which can achieve much lower power than traditional mixer-based heterodyne architectures. However, at such low-power levels, the RX performance is extremely limited. Oftentimes, low-power RXs have severe performance limitations, including lower data rate, limited blocker rejection, lower sensitivity, lower tolerance to PVT, limited modulation compatibility, and increased size and cost of off-chip components to achieve passive gain. This greatly limits the application of such RXs in real-world applications and prevents many of the low-power circuit techniques from translating to commercial standards. In this work, we look to motivate research into low-power heterodyne RX architectures which can support higher order modulation and have improved RX specifications while retaining low power.","PeriodicalId":100633,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Solid-State Circuits Society","volume":"3 ","pages":"225-238"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10275080","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136208330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low Power Circuit Interfaces for Strain Modulated Multiferroic Biomagnetic Sensors","authors":"Yujia Huo;Sydney Sofronici;Michael J. D’Agati;Roy H. Olsson","doi":"10.1109/OJSSCS.2023.3321008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJSSCS.2023.3321008","url":null,"abstract":"The recording and analysis of biomagnetic fields have widespread applications in medical research and diagnostics. Wearable magnetic field sensors offer a noncontact and portable method for sensing biopotentials. This article presents a readout circuit in 180-nm CMOS for strain-modulated multiferroic vector magnetic field sensors. By utilizing a demodulator-first architecture, the circuit bandwidth and dynamic range requirements are greatly reduced allowing for a low power consumption of 5.9 mW. The circuit bandwidth is from 76 mHz to 2.2 kHz, allowing for measurement across the range of interest for biomagnetic signals. Utilizing a modulation noise cancellation technique, the noise performance of the sensor system is significantly improved, and the sensor modulation amplitude can be increased, resulting in improved sensor sensitivity. Measurements for the sensor-readout system demonstrate a 144 pT/\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$surd $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000Hz magnetic noise floor at 1 kHz. The noise and power consumption are significantly lower than alternative magnetic sensor systems of similar volume.","PeriodicalId":100633,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Solid-State Circuits Society","volume":"3 ","pages":"214-222"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10272978","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134795091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-Speed and High-Performance Continuous-Time ADCs for Automotive Receivers","authors":"Lucien J. Breems;Muhammed Bolatkale;Qilong Liu;Pierluigi Cenci","doi":"10.1109/OJSSCS.2023.3317817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJSSCS.2023.3317817","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents an overview of high-speed and high-performance continuous-time (CT) ADCs with a special attention to the application field of automotive receivers for broadcast radio and radar. An overview of the CT ADC architectural space is presented and the key design challenges related to high linearity and broadband signal conversion are described. Insights are given in the architectural and design choices to accomplish high-end performance points. A selection of case studies is presented that achieve state-of-the-art performance metrics with respect to linearity, bandwidth, and power efficiency.","PeriodicalId":100633,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Solid-State Circuits Society","volume":"3 ","pages":"174-184"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10268251","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134794993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Trends and Challenges in Near-Field Wireless Power Transfer Systems","authors":"Elisabetta Moisello;Alessandro Liotta;Piero Malcovati;Edoardo Bonizzoni","doi":"10.1109/OJSSCS.2023.3313575","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJSSCS.2023.3313575","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, wireless power transfer (WPT) has become a widespread method for charging and powering devices, including but not limited to consumer electronics, industrial applications, electric vehicles, medical devices, and sensor nodes. This article provides an overview of the available WPT technologies, focusing on the near-field case, and highlights the main architecture and circuit-level challenges encountered in the implementation of magnetic-based near-field WPT systems while reviewing the proposed solutions in the literature, in order to identify the main research interests as well as the trends for the future.","PeriodicalId":100633,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Solid-State Circuits Society","volume":"3 ","pages":"197-213"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10246316","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134795090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Continuous-Time Pipelined ADC: A Breed of Continuous-Time ADCs for Wideband Data Conversion","authors":"Hajime Shibata","doi":"10.1109/OJSSCS.2023.3313579","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJSSCS.2023.3313579","url":null,"abstract":"The continuous-time (CT) pipelined analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is an emerging ADC architecture suitable for wide- bandwidth (BW) digitization in fully integrated receiver applications. It inherits the integration-friendly features of CT \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$Delta Sigma $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 ADCs, such as inherent anti-aliasing, while achieving the wide- BW operation originating from discrete-time (DT) pipelined ADCs. In this review article, we introduce a gain-centric ADC model and apply the key criteria derived from the model to transform a DT pipelined ADC into a CT pipelined ADC. We then discuss the design considerations and essential building blocks of the CT pipelined ADC. Finally, we examine several implementations of this architecture with their highlights and challenges.","PeriodicalId":100633,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Solid-State Circuits Society","volume":"3 ","pages":"162-173"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/8782712/10019316/10246305.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67861773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A WiFi and Bluetooth Low-Energy Backscatter Combo Chip With Beam Steering Capabilities","authors":"Shih-Kai Kuo;Manideep Dunna;Dinesh Bharadia;Patrick P. Mercier","doi":"10.1109/OJSSCS.2023.3308530","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJSSCS.2023.3308530","url":null,"abstract":"This article introduces a dual-mode backscatter integrated circuit that supports both WiFi and Bluetooth low-energy (BLE) transmissions. It enables a multiantenna WiFi mode with reconfigurable beam steering of single-sideband (SSB) quadrature phase shift-keying (QPSK) signals, while also facilitating omnidirectional SSB BLE-to-BLE backscatter communication. To achieve beam steering, two techniques are proposed: 1) a transmission-line-less fully reflective SP4T backscatter switch is employed to minimize power loss and maximize the communication range and 2) a multiantenna array is constructed using the aforementioned SP4T switches together with a baseband phase-shifting technique to reradiate the incident WiFi signal with a controllable angle of direction. The chip implementation is based on a 65-nm CMOS process and operates at a power consumption of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$5.5 mu text{W}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 in standby mode. In backscattering mode, it consumes \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$39 mu text{W}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 for the single-antenna approach and \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$88 mu text{W}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 for the multiantenna approach. The proposed design achieves a worst-case access point (AP)-to-AP range of 35 and 56 m for the single-antenna and multiantenna approaches, respectively.","PeriodicalId":100633,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Solid-State Circuits Society","volume":"3 ","pages":"239-248"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10246802","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135361278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}