IDS Working Papers最新文献

{"title":"The Impact of Armed Civil Conflict on Household Welfare and Policy","authors":"Patricia Justino","doi":"10.1111/j.2040-0209.2011.00384_2.x","DOIUrl":"10.1111/j.2040-0209.2011.00384_2.x","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This paper offers a framework for analysing the effects of armed conflicts on households and the ways in which households in turn respond to and cope with the conflicts. It distinguishes between direct and indirect effects, and shows that the indirect effects are channelled through (i) markets, (ii) political institutions, and (iii) social networks. Drawing upon the recent empirical literature, the paper portrays the processes running along these various channels and offers policy suggestions to be adopted at both national and international levels.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100618,"journal":{"name":"IDS Working Papers","volume":"2011 384","pages":"1-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2011.00384_2.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124360262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Poverty, Livelihoods and War Legacies: The Case of Post-War Rural Kosovo","authors":"Elodie Douarin,&nbsp;Julie Litchfield,&nbsp;Rachel Sabates-Wheeler","doi":"10.1111/j.2040-0209.2011.00380_2.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2011.00380_2.x","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This paper examines the effects of war on livelihood portfolios and welfare outcomes of rural households in Kosovo using the 2000 Kosovo Living Standards Measurement Survey. We question to what extent the legacy of war was experienced through selection into low return livelihood activities or through decreases in welfare generally. We first identify portfolios using a clustering algorithm which groups households pursuing similar combinations of activities. The emerging clusters are comparable to those described in more qualitative studies for Kosovo in the immediate post-conflict period. We then examine the determinants of livelihood portfolio choice and the consequences of these for welfare outcomes, controlling for war legacies and selection into specific portfolios. We find evidence of a relationship between a household's war experience and their livelihood choices and that war exposure has different impacts on household welfare depending on the livelihood portfolio adopted. We also identify significant selection effects on welfare for three out of four of our livelihood clusters, highlighting the fact that selecting into a specific portfolio raised or lowered welfare above expected levels.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100618,"journal":{"name":"IDS Working Papers","volume":"2011 380","pages":"1-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2011.00380_2.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137726091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Afghan Values or Women's Rights? Gendered Narratives about Continuity and Change in Urban Afghanistan","authors":"Naila Kabeer,&nbsp;Ayesha Khan,&nbsp;Naysan Adlparvar","doi":"10.1111/j.2040-0209.2011.00387_2.x","DOIUrl":"10.1111/j.2040-0209.2011.00387_2.x","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>There is considerable debate about the extent to which gender equality and womens' rights are universal values. This debate has been particularly heated in Afghanistan where the violation of women's rights by the Taliban regime was one justification used by the US and its allies for their invasion of the country. There is, however, very little research on how ordinary Afghan women view their lives and their place within a highly patriarchal society and how their views might fit into these debates. This paper explores these issues using in-depth qualitative interviews with 12 Hazara women and their husbands in Kabul. These women are all associates of microfinance organisations and the paper also explores the extent to which access to microfinance has contributed to changes in their attitudes and relationships with others in their families and communities. The paper finds that microfinance is only one of the many changes that these women and their families have experienced in the course of their lives. While many of these changes have been extremely traumatic, they have also expanded women's horizons, opening up the possibility of new ways of organising gender relations within the family and community. The paper concludes that while the Afghan women in the study may not espouse the idea of individual rights, they would like to see a fairer gender distribution of rights and responsibilities.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100618,"journal":{"name":"IDS Working Papers","volume":"2011 387","pages":"1-39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2011.00387_2.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"112530131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Poverty and Violent Conflict: A Micro-Level Perspective on the Causes and Duration of Warfare","authors":"Patricia Justino","doi":"10.1111/j.2040-0209.2011.00385_2.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2011.00385_2.x","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This paper discusses how endogenous mechanisms linking processes of violent conflict and the economic well-being of individuals and households in combat areas provide valuable micro foundations to the ongoing debate on the causes and duration of armed conflict. Notably, the endogenous relationship between conflict processes and household economic status leads to the emergence of symbiotic associations between armed groups and households living in areas they control that affect substantially the probability of a conflict starting and its effectiveness thereafter. Households in conflict areas draw on local armed groups to protect their economic status when anticipating violence and during the conflict, while armed groups make use of different levels of (either reluctant or voluntary) participation, support and cooperation from local populations to advance their strategic objectives at the onset and throughout the conflict. The level of household participation at the start and during the conflict is a function of two interdependent variables, namely household vulnerability to poverty and household vulnerability to violence. The poorer the household is at the start of the conflict, the higher is the probability of the household participating and supporting an armed group. The higher the risk of violence, the higher is the probability of the household participating and supporting armed groups. The interaction between these two variables varies with the conflict itself and is defined by the direct and indirect effects of conflict-induced violence on the economic behaviour and decisions of households in combat areas.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100618,"journal":{"name":"IDS Working Papers","volume":"2011 385","pages":"1-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2011.00385_2.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137726092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Admissible Evidence in the Court of Development Evaluation? The Impact of CARE's SHOUHARDO Project on Child Stunting in Bangladesh","authors":"Lisa C. Smith,&nbsp;Faheem Kahn,&nbsp;Timothy R. Frankenberger,&nbsp;Abdul Wadud","doi":"10.1111/j.2040-0209.2011.00376_2.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2011.00376_2.x","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Along with the rise of the development effectiveness movement of the last few decades, experimental impact evaluation methods – randomised controlled trials and quasi-experimental techniques – have emerged as a dominant force. While the increased use of these methods has contributed to improved understanding of what works and whether specific projects have been successful, their ‘gold standard’ status threatens to exclude a large body of evidence from the development effectiveness dialogue.</p>\u0000 <p>In this paper we conduct an evaluation of the impact on child stunting of CARE's SHOUHARDO project in Bangladesh, the first large-scale project to use the rights-based, livelihoods approach to address malnutrition. In line with calls for a more balanced view of what constitutes rigor and scientific evidence, and for the use of more diversified and holistic methods in impact evaluations, we employ a mixed-methods approach. The results from multiple data sources and methods, including both non-experimental and quasi-experimental, are triangulated to arrive at the conclusions. We find that the project had an extraordinarily large impact on stunting among children 6–24 months old – on the order of a 4.5 percentage point reduction per year. We demonstrate that one reason the project reduced stunting by so much was because, consistent with the rights-based, livelihoods approach, it relied on both direct nutrition interventions and those that addressed underlying structural causes including poor sanitation, poverty, and deeply-entrenched inequalities in power between women and men. These findings have important policy implications given the slow progress in reducing malnutrition globally and that the widely-supported Scaling Up Nutrition initiative aimed at stepping up efforts to do so is in urgent need of guidance on how to integrate structural cause interventions with the direct nutrition interventions that are the initiative's main focus. The evaluation also adds to the evidence that targeting the poor, rather than employing universal coverage, can help to accelerate reductions in child malnutrition. The paper concludes that, given the valuable policy lessons generated, the experience of the SHOUHARDO project merits solid standing in the knowledge bank of development effectiveness. More broadly, it illustrates how rigorous and informative evaluation of complex, multi-intervention projects can be undertaken even in the absence of the randomisation, non-project control groups and/or panel data required by the experimental methods.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100618,"journal":{"name":"IDS Working Papers","volume":"2011 376","pages":"1-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2011.00376_2.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138023445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Competition and Cooperation between Europe and China in the Wind Power Sector","authors":"Rasmus Lema,&nbsp;Axel Berger,&nbsp;Hubert Schmitz,&nbsp;Hong Song","doi":"10.1111/j.2040-0209.2011.00377_2.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2011.00377_2.x","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This paper uses a value chain lens to examine the prospects for competition and cooperation between Europe and China in the global wind power sector. Drawing on insights from fieldwork conducted in 2010 combined with secondary industry data, we find that Chinese and European industries are developing distinct models of industrial-technological organisation. The usual headlines emphasising Sino-European competition or conflict fail to capture the complexity of current reality. While competition among lead firms is increasing, there are also considerable prospects for increased collaboration between firms across the value chains. China, Europe and the world can benefit from such collaboration to drive down the costs of the technology, improve quality, enhance innovation capabilities and make wind power a more credible energy option for the world. Policy initiatives in and between China and Europe have a big role to play in securing mutually beneficial relationships for the future.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100618,"journal":{"name":"IDS Working Papers","volume":"2011 377","pages":"1-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2011.00377_2.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137719467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Governance Agenda in Long Term Perspective: Globalisation, Revenues and the Differentiation of States","authors":"Mick Moore","doi":"10.1111/j.2040-0209.2011.00378_2.x","DOIUrl":"10.1111/j.2040-0209.2011.00378_2.x","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The governance-and-development agenda that has dominated thinking since the collapse of the Soviet Bloc is fast losing credibility. It continues to be associated with a set of countries, ideas and experiences – the ‘West’– that no longer enjoy global leadership. It has not usefully identified the role of governments in promoting economic growth. And it takes little account of the ways in which states are changing. The growing influence of the BRICs and other emerging powers is now widely appreciated. This paper explores the ways in which late twentieth century globalisation is bringing about more subtle changes in the political constitutions of states that may have considerable implications for the ways in which we are governed and the actions that may be needed to reduce the incidence of bad governance. Contrary to widespread expectations, globalisation does not necessarily lead states to become more like one another, or to converge around the ‘Western’ model of liberal democracy and market capitalism. It also leads states to compete with one another. To the extent that they compete by seeking alternative sources of revenue, this may lead them to diverge politically. The concept of <i>political revenues</i>– the incomes that governments and political elites obtain through the exercise of political power – is central to the analysis. One of the consequences of late twentieth century globalisation is that, in some countries, opportunities for political elites to gather (illicit) <i>elite political revenues</i> have expanded considerably. This helps explain why <i>fragile states</i> have become a normal feature of the global system. A more widespread consequence is that states enjoy a range of new non-tax revenues in addition to ‘normal’ tax revenues. This has significant implications for the accountability of governments to citizens.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100618,"journal":{"name":"IDS Working Papers","volume":"2011 378","pages":"1-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2011.00378_2.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"98868121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Violent Conflict and Human Capital Accumulation","authors":"Patricia Justino","doi":"10.1111/j.2040-0209.2011.00379_2.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2011.00379_2.x","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The objective of this paper is to review the available evidence on one important micro-level mechanism linking civil wars and long-term development outcomes, namely the level and access to education of civilian and combatant populations affected by violence. The paper is particularly concerned with the long-term human capital consequences of lost education.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100618,"journal":{"name":"IDS Working Papers","volume":"2011 379","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2011.00379_2.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137719185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"National Discourses on Women's Empowerment in Bangladesh: Continuities and Change","authors":"Sohela Nazneen,&nbsp;Naomi Hossain,&nbsp;Maheen Sultan","doi":"10.1111/j.2040-0209.2011.00368_2.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2011.00368_2.x","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>As Bangladesh turns 40, improvements in women's wellbeing and increased agency are claimed to be some of the most significant gains in the post-independence era. Various economic and social development indicators show that in the last 20 years, Bangladesh, a poor, Muslim-majority country in the classic patriarchal belt, has made substantial progress in increasing women's access to education and healthcare (including increasing life-expectancy), and in improving women's participation in the labour force. The actors implementing such programmes and policies and claiming to promote women's empowerment are numerous, and they occupy a significant position within national political traditions and development discourses. In the 1970s and 1980s development ideas around women's empowerment in Bangladesh were influenced by an overtly instrumentalist logic within the international donor sphere. This led to the women's empowerment agenda being perceived as a donor driven project, which overlooks how domestic actors such as political parties, women's organisations and national NGOs have influenced thinking and action around it.</p>\u0000 <p>This paper explores how these perceptions and narratives around women's empowerment have evolved in Bangladesh from 2000 to date. It studies the concepts of women's empowerment in public discourse and reviews the meanings and uses of the term by selected women's organisations, donor agencies, political parties and development NGOs. By reviewing the publicly available documents of these organisations, the paper analyses the multiple discourses on women's empowerment, showing the different concepts associated with it and how notions such as power, domains and processes of empowerment are understood by these actors. It also highlights how these different discourses have influenced each other and where they have diverged, with an emphasis on what these divergences mean in terms of advancing women's interests in Bangladesh.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100618,"journal":{"name":"IDS Working Papers","volume":"2011 368","pages":"1-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2011.00368_2.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137725162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IDS Working Paper Research Summary 343: NGOs' Strategies and the Challenge of Development and Democracy in Bangladesh","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/j.2040-0209.2010.00343_1.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2010.00343_1.x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100618,"journal":{"name":"IDS Working Papers","volume":"2010 343","pages":"i-ii"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2010.00343_1.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137729149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}