IDS Working Papers最新文献

{"title":"Shared Societies and Armed Conflict: Costs, Inequality and the Benefits of Peace","authors":"Patricia Justino","doi":"10.1111/j.2040-0209.2012.00410.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2012.00410.x","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This paper examines how the relationship between economic exclusion, inequality, conflict and violence shape the goal of establishing shared societies. The chapter discusses how this impact is largely determined by the emergence and organisation of social and political institutions in areas of violent conflict. Two areas of institutional change are central to understanding the relationship between armed conflict and shared societies. The first is the change caused by armed conflict on social interactions and norms of trust and cooperation. The second is the influence exercised by informal mediators, informal service providers and informal systems of governance – often controlled by non-state armed actors – that emerge from processes of violence and are prevalent in areas of armed conflict. These forms of institutional transformation are central to understanding how societies may be able to restrict the use of violence as a strategic way of resolving social conflicts and how to transition from violence-ridden to shared societies.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100618,"journal":{"name":"IDS Working Papers","volume":"2012 410","pages":"1-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2012.00410.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92294890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resilience: New Utopia or New Tyranny? Reflection about the Potentials and Limits of the Concept of Resilience in Relation to Vulnerability Reduction Programmes","authors":"Christophe Béné,&nbsp;Rachel Godfrey Wood,&nbsp;Andrew Newsham,&nbsp;Mark Davies","doi":"10.1111/j.2040-0209.2012.00405.x","DOIUrl":"10.1111/j.2040-0209.2012.00405.x","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Resilience is becoming influential in development and vulnerability reduction sectors such as social protection, disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation. Policy makers, donors and international development agencies are now increasingly referring to the term. In that context, the objective of this paper was to assess in a critical manner the advantages and limits of resilience. While the review highlights some positive elements –in particular the ability of the term to foster integrated approach across sectors– it also shows that resilience has important limitations. In particular it is not a pro-poor concept, and the objective of poverty reduction cannot simply be substituted by resilience building.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100618,"journal":{"name":"IDS Working Papers","volume":"2012 405","pages":"1-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2012.00405.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"110351411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Behind the Scenes at a Climate Change Knowledge Sharing Network: IDS Insights from Phase One of AfricaAdapt","authors":"Catherine Fisher,&nbsp;Blane Harvey","doi":"10.1111/j.2040-0209.2012.00402.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2012.00402.x","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Knowledge sharing networks are increasingly recognised as means of mobilising the knowledge and capacities needed to respond to complex and changing realities, such as the challenges posed by climate change. AfricaAdapt is one such network that describes its aim as ‘facilitating the flow of climate change adaptation knowledge for sustainable livelihoods between researchers, policy makers, civil society organisations and communities who are vulnerable to climate variability and change across the [African] continent’. This paper takes a ‘behind the scenes’ look at the AfricaAdapt Network and the partnerships on which it is based and is thus intended to be useful for others seeking to collaboratively develop knowledge sharing networks.</p>\u0000 <p>We focus on the dynamics of design and implementation of a knowledge sharing network in a distributed partnership, from the perspective of the former lead partner. Rather than looking at the delivery and outcomes of network activities, we explore the way in which the partners sought to develop sustainable relationships and ways of working to underpin the network, areas that are frequently under-examined, particularly among practitioners. Areas covered include: governance and management, staffing and planning, financial management, partnership dynamics, learning, capacity development, monitoring and evaluation.</p>\u0000 <p>Although all knowledge sharing networks are different we have tried to identify insights and principles from this specific example that can be adapted and applied in other contexts. We hope that these insights will provide a useful contribution to the broader body of theory and experience around networks and knowledge sharing.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100618,"journal":{"name":"IDS Working Papers","volume":"2012 402","pages":"1-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2012.00402.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91835406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Food Safety, Private Standards Schemes and Trade: The Implications of the FDA Food Safety Modernization Act","authors":"John Humphrey","doi":"10.1111/j.2040-0209.2012.00403.x","DOIUrl":"10.1111/j.2040-0209.2012.00403.x","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Food safety standards for the production of fruit and vegetables that are developed and administered by private sector actors have become a common requirement for producers and exporters of fresh produce in the past two decades. Instead of relying on inspection after produce has been harvested, preventive controls identify sources of food safety risks and introduce procedures to eliminate them or reduce them to acceptable levels. This approach has been criticised for its reliance on controls over the way food is produced and the use of third-party certification to monitor and enforce compliance. The criticisms frequently imply that public controls over production and trade of fresh produce are less onerous and more science-based. The FDA Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA), passed by the US Congress in January 2011, adds a new element to the discussion of private standards. In a radical departure from past practice it introduces mandatory on-farm preventive controls on US farms for those categories of fresh produce for which the risks to human health from food borne illness outbreaks are considered substantial. Food imported into the United States must be shown to have been produced to an equivalent level of safety, and the responsibility to verify this is placed on food importers. The use of preventive controls backed up by audit and inspection moves US public regulations much closer to the approach used by private standards developers and adopters.</p>\u0000 <p>This paper compares and contrasts the development of private standards in Europe and the approach developed by the FSMA. It uses the framework of different regulatory strategies – performance-based, technology-based and management based – to analyse the regulatory choices made in both cases and their implications for producers and exporters in developing countries. It argues that the adoption of mandatory on-farm controls by the FSMA reflects the seriousness of microbial contamination of fresh produce as a food safety risk and the shortcomings of performance-based regulation. The impacts on exporters will be similar to the impact of private standards. The nature of these impacts will depend, first, upon the choice of on-farm controls by the FDA for domestic production in the United States and the balance between technology-based and management-based regulation. The second factor is how the FDA will determine whether private standards and public regulations in exporting countries provide an equivalent level of safety to that in the US.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100618,"journal":{"name":"IDS Working Papers","volume":"2012 403","pages":"1-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2012.00403.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"96727697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond Low and Middle Income Countries: What if There Were Five Clusters of Developing Countries?","authors":"Sergio Tezanos Vázquez,&nbsp;Andy Sumner","doi":"10.1111/j.2040-0209.2012.00404.x","DOIUrl":"10.1111/j.2040-0209.2012.00404.x","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Many have challenged the use of income per capita as the primary proxy for development. This paper continues this tradition with a twist. The paper challenges the continuing use of income per capita to classify developing countries as low income or middle income now that most of the world's poor no longer live in low income countries (LICs) and ambiguity over the usefulness of the middle income country (MIC) classification given the diversity in the group of over 100 MICs. We use a cluster analysis to identify five types of developing countries using a set of indicators covering definitions of development based on the history of thinking about ‘development’ over the last 50 years from four conceptual frames: development as structural transformation; development as human development; development as democratic participation and good governance; and development as sustainability. We find that the cluster analysis produces five types of developing country using data for the period 2005–2010. Our development taxonomy differs notably from the usual income classification of GNI per capita (Atlas method) used to classify LICs and MICs. Notably many countries commonly labelled “emerging economies” are not in the two clusters related to emerging economies because they retain characteristics of poorer countries.</p>\u0000 <p>We find that there is no simple “linear” representation of development levels (from low to high development countries). We find that each development cluster has its own and characteristic development issues. There is no group of countries with the best (or worst) indicators in all development dimensions. It thus would be more appropriate to build “complex” development taxonomies on a five-year basis than ranking and grouping countries in terms of per capita incomes, as this will offer a more nuanced image of the diversity of challenges of the developing world and policy responses appropriate to different kinds of countries.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100618,"journal":{"name":"IDS Working Papers","volume":"2012 404","pages":"1-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2012.00404.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"110799704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Women's Empowerment Revisited: From Individual to Collective Power among the Export Sector Workers of Bangladesh","authors":"Naomi Hossain","doi":"10.1111/j.2040-0209.2012.00389.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2012.00389.x","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Bangladesh has become known as something of a success in advancing gender equality since the 1990s. There have been rapid gains in a number of social and economic domains, yet by most objective standards the current condition and status of women and girls within Bangladeshi society remain low. Rapid progress has come about under conditions of mass poverty and interlocking forms of social disadvantage, political instability and under-development, overlain with persistent ‘classic’ forms of patriarchy. Mass employment of women and girls in the country's flagship export sector – the readymade garments (RMG) sector – has been one of the more visible and prominent changes in women's lives since its late 1970s' introduction.</p>\u0000 <p>Whether and the extent to which RMG or garments employment has changed the lives of women workers for the better has been the subject of much debate, and the research and analysis it has generated offers valuable insights into the processes of economic and social empowerment for poor women in low income developing countries. Yet as this paper notes, close observers of social change in Bangladesh have become dissatisfied with the limits of a focus on individual economic empowerment. Paid work may enable some women to negotiate the ‘structures of constraint’ that shape their lives and relationships, but what of the structures of constraint themselves? In the Bangladesh context the experience of mass RMG employment has given rise to questions about whether women have gained greater recognition as citizens with rights and roles as carers in the private and political actors within the public spheres. Revisiting the question of women's empowerment in this context means interrogating whether paid employment has contributed to investments in the education and skills of women and girls, improvements in their public safety and rights to occupy public space. Given labour militancy in the sector and its partial successes in raising the minimum wage, what has the experience of labour politics meant for women's political empowerment?</p>\u0000 <p>Drawing mainly on the rich literature available on women's RMG employment, this paper explores the wider and less well-documented effects of such employment on public policy relating to gender equality in these areas. It concludes that the overall direction of change in the industry points plainly to the need for investments in worker productivity, with a host of implications for women's work and gender equality more broadly. Factory owners have to date shown few signs of recognising their interests in supporting better state health, education and public safety for women and girls, or changing management practices to retain and raise productivity of skilled women workers. Yet with downward pressure on wages increasingly effectively resisted by workers at a time of global economic volatility and rising living costs, the tide may now be turning for the RMG wo","PeriodicalId":100618,"journal":{"name":"IDS Working Papers","volume":"2012 389","pages":"1-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2012.00389.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137978213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"War and Poverty","authors":"Patricia Justino","doi":"10.1111/j.2040-0209.2012.00391.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2012.00391.x","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The main objective of this paper is to systematically identify potential channels of transmission linking civil war and poverty that may lead to the persistence of cycles of poverty and war. A particular focus of the paper is the notion of individual (and group) agency during civil wars, as well as agency constraints faced by populations affected by violence. Although the outbreak and impact of war is known to depend on several financial and political factors, the onset, duration and magnitude of the impact of civil wars are also closely related to what happens to people during violent conflicts and to what people do in areas of violence to secure livelihoods, economic survival, physical security and their social networks. The nature and extent of these choices depends in turn on how individuals and households relate to changes in social norms and forms of institutional organisation during civil wars. The paper explores the economic channels through which war may simultaneously affect and be affected by the economic status and responses of individuals and their immediate relations in areas of violent conflict to cope with and adapt to changes to livelihoods and economic status during civil wars. This analysis focuses in particular on the important but under-researched role of social and political institutional transformation during civil war on individual and household poverty.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100618,"journal":{"name":"IDS Working Papers","volume":"2012 391","pages":"1-29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2012.00391.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137724670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Firm Behaviour and the Introduction of New exports: Evidence from Brazil","authors":"Xavier Cirera,&nbsp;Anabel Marin,&nbsp;Ricardo Markwald","doi":"10.1111/j.2040-0209.2012.00390.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2012.00390.x","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This paper contributes to understanding the process of export diversification by analysing firm level determinants in Brazil during the period 2000–2009. The first objective of the paper is to establish the set of firm characteristics and processes that are more conductive to new exports; the second, to identify different pathways to diversification regarding relatedness and sophistication and, which firm level behaviours can be associated to the different paths. We answer these questions using a unique dataset that links data on exports, innovation and firms characteristics at the firm level. The paper contributes to the literature on export diversification and on preparation for exporting by identifying firm level behaviours that contribute to the process of diversification. In particular, the findings suggest that firms prepare for diversification by first gaining power in the domestic market and more importantly that they do so by adopting specific innovation and learning efforts.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100618,"journal":{"name":"IDS Working Papers","volume":"2012 390","pages":"1-105"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2012.00390.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92313961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shifting Power? Assessing the Impact of Transparency and Accountability Initiatives","authors":"Rosie McGee,&nbsp;John Gaventa","doi":"10.1111/j.2040-0209.2011.00383_2.x","DOIUrl":"10.1111/j.2040-0209.2011.00383_2.x","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Accountability and transparency initiatives have taken democratisation, governance, aid and development circles by storm since the turn of the century. Many actors involved with them – as donors, funders, programme managers, implementers and researchers – are now keen to know more about what these initiatives are achieving.</p>\u0000 <p>This paper arises from a review of the impact and effectiveness of transparency and accountability initiatives which gathered and analysed existing evidence, discussed how it could be improved, and evaluated how impact and effectiveness could be enhanced. This paper takes the discussion further, by delving into what lies behind the methodological and evaluative debates currently surrounding governance and accountability work. It illustrates how choices about methods are made in the context of impact assessment designs driven by different objectives and different ideological and epistemological underpinnings. We argue that these differences are articulated as methodological debates, obscuring vital issues underlying accountability work, which are about power and politics, not methodological technicalities.</p>\u0000 <p>In line with this argument, there is a need to re-think what impact means in relation to accountability initiatives, and to governance and social change efforts more broadly. This represents a serious challenge to the prevailing impact paradigm, posed by the realities of unaccountable governance, unproven accountability programming and uncertain evidence of impact. A learning approach to evaluation and final impact assessment would give power and politics a central place in monitoring and evaluation systems, continually test and revise assumptions about theories of change and ensure the engagement of marginalised people in assessment processes. Such an approach is essential if donors and policy makers are to develop a reliable evidence base to demonstrate that transparency and accountability work is of real value to poor and vulnerable people.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100618,"journal":{"name":"IDS Working Papers","volume":"2011 383","pages":"1-39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2011.00383_2.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"110897500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social Protection in Myanmar: Making the Case for Holistic Policy Reform","authors":"Yoshimi Nishino,&nbsp;Gabriele Koehler","doi":"10.1111/j.2040-0209.2011.00386_2.x","DOIUrl":"10.1111/j.2040-0209.2011.00386_2.x","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Myanmar is a country with a very low per capita income and distressing failures in nutrition, health, education, and others areas of social development. Currently, there appears to be some political softening, and in the realm of policymaking, a series of adaptations have been gradually introduced over the past three years. This paper examines vulnerability and poverty dynamics in the country and its evolving social protection framework. Building on pertinent regional examples, the paper makes the case for holistic social protection policy responses in the domains of social transfers for livelihood support and access to finance, education and health access, child protection, protection from exclusion, and as an emergency response. The outlook argues that comprehensive inclusive and ultimately transformative social protection needs to be introduced and could be within reach, as an integral part of deeper systemic reform in Myanmar.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100618,"journal":{"name":"IDS Working Papers","volume":"2011 386","pages":"1-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2011.00386_2.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"98405855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}