IDS Working Papers最新文献

{"title":"What Next for Power Analysis? A Review of Recent Experience with the Powercube and Related Frameworks","authors":"Maro Pantazidou","doi":"10.1111/j.2040-0209.2012.00400.x","DOIUrl":"10.1111/j.2040-0209.2012.00400.x","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The Working Paper aims to contribute to a growing pool of experience of applying power analysis for improving social activism and organisational practice. Over the last decade, an increasing number of practitioners, researchers, NGOs, trusts and development agencies have introduced power frameworks and methods of power analysis into processes of context analysis, programme development and monitoring and evaluation. Power has been examined and addressed in relation to a vast range of development, human rights and social justice issues from women's empowerment to economic justice and from local governance to HIV/AIDS. Power analysis processes have taken place from the UK to Colombia and from Indonesia to Sierra Leone with much innovation in methods and approaches for introducing ways of examining power with community members, grassroots leaders, NGO staff and donors.</p>\u0000 <p>This practice paper brings together in a single review documented experiences of applying power analysis for social change. The paper draws emerging lessons from this growing stream of practice by looking across the actors, organisations and methodologies involved in power analysis in a diverse range of contexts and issues. It reviews a significant number of case studies, reports and other documents with particular emphasis on the <i>Powercube</i> framework and related concepts, and provides reflections on the usefulness of these power frameworks and concepts in relation to four areas of application: 1) context analysis; 2) strategy and action; 3) monitoring and evaluation; and 4) facilitation and learning. It further aims to facilitate learning and sharing both between experienced practitioners and new- comers to power analysis and to this end, it provides an annotated list and table of all documents reviewed. Finally, the paper highlights some challenges lying ahead for power analysis and invites the reader to contest emerging lessons and embark on new explorations from which more nuanced and contextualised reflections will emerge.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100618,"journal":{"name":"IDS Working Papers","volume":"2012 400","pages":"1-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2012.00400.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"96092236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MDGS 2.0: What Goals, Targets, and Timeframe?","authors":"Jonathan Karver,&nbsp;Charles Kenny,&nbsp;Andy Sumner","doi":"10.1111/j.2040-0209.2012.00398.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2012.00398.x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are widely cited as the primary yardstick against which advances in international development efforts are to be judged. At the same time, the Goals will be met or missed by 2015. It is not too early to start asking what's next? This paper builds on a discussion that has already begun to address potential approaches, goals, and target indicators to help inform the process of developing a second generation of MDGs or ‘MDGs 2.0.’ The paper outlines potential goal areas based on the original Millennium Declaration, the timeframe for any MDGs 2.0 and attempts to calculate some reasonable targets associated with those goal areas.</p>","PeriodicalId":100618,"journal":{"name":"IDS Working Papers","volume":"2012 398","pages":"1-57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2012.00398.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137950379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chronic Poverty in Rural Ethiopia through the Lens of Life Histories","authors":"Laura Camfield,&nbsp;Keetie Roelen","doi":"10.1111/j.2040-0209.2012.00399.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2012.00399.x","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Studying chronic poverty using retrospective qualitative data (life histories) in conjunction with longitudinal panel data is now widely recognised to provide deeper and more reliable insights (Davis and Baulch, 2009). This paper uses three rounds of panel data and life histories collected by Young Lives, a longitudinal study of childhood poverty, to identify factors that contribute to households becoming or remaining poor in rural Ethiopia, with related effects on the children within those households. It combines a case-centred and a variable-centred approach (Ragin, 1987), analysing and comparing the experiences of individual households on the basis of qualitative and quantitative techniques and interrogating these findings by looking at attributes of households (variables) across a larger sample. The substantive findings on poverty ‘drivers’ and ‘maintainers’ (Baulch, 2011) support those of previous studies: rainfall, illness, debt, exclusion from the main form of social protection. But by mixing different types of data and analysis, the paper was able to show that combinations of factors rather than single events drive households into poverty, and that household characteristics can play an important factor. The primary contribution of the paper is methodological as it presents a novel method of using life histories to investigate chronic poverty in rural Ethiopia by generating or testing hypotheses/findings on poverty drivers and maintainers.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100618,"journal":{"name":"IDS Working Papers","volume":"2012 399","pages":"1-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2012.00399.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91856153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Deprivation to Distribution: Is Global Poverty Becoming A Matter of National Inequality?","authors":"Andy Sumner","doi":"10.1111/j.2040-0209.2012.00394.x","DOIUrl":"10.1111/j.2040-0209.2012.00394.x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper asks the following question: does the shift in global poverty towards middle-income countries (MICs) mean that global poverty is becoming a matter of national inequality? This paper argues that many of the world's extreme poor already live in countries where the total cost of ending extreme poverty is not prohibitively high as a percentage of GDP. And in the not-too-distant future, most of the world's poor will live in countries that do have the domestic financial scope to end at least extreme poverty and, in time, moderate poverty. This will likely pave the way for addressing poverty reduction as primarily a domestic issue rather than primarily an aid and international issue; and thus a (re)framing of poverty as a matter of national distribution and national social contracts and political settlements between elites, middle classes and the poor.</p>","PeriodicalId":100618,"journal":{"name":"IDS Working Papers","volume":"2012 394","pages":"1-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2012.00394.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"102027169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Negotiating Culture in the Promotion of Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment in Latin America","authors":"Cecília M. B. Sardenberg","doi":"10.1111/j.2040-0209.2012.00407.x","DOIUrl":"10.1111/j.2040-0209.2012.00407.x","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Culture interacts with development in multiple ways. However the importance of culture within development should not be seen as translating to crystallising and solidifying its meaning or providing definitive ideas of what works. In this paper, I look at the relevance of culture to the promotion of gender equality and women's empowerment, and examine how some women's movements in Latin America have negotiated and contested meanings around culture and as a result have re-signified gender values, attitudes and behaviours.</p>\u0000 <p>The example of <i>Las madres de la Plaza de Mayo</i> questions the cultural construct of motherhood and the traditional role of the mother caring for the family within the home, and the women's neighbourhood action based in Bahia, Brazil which I look at contests and extends the notion of that domestic space. The importance of deconstructing and fighting against stereotypical images and patriarchal views of women in order to uphold gender rights is clear from the examples I look at on domestic violence, sex worker violence and the Black Women's Movement's struggle against sexist and racist images.</p>\u0000 <p>In conclusion I argue that in employing ‘transformatory thinking’ the women's groups that I look at in this paper have worked together as women to contest and confront accepted cultural meanings and by doing so have begun to re-structure the gender order and promote gender equality.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100618,"journal":{"name":"IDS Working Papers","volume":"2012 407","pages":"1-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2012.00407.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134492839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What Do National Poverty Lines Tell Us About Global Poverty?","authors":"Ugo Gentilini,&nbsp;Andy Sumner","doi":"10.1111/j.2040-0209.2012.00392.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2012.00392.x","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The basic question about ‘how many poor people are there in the world?’ generally assumes that poverty is measured according to international poverty lines (IPLs). Yet, an equally relevant question could be ‘how many poor people are there in the world, based on how poverty is defined where those people live?’ In short, rather than a comparison based on monetary values, the latter question is germane to estimates based on a concept –‘poverty’– as defined by countries’ specific circumstances and institutions.</p>\u0000 <p>Estimates of poverty by national poverty lines (NPLs) and international poverty lines (IPLs) may vary in terms of technical grounds. But how similar are they? How different is poverty captured by comparable (in PPP monetary value) cross-country measures as embodied by the IPL compared to that viewed in NPLs?</p>\u0000 <p>This paper offers a new perspective on global poverty. It does so by estimating the distribution of poverty across countries, regions and income categories based on national poverty lines (NPLs). Even though comparing NPLs across countries means comparing poverty lines of different monetary value, we argue that exploring “poverty” as a nationally defined concept by countries at different stages of development unveils important and often unnoticed findings.</p>\u0000 <p>By addressing the question of poverty as defined where those poor people live, this paper seeks to offer a new perspective on global poverty and at the same time extend thinking on the ‘middle-income countries poverty paradox’– meaning that most of the world's poor do not live in the world's poorest countries</p>\u0000 <p>Using data from 160 countries covering nearly 92 per cent of world population, we estimate that globally 1.5 billion people live in poverty as defined within their own countries (by NPLs), a billion of which are in middle-income countries (MICs) and – surprisingly perhaps – one in ten of world's poor live in high-income countries (HICs).</p>\u0000 <p>Our analysis shows that NPL and IPL-based estimates lead to similar poverty estimates only in a limited number of cases. In particular, we conclude that (i) there is a considerable difference between regional and national poverty estimates based on IPLs and NPLs – that is, differences for a same country could be as high as 55 percentage points in poverty rates, or about 45 million in the number of poor people; (ii) NPLs may be particularly important for analysis of poverty in MICs: indeed, their NPLs don't feed into the construction of IPLs. Hence, poverty at national level may not be adequately captured by IPLs themselves; (iii) NPLs are not substitutes for IPLs, but instead enrich and complement international analyses. Yet, there could be trade-offs between the two, especially in terms of different development actors tracking different poverty estimates. Our findings also have implications for debates about global poverty targets and interna","PeriodicalId":100618,"journal":{"name":"IDS Working Papers","volume":"2012 392","pages":"1-48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2012.00392.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137533424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Hegemony Cracked: The Power Guide to Getting Care onto the Development Agenda","authors":"Rosalind Eyben","doi":"10.1111/j.2040-0209.2012.00411.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2012.00411.x","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This paper uses power analysis and the notion of hegemony to enquire into the historical neglect of unpaid care in the international development sector. In the light of that analysis the paper looks at how to exploit the hegemonic contradictions that provide openings for getting care onto development policy agendas. Addressing feminist practitioners and scholar-activists, the paper proposes a strategy of a succession of small wins in naming, framing, claiming and programming care. These can contribute to a change of mindset among citizens, think tanks and policy-makers about the significance of care.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100618,"journal":{"name":"IDS Working Papers","volume":"2012 411","pages":"1-29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2012.00411.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137531003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Where Do the World's Poor Live? A New Update","authors":"Andy Sumner","doi":"10.1111/j.2040-0209.2012.00393.x","DOIUrl":"10.1111/j.2040-0209.2012.00393.x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper revisits, with new data, the changes in the distribution of global poverty towards middle-income countries (MICs). In doing so it discusses an implied ‘poverty paradox’– the fact that most of the world's extreme poor no longer live in the world's poorest countries.</p><p>The paper outlines the distribution of global poverty as follows: half of the world's poor live in India and China (mainly in India), a quarter of the world's poor live in other MICs (primarily populous lower MICs such as Pakistan, Nigeria and Indonesia) and a quarter of the world's poor live in the remaining 35 low-income countries. Underlying this pattern is a slightly more surprising one: only 7 per cent of world poverty remains in low-income, stable countries.</p><p>The paper discusses factors that are behind the shift in global poverty towards middle-income countries in particular and how sensitive the distribution of global poverty is to the thresholds for middle-income classification. The paper concludes with implications for research related to poverty.</p>","PeriodicalId":100618,"journal":{"name":"IDS Working Papers","volume":"2012 393","pages":"1-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2012.00393.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113514781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Evolving Composition of Poverty in Middle-Income Countries: The Case of Indonesia, 1991–2007","authors":"Andy Sumner","doi":"10.1111/j.2040-0209.2012.00409.x","DOIUrl":"10.1111/j.2040-0209.2012.00409.x","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This paper discusses the evolution of education and health poverty in middle-income countries using the case of Indonesia. The paper reviews the long-run empirical research on poverty in Indonesia published over the last decade since the Asian financial crisis. The paper then provides new, long-run estimates of the evolution of primary education and infant mortality using the Demographic and Health Survey for Indonesia for 1991, 1994, 1997, 2002/3 and 2007, in order to elicit the evolution of the composition of education and health poverty.</p>\u0000 <p>The intended value-added of the paper is two-fold. First, the paper has a longitudinal element: such a comparative study using repeated DHS cross-sections has not previously been undertaken in published independent scholarly studies for Indonesia with a view to analysing the evolving level and composition of education and health poverty and disparities over the period across these five datasets. Second, the paper contributes to ongoing discussions on non-income poverty trends in middle-income countries and Indonesia in particular and debates on non-income poverty disparities by spatial and social characteristics of the household head.</p>\u0000 <p>The study of education and health poverty in Indonesia, as a middle-income country, can provide insights into the evolution of poverty by education and health during economic development in newly middle-income countries.</p>\u0000 <p>The Indonesian case suggests that poverty – by the measures used in this paper – may urbanise but remains largely rural in nature, and may increasingly be concentrated in the poorest wealth quintile over time. However, at the same time poverty remains concentrated among those in households with heads with no or incomplete primary education and in households with heads not in work or self-employed in agriculture.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100618,"journal":{"name":"IDS Working Papers","volume":"2012 409","pages":"1-67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2012.00409.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"107771150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The New Face of Poverty: How Has the Composition of Poverty in Low Income and Lower Middle-Income Countries (excluding China) Changed Since the 1990s?","authors":"Andy Sumner","doi":"10.1111/j.2040-0209.2012.00408.x","DOIUrl":"10.1111/j.2040-0209.2012.00408.x","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To what extent do education, health and nutrition poverty rates differ by the spatial and social characteristics of households? And how has the composition of education, health and nutrition poverty changed since the 1990s in terms of the spatial and social characteristics of households? This paper provides an analysis of education, health and nutrition poverty in low-income countries (LICs) and lower middle-income countries (LMICs) by geography, education, employment and ethnicity characteristics of the household head based on the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) from countries with surveys in both the 1990s and 2000s. It should be noted at the outset that such an aggregated attempt to assess the changing pattern of poverty across low and lower middle-income countries would be best viewed as an indicative ‘sketch’ of changing patterns of poverty.</p>\u0000 <p>The data suggests that the composition of education, health and nutrition poverty –<i>by the indicators chosen in this paper</i>– has changed somewhat since the 1990s in terms of the spatial and social characteristics of households. This can be presented as a set of five ‘stylised facts’ on poverty as follows:</p>\u0000 <p>\u0000 </p><ul>\u0000 \u0000 <li><span>I.  </span>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <p>More than three-quarters of education, health and nutrition poverty in LICs and LMICs (combined) is to be found in rural areas. However, an increasing proportion of education, health and nutrition poverty is in urban areas.</p>\u0000 </li>\u0000 \u0000 <li><span>II.  </span>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <p>Half of the education, health and nutrition poverty in LICs and LMICs (combined) is concentrated in those households where the head has ‘no education’. However, this share has fallen since the 1990s.</p>\u0000 </li>\u0000 \u0000 <li><span>III.  </span>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <p>A third of the education, health and nutrition poverty in LICs and LMICs (combined) is focused in the poorest wealth quintile (by DHS Wealth Index). And this share is increasing.</p>\u0000 </li>\u0000 \u0000 <li><span>IV.  </span>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <p>A third of the education, health and nutrition poverty in LICs and LMICs (combined) is concentrated among those in households where the head is ‘not in work’ and a further third where the household head is working in agriculture.</p>\u0000 </li>\u0000 \u0000 <li><span>V.  </span>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <p>Two-thirds of the education, health and nutrition poverty in LICs and LMICs (combined) is to be found among those households where the head is the member of an ‘ethnic minority group’ (meaning an ethnic group which is not the largest ethnic group). However, this finding should be viewed as tentative due to data constraint","PeriodicalId":100618,"journal":{"name":"IDS Working Papers","volume":"2012 408","pages":"1-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2012.00408.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"111438128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}