Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Electromyography and Motor Control最新文献_第5页

Force regulation is deficient in patients with parietal lesions: a system-analytic approach 力调节是缺乏患者顶骨病变:一个系统分析的方法

Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Electromyography and Motor Control Pub Date : 1998-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/S0924-980X(98)00010-1

H.-Ch. Scholle , U. Bradl , H. Hefter , Ch. Dohle , H.-J. Freund

{"title":"Force regulation is deficient in patients with parietal lesions: a system-analytic approach","authors":"H.-Ch. Scholle , U. Bradl , H. Hefter , Ch. Dohle , H.-J. Freund","doi":"10.1016/S0924-980X(98)00010-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0924-980X(98)00010-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div>By means of a quantitative system-analytic investigation strategy, the postural motor control of the fingers was evaluated, to characterise the possible deficit of force regulation in patients with parietal lesions. In spite of a normal response to short torque pulses, the parietal-lesion patients had difficulties in returning to the preload level after the application of an additional step torque load to fingers II–IV of their left or right hands. The control offset (measured 500 ms after step torque application) was significantly larger in the patient group. This deficit in the investigated patients with parietal lesions to compensate for step torque loads was not due to a paresis, but rather resulted from a disturbance in the generation of a sufficient counterforce against the applied step torque within an adequate time window and motor pattern. This distinct force-regulation deficit was found in patients with left- and right-sided parietal lesions.</div>","PeriodicalId":100400,"journal":{"name":"Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Electromyography and Motor Control","volume":"109 3","pages":"Pages 203-214"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0924-980X(98)00010-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20656282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 10

Discharge pattern of human motor units during dynamic concentric and eccentric contractions 人体运动单元在动态同心和偏心收缩时的放电模式。

Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Electromyography and Motor Control Pub Date : 1998-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/S0924-980X(98)00012-5

A Kossev, P Christova

{"title":"Discharge pattern of human motor units during dynamic concentric and eccentric contractions","authors":"A Kossev, P Christova","doi":"10.1016/S0924-980X(98)00012-5","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0924-980X(98)00012-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div>Objectives: A total of 45 motor units (MUs) from the human biceps brachii muscle were investigated during isovelocity concentric and eccentric movements performed by means of a device implementing an external torque in the direction of the extension proportionally to the elbow angle changes. The effects of movement velocity on the recruitment and decruitment thresholds (RT and DT) and the corresponding discharge patterns were determined. Methods: A wire branched electrode placed subcutaneously was used to discriminate the potentials from a single MV. Results: The majority of MUs (91%) were recruited at lower torque values with the increase of movement velocity. The decrease of RT was statistically significant for 47% of the investigated MUs. A typical discharge pattern of short first interspike interval (ISI) followed by a longer one was observed for 93% of all MUs. After the first 2–3 spikes the rate of the MU discharge was approximately constant regardless of the fact that the muscle force gradually increased until the end of the concentric movement.Conclusions: There are differences in the muscle force control during shortening and lengthening contractions. For 82% of the investigated MUs DT was smaller at faster movements and for 21 MUs (47%) the decrease of DT was significant. The gradually declined MU discharge rate throughout the entire movement with a very long last ISI was demonstrated for 93% of the investigated MUs.</div>","PeriodicalId":100400,"journal":{"name":"Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Electromyography and Motor Control","volume":"109 3","pages":"Pages 245-255"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0924-980X(98)00012-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20656287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 98

EMG fatigue patterns accompanying isometric fatiguing knee-extensions are different in mono- and bi-articular muscles 在单关节和双关节肌肉中，肌电图疲劳模式伴随着等长疲劳的膝关节伸展是不同的

Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Electromyography and Motor Control Pub Date : 1998-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/S0924-980X(98)00015-0

Gerold Ebenbichler , Josef Kollmitzer , Michael Quittan , Frank Uhl , Chris Kirtley , Veronika Fialka

{"title":"EMG fatigue patterns accompanying isometric fatiguing knee-extensions are different in mono- and bi-articular muscles","authors":"Gerold Ebenbichler , Josef Kollmitzer , Michael Quittan , Frank Uhl , Chris Kirtley , Veronika Fialka","doi":"10.1016/S0924-980X(98)00015-0","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0924-980X(98)00015-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div>Objectives and Methods: Isometric, fatiguing knee-extensions at 30%, 50% and 70% maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) were performed by 18 healthy human subjects. Surface electromyographic (SEMG) activity was recorded from the mono-articular vastus medialis (VM) and vastus lateralis (VL) muscles, and the bi-articular rectus femoris muscle (RF). To make the bi-articular muscle work under (1) constant and (2) similar working conditions as the two mono-articulars do, the hip was fixed in a flexed position. The root mean square (RMS) SEMG recorded during fatigue was standardized to the respective values of MVC. The mean coefficients of regression of the RMS and median frequency (MF) changes were then analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance. Results: The load effect upon the muscle fatigue changes, as measured by increase in RMS EMG, differed between the bi-articular muscle and the two mono-articulars, in that the parameter dropped with maximum load for the bi-articular, whilst it remained stable or even increased for the mono-articulars. This might suggest that the mono- and bi-articular muscles have different roles in fatigue tasks where the bi-articulars function purely as mono-articulars. By contrast, such a clear dichotomy between the bi-articular RF and the two mono-articulars, VM and VL, was lacking for the fatigue parameter of MF. Conclusons: As these findings were confined to the changes in RMS EMG, different neuronal coding mechanisms for the mono- and bi-articular muscles in the central nervous system may be inferred.</div>","PeriodicalId":100400,"journal":{"name":"Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Electromyography and Motor Control","volume":"109 3","pages":"Pages 256-262"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0924-980X(98)00015-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20656288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 87

Cortical silent period evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation in ischemic stroke 经颅磁刺激诱发缺血性脑卒中的皮质沉默期

Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Electromyography and Motor Control Pub Date : 1998-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/S0924-980X(98)00014-9

J.-P Ahonen , M Jehkonen , P Dastidar , G Molnár , V Häkkinen

{"title":"Cortical silent period evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation in ischemic stroke","authors":"J.-P Ahonen , M Jehkonen , P Dastidar , G Molnár , V Häkkinen","doi":"10.1016/S0924-980X(98)00014-9","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0924-980X(98)00014-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div>Objectives: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the motor cortex produces motor evoked potentials (MEPs). Besides this excitatory response, TMS has inhibitory effects. When TMS is performed during voluntary muscle contraction, the MEP is followed by a pause in electromyographic activity (cortical silent period, SP). Methods: We studied SP changes in 50 patients with acute hemispheric brain infarction. A stimulator with a round coil and a fixed intensity of 90% of maximum was used to evoke MEPs. Results: SP was elicited on the affected side in 29 of the 50 patients. The mean SP duration was markedly longer on the affected side in the patient group. There were no significant differences between left and right sides in the means of the MEP amplitude ratio (amplitude related to corresponding amplitudes to peripheral electric stimulation) and MEP latencies in the patient group. Prolonged SP was found in 25 of the 29 patients (86%) whereas only 4 (14%) had abnormalities in MEP latency or amplitude ratio. The mean SP duration was significantly prolonged also in a subgroup of 14 patients with normal hand function. Conclusions: The SP measurement is an easily performed and sensitive method to detect even subclinical disturbances in motor system function in ischemic stroke.</div>","PeriodicalId":100400,"journal":{"name":"Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Electromyography and Motor Control","volume":"109 3","pages":"Pages 224-229"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0924-980X(98)00014-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20656284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 60

Increased excitability of the human corticospinal system with hyperventilation 过度通气时人皮质脊髓系统兴奋性增高

Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Electromyography and Motor Control Pub Date : 1998-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/S0924-980X(98)00022-8

Masud Seyal, Brendan Mull, Blondell Gage

{"title":"Increased excitability of the human corticospinal system with hyperventilation","authors":"Masud Seyal, Brendan Mull, Blondell Gage","doi":"10.1016/S0924-980X(98)00022-8","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0924-980X(98)00022-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div>Objectives: Hyperventilation is effective in inducing generalized spike-wave discharges in patients with absence seizures and improves visual function and normalizes visual function in patients with multiple sclerosis. Hyperventilation increases the excitability of cutaneous and motor axons. In experimental animals, hyperventilation increases excitability of hippocampal neurons. There is however no direct evidence of a hyperventilation-induced increase in neuronal excitability within the central nervous system in humans. In this study we determined the effects of hyperventilation on the human corticospinal system. Methods: We studied the effects of hyperventilation on (1) motor evoked potentials (MEPs) induced by transcranial magnetic pulse stimulation of the motor cortex and (2) F-wave responses. Six subjects were studied. Results: Hyperventilation resulting in an end-tidal pCO2 of 15 mm Hg or less enhanced the amplitude of the MEP and resulted in a shortened onset latency. F-wave amplitudes were enhanced without any change in onset latency. Conclusions: These findings indicate that hyperventilation increases the excitability of the human corticospinal system. A hyperventilation-induced increase in excitability within the central nervous system may account for clinical phenomena such as facilitation of spike-wave discharges.</div>","PeriodicalId":100400,"journal":{"name":"Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Electromyography and Motor Control","volume":"109 3","pages":"Pages 263-267"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0924-980X(98)00022-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20656289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 34

Median mixed and sensory nerve conduction studies in carpal tunnel syndrome1 腕管综合征的正中混合神经和感觉神经传导研究1

Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Electromyography and Motor Control Pub Date : 1998-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/S0924-980X(98)00018-6

Stephen N Scelsa, Steven Herskovitz, Phyllis Bieri, Alan R Berger

{"title":"Median mixed and sensory nerve conduction studies in carpal tunnel syndrome1","authors":"Stephen N Scelsa, Steven Herskovitz, Phyllis Bieri, Alan R Berger","doi":"10.1016/S0924-980X(98)00018-6","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0924-980X(98)00018-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div>Objective: To assess the sensitivities and specificities of velocity differences between median mixed nerve conduction across the wrist (Medmxpw) and (I) median mixed nerve conduction in the forearm (Medmxf) and (II) palm to D2 sensory conduction (MedpD2). Design and Methods: We prospectively studied 67 limbs of patients with clinically definite carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Medmxf and Medmxpw were performed by stimulating the median nerve at the elbow and palm respectively and recording at the proximal wrist crease. We also compared conventional median sensory (D2–wrist) and mixed (palm–wrist) tests in all patients. Thirty limbs of asymptomatic subjects served as normal controls and 21 limbs of subjects with other neuropathies served as diseased controls; control data was collected prospectively. Results: The sensitivity of the MedpD2–Medmxpw difference (0.87) was significantly greater than that of the Medmxf–Medmxpw difference (0.61, P<0.001). Both tests were similar and highly specific (0.98 and 0.96, respectively). Conclusions: The MedpD2–Medmxpw study is among the most sensitive and specific electrophysiologic tests for CTS.</div>","PeriodicalId":100400,"journal":{"name":"Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Electromyography and Motor Control","volume":"109 3","pages":"Pages 268-273"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0924-980X(98)00018-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20655585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 21

Subclinical neuropathy in type I diabetic children 1型糖尿病儿童的亚临床神经病变

Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Electromyography and Motor Control Pub Date : 1998-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/S0924-980X(98)00017-4

Duška Meh , Miro Denišlič

{"title":"Subclinical neuropathy in type I diabetic children","authors":"Duška Meh , Miro Denišlič","doi":"10.1016/S0924-980X(98)00017-4","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0924-980X(98)00017-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div>Objectives: Small and large, somatic and autonomic nerve fibre functions were neurophysiologically evaluated in 33 asymptomatic neurologically free type 1 diabetic children and 69 age-matched healthy controls. Methods: The evaluation of large and small somatic nerve fibre function was performed by conventional nerve conduction studies, thermal specific and thermal pain sensitivity tests, as well as autonomic nerve fibre functions by sympathetic skin response and R–R interval variation assessment. Results: A significant difference was established between the healthy and the diabetic group. Neurophysiologically determined subclinical neuropathy was found in 87% of type 1 diabetic children. The majority of abnormal recordings were found on the lower limbs. The dysfunction of the somatic motor large nerve fibre type in the lower limbs was altered in 57% of patients, somatic sensory large in 39%, somatic sensory small in 45%, and sympathetic in 45%. The leading abnormal measure was a delayed sympathetic skin response on the foot (42% of diabetic children) followed by a reduced amplitude of sural nerve action potential (36%). The whole spectrum of recordings showed scattered involvement of nerve functions. There was no selective susceptibility of nerve fibre types exposed to a noxious factor. Conclusion: A complex neurophysiological assessment, including standard nerve conduction studies as well as psychophysical examination and autonomic nerve function tests, evaluating the function of small and large nerve fibres, is recommended for evaluating the subclinical neuropathy in asymptomatic type I diabetic children.</div>","PeriodicalId":100400,"journal":{"name":"Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Electromyography and Motor Control","volume":"109 3","pages":"Pages 274-280"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0924-980X(98)00017-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20655586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 45

Interhemispheric inhibition in patients with multiple sclerosis 多发性硬化症患者的半球间抑制作用

Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Electromyography and Motor Control Pub Date : 1998-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/S0924-980X(98)00013-7

B Boroojerdi , M Hungs , M Mull , R Töpper , J Noth

{"title":"Interhemispheric inhibition in patients with multiple sclerosis","authors":"B Boroojerdi , M Hungs , M Mull , R Töpper , J Noth","doi":"10.1016/S0924-980X(98)00013-7","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0924-980X(98)00013-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div>Objectives: A single focal magnetic stimulus applied to the motor cortex of normal subjects can suppress ongoing voluntary electromyographic activity in ipsilateral small hand muscles. This inhibition is mediated from one motor cortex to the contralateral side via a transcallosal pathway. Methods: We have investigated transcallosal inhibition in 24 patients with definite multiple sclerosis (MS) and in 24 healthy volunteers. A focal magnetic stimulus was applied to the hand area of the motor cortex and the onset latency of the inhibition of the ongoing EMG activity of the ipsilateral first dorsal interosseus muscle was evaluated. Cortico-motor conduction time to the same muscle was revealed, using a magnetic stimulus over the contralateral motor cortex. The difference between these values was calculated as transcallosal conduction time. Cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans including sagittal T2-weighted images were performed in 18 patients. Results: The depth of inhibition (maximal inhibition as percentage of the baseline EMG) in the MS patients was comparable to normal values, but the transcallosal conduction time was significantly delayed (patients 17.2±6.4 ms; normal subjects 12.2±2.6 ms; P<0.001). The duration of the inhibition was significantly prolonged in MS patients (patients 47.9±20.9 ms; normal subjects 38.9±10.1 ms; P=0.02). Transcallosal conduction time was delayed in 11 (46%) of 24 patients, compared with normal subjects. It exceeded the normal range (mean±2.5 SD) in one normal subject (specifity 96%). No correlation could be found between the size or extent of the lesions obtained from the MRI scan and the onset latency or the depth of the inhibition. Conclusions: We conclude that conduction over transcallosal connections is significantly slower in patients with MS.</div>","PeriodicalId":100400,"journal":{"name":"Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Electromyography and Motor Control","volume":"109 3","pages":"Pages 230-237"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0924-980X(98)00013-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20656285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 77

A custom designed system to measure corticospinal tract jitter 一个定制设计的系统来测量皮质脊髓束抖动

Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Electromyography and Motor Control Pub Date : 1998-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/S0924-980X(97)00079-9

Marjan Mihelin , Rajka M Liscic

引用次数: 0

Characteristic response to transcranial magnetic stimulation in Rett syndrome Rett综合征经颅磁刺激的特征性反应

Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Electromyography and Motor Control Pub Date : 1998-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/S0924-980X(97)00081-7

Atsuo Nezu, Seiji Kimura, Saoko Takeshita, Miyabi Tanaka

{"title":"Characteristic response to transcranial magnetic stimulation in Rett syndrome","authors":"Atsuo Nezu, Seiji Kimura, Saoko Takeshita, Miyabi Tanaka","doi":"10.1016/S0924-980X(97)00081-7","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0924-980X(97)00081-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div>To pathophysiologically evaluate the corticospinal tracts (CSTs) in Rett syndrome (RS), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was performed in 3 patients aged 4, 6 and 13 years. The two younger cases exhibited the clinical characteristics of the pseudostationary stage (stage III), while ambulation was lost in the oldest case at the age of 11 years (stage IV). The motor cortex and cervical spinal roots were magnetically stimulated to obtain motor evoked potentials (MEPs) from the relaxed first dorsal interosseous muscle. Compared with the central motor conduction time (CMCT) in age-matched normal children, CMCT in the stage III cases was significantly short (6.9–7.1 ms, P<0.05). In the stage IV case, CMCT was markedly short but not significantly so (6.6 ms, P=0.06), which was partly due to a significant increase in the threshold intensity of TMS (100%, P<0.05). Thus, the CMCT shortening, which implied unique cortical hyperexcitability, was considered consistent and characteristic of RS. The CSTs in the stage IV case were certainly impaired, corresponding well to the progressive spastic paresis.</div>","PeriodicalId":100400,"journal":{"name":"Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Electromyography and Motor Control","volume":"109 2","pages":"Pages 100-103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0924-980X(97)00081-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20655590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 25