Economía UNAM最新文献

{"title":"El estudio del cambio climático desde la economía / Studying climate change in economics","authors":"Mónica Santillán Vera","doi":"10.22201/FE.24488143E.2018.44.396","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22201/FE.24488143E.2018.44.396","url":null,"abstract":"Resumen El estudio del cambio climatico en economia sostiene la idea de que la tecnologia, el financiamiento y las politicas publicas (en caso necesario) posibilitan la compatibilidad entre el crecimiento economico y la mitigacion del cambio climatico. Se trata de una especie de mainstream ampliado en el que ha privilegiado el analisis de la oferta. Al dejar fuera a la demanda, se ha pasado por alto la influencia del consumo sobre el cambio climatico, por ejemplo, un incremento de la demanda de energia como efecto adverso de la eficiencia energetica (paradoja de Jevons); o una probable demanda energetica tan alta, que no sea factible satisfacerla con energias limpias. Para integrar la demanda al estudio del cambio climatico, algunos enfoques alternativos han propuesto contabilizar las emisiones con base en el consumo, asi como incorporar el analisis de la desigualdad economica y las formas de consumo por nivel de ingresos al interior de los paises. Ambas alternativas conducen a replantear el efecto de los patrones de consumo sobre el cambio climatico y la distribucion de responsabilidades de mitigacion entre paises e individuos, lo cual puede abrir opciones complementarias para el diseno de estrategias y politicas de mitigacion. Abstract Studying climate change in economics holds the idea that technology, funding, and public policy (if it is necessary) enable compatibility between economic growth and climate change mitigation. That is a kind of extended mainstream which has focused on supply. Ignoring demand, it has overlooked the influence of consumption activities on climate change, e.g., an increase in energy demand as an adverse effect of energy efficiency (Jevons paradox), or a possible energy demand so high that it cannot be satisfied by forms of clean energy. In order to include the demand to climate change analysis, some alternative approaches have proposed assessing emissions based on consumption activities, as well as taking into account economic inequality and consumption patterns by income level within countries. These both alternatives lead economics to rethink the effect of consumption patterns on climate change and the allocation of mitigation responsibilities among countries and individuals, thus opening up complementary options for designing mitigation strategies and policies.","PeriodicalId":100391,"journal":{"name":"Economía UNAM","volume":"291 1-2 1","pages":"113-136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78487998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"La teoría de las áreas monetarias óptimas: una actualización a la luz de la experiencia europea","authors":"Alfonso Brown del Rivero","doi":"10.22201/FE.24488143E.2018.43.384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22201/FE.24488143E.2018.43.384","url":null,"abstract":"Resumen La teoria de las Areas Monetarias Optimas (AMO) ha seguido un desarrollo paralelo al proceso de integracion europea. Si bien esta teoria precede al sistema monetario europeo, su desarrollo se ha dado a la par de esta experiencia. Hasta antes de la crisis del euro se podian distinguir dos etapas en el desarrollo de la teoria de las AMO, la primera enfocada al analisis de las condiciones apropiadas para crear o pertenecer a una union monetaria y, la segunda, al analisis de sus costos y beneficios. A raiz de la crisis del euro se puede distinguir una tercera etapa en la que han quedado al descubierto algunas limitaciones y aspectos que en su momento no merecieron suficiente atencion. En esta etapa adquiere una relevancia critica el diseno institucional de una union monetaria. Una de las principales limitaciones se refiere a la magnitud y naturaleza de los choques asimetricos, asi como la conveniencia de los mecanismos propuestos para compensarlos. Entre los problemas no anticipados estan las crisis de confianza que se derivan del rapido crecimiento de la carga fiscal y la falta de solvencia de algunos gobiernos, agravada por la perdida de capacidad para emitir deuda en una moneda autonoma. Otro tema ausente en la teoria de las AMO es la ausencia de garantias a nivel federal para los depositos bancarios en los paises afectados. En este articulo se analiza el desempeno de la Union Monetaria Europea a la luz de los fundamentos de la teoria de las AMO y con base en ello se discuten los nuevos elementos que han surgido a la luz de la experiencia europea reciente. Abstract The theory of Optimal Currency Areas (OCA) has followed a parallel development vis a vis the process of European integration. While this theory precedes the European Monetary System, its development has been coupled with this experience. Up to the euro crisis two stages could be distinguished in the development of the OCA theory, the first one focused on the analysis of the appropriate conditions to create a monetary union and the second, centered on the analysis of its costs and benefits. After the euro crisis a third stage can be distinguished in which some limitations of the theory have been revealed and unexpected problems have emerged. In this stage the institutional design of a monetary union becomes critical. One of the main limitations concerns the magnitude and nature of asymmetric shocks, as well as the appropriateness of the proposed mechanisms to deal with them. One of the unanticipated problems is the rapid growth of the tax burden that has put some governments in solvency troubles, due to the loss of capacity to issue debt in an autonomous currency. Another major problem is the lack of guarantees at the federal level for bank deposits in the affected countries. This paper analyzes the performance of the European Monetary Union in light of the theory of AMO, and new elements based on the recent european experience are discussed.","PeriodicalId":100391,"journal":{"name":"Economía UNAM","volume":"15 1","pages":"70-87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82990123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimaciones del costo de erradicar la pobreza en México con un Impuesto Negativo al Ingreso utilizando la ENIGH 2016 / Estimates of the cost of eradicating poverty in Mexico with a negative Income Tax using the ENIGH 2016","authors":"J. Alberro","doi":"10.22201/FE.24488143E.2018.43.382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22201/FE.24488143E.2018.43.382","url":null,"abstract":"Resumen El articulo estima el costo fiscal de introducir un Impuesto Negativo sobre la Renta de las personas (inr) que erradique la pobreza extrema en Mexico y su impacto sobre el Indice de Gini de la distribucion del ingreso. El esquema dispone que el Estado cubra la diferencia entre un nivel de ingreso considerado deseable y el ingreso del derechohabiente con base en una formula que le da mas al que tiene menos y no con base en una evaluacion burocratica. Por transparencia y simplicidad administrativa solo tendrian derecho a esta transferencia los ciudadanos mexicanos mayores de 18 anos que declararan sus ingresos ante la shcp. Los parametros del inr pueden ser modulados de suerte que los esfuerzos del derechohabiente por aumentar su ingreso no sean penalizados. Las consecuencias de la introduccion de un inr en Mexico son estimadas utilizando la enigh 2016. El resultado principal es que con .85% del pib se puede asegurar que 26.8 millones de mexicanos mayores de 18 anos tengan un ingreso mayor que la Linea de Bienestar Minimo erradicando la pobreza extrema en el medio urbano a la vez que se elimina por completo la pobreza en el medio rural. En consecuencia, el Coeficiente de Gini de la distribucion del ingreso disminuira en 7.8%. El costo fiscal de introducir un Ingreso Universal equivalente es ocho veces mas. Suponer que es factible es una quimera, un desvario. Abstract The article estimates both the fiscal cost and the impact on the Gini Coefficient of the income distribution of introducing in Mexico a Negative Income Tax on personal income (inr) that eradicates extreme poverty. The scheme mandates the State to cover the difference between a given level of income and the income of the beneficiary, based on a formula and not on a bureaucratic mechanism. To foster transparency and administrative simplicity, only Mexican citizens over the age of 18 who file an income tax return would be entitled to this transfer. The inr parameters can be set so that it does not penalize a beneficiary’s efforts to increase their income. We use the enigh 2016 to estimate the consequences of the introduction of an inr in Mexico. The main result is that with .85% of the gdp, 26.8 million Mexicans over the age of 18 can have an income higher than the minimum welfare level (lbm) thereby eradicating extreme poverty in urban areas, while totally eliminating poverty in rural areas. As a result, the Gini Coefficient of the distribution of income will decrease by 7.8%. The fiscal cost of introducing an equivalent Universal Income is eight times more. Postulating that it is feasible is a chimera, a delirium","PeriodicalId":100391,"journal":{"name":"Economía UNAM","volume":"1 1","pages":"43-55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90184353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Los orígenes del neoliberalismo: del Coloquio Lippmann a la Sociedad del Mont-Pèlerin / The origins of neo-liberalism: of the Lippmann colloquium to the Mont-Pelerin Society","authors":"H. Romo","doi":"10.22201/FE.24488143E.2018.43.381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22201/FE.24488143E.2018.43.381","url":null,"abstract":"Resumen En este articulo presentamos la historia de una organizacion, la Sociedad del Mont-Pelerin (SMP) que Friedrich Hayek fundo en 1947, con el apoyo decisivo del ordo-liberal Wilhelm Ropke, para reunir a los oponentes intelectuales del socialismo que compartian su oposicion a la tendencia al aumento del papel del Estado en la economia y la sociedad. Desde la creacion de la SMP, e incluso antes a la ocasion del Coloquio Lippmann en 1938, los intelectuales neoliberales forman un colectivo, animado por la ambicion comun, de minar la hegemonia del “socialismo”. El marco general del neoliberalismo surgio en los anos 1930 antes de que Hayek tomara la direccion del movimiento, en 1947 en Vevey, Suiza. Ahi nacio la mas influyente y prestigiosa sociedad de pensamiento completamente dedicada a la causa liberal haciendo la apologia y la propagacion de una economia de mercado a escala mundial. Para Hayek, se trataba de romper el aislamiento de los pensadores liberales en un mundo amenazado por el “colectivismo” y el ascenso de las tesis keynesianas y marxistas. Usando de su prestigio universitario alcanzado a principios de su carrera, Hayek y Ropke se transformaron bajo el choque de la crisis y de la guerra en empresarios de ideologia avidos de ejercer una influencia politica para la construccion de una red neoliberal a escala mundial. Abstract This article presents the history of one organization: The Society of Mont-Pelerin (SMP) which was founded by Friedrich Hayek in 1947, with a decisive support from the ordo-liberal Wilhelm Ropke, to gather the intellectual opponents of socialism who shared his opposition of the tendency to increase the role of the state in the economy and the society. Since the creation of SMP, and even before for the occasion of the Lippmann Colloquium in 1938, neoliberal intellectuals form a collective, encouraged by common ambition, to undermine the hegemony of ¨socialism¨. The general framework of neoliberalism emerged in the 1930´s before Hayek took over the direction of the movement, in 1947 in Vevey, Switzerland. In this moment was born the most influential and prestigious society of thought completely dedicated to the liberal cause making the apology and the prolongation of a market economy on a world scale. Hayek wanted to break the isolation of liberal thinkers in a world threatened by ¨collectivism¨ and stop the rising of Keynesian and Marxist theses. By using their university prestige reached from the beginning of their career, Hayek and Ropke were transformed under the shock of the crisis and the war, into ideological entrepreneurs eager to exercise a political influence for the construction of a neoliberal network on a world scale.","PeriodicalId":100391,"journal":{"name":"Economía UNAM","volume":"84 1","pages":"7-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73552429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"\"David Ibarra: de los mercados a la democracia\"","authors":"R. Cordera","doi":"10.22201/FE.24488143E.2018.43.388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22201/FE.24488143E.2018.43.388","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100391,"journal":{"name":"Economía UNAM","volume":"118 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76002368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estructura económica y emigración internacional en Chiapas / Economic structure and international emigration in Chiapas","authors":"Jorge Alberto López Arévalo, Julieta Martínez Cuero","doi":"10.22201/FE.24488143E.2018.43.386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22201/FE.24488143E.2018.43.386","url":null,"abstract":"Resumen En este trabajo los autores analizan las causas de la emigracion en Chiapas; al recurrir al examen de la estructura productiva de la entidad. El objetivo es explicar la persistencia de los flujos migratorios a traves de la confirmacion de una economia escasamente dinamica con un mercado de trabajo incapaz de absorber a la fuerza de trabajo disponible en la entidad. Para ello, en primer lugar, se recurre a la Encuesta Nacional de Ocupacion y Empleo (2013) y el Censo Economico (2009) se explora la configuracion del mercado laboral; se confirma la creciente informalidad de la economia a traves de la existencia de una relacion causal entre el tipo de unidades economicas y la debilidad de las actividades formales. Finalmente, se examinan los flujos migratorios de chiapanecos a los Estados Unidos, tanto a nivel estatal como por regiones de la entidad, y se da cuenta de la intensidad migratoria y la importancia que han adquirido los flujos acumulados de chiapanecos en el pais del norte durante el ultimo milenio. Abstract In this paper, the authors analyze the current causes of emigration in Chiapas; resorting to the examination of the production structure of the entity. The aim is to explain the persistence of migration flows through a sparsely dynamic economy with a labor market unable to absorb the available labor force in the state. To do this, first, using the National Survey of Occupation and Employment (2013) and the Economic Census (2009) the configuration of the labor market is explored; confirming the growing informality of the economy through the existence of a causal relationship between the type of economic units and the weakness of formal activities. Finally, migratory flows of chiapanecos to the United States are examined, both statewide and by regions of the state, making migratory intensity noticeable and the importance that accumulated flows of chiapanecos have acquired in the northern country during the last millennium.","PeriodicalId":100391,"journal":{"name":"Economía UNAM","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89866427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"El impacto del gasto público sobre la inversión privada en México (1980-2015) The impact of public expenditure on private investment in Mexico (1980-2015)","authors":"Gutiérrez Cruz, F. Salvador","doi":"10.1016/J.EUNAM.2017.09.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EUNAM.2017.09.006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100391,"journal":{"name":"Economía UNAM","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76663345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Índice de autores 2017","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.eunam.2017.09.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eunam.2017.09.008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100391,"journal":{"name":"Economía UNAM","volume":"14 42","pages":"Page 152"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.eunam.2017.09.008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84154450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mercado laboral, políticas sociales y desigualdad: cambios recientes en perspectiva histórica. Gran Buenos Aires, 1974-2014","authors":"Julieta Vera ,&nbsp;Santiago Poy","doi":"10.1016/j.eunam.2017.08.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eunam.2017.08.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>There is a wide consensus about the path of inequality reduction followed by Latin America during the last decade, as well as is recognized that the region is still the world's most unequal region. This paper tackles changes in households’ income inequality in Argentina during the last decade from a historical perspective, considering Argentinean case relevant because different kinds of political and economical models took place during the last four decades. The paper considers that changes recorded in households’ income inequality depends on macro-economic changes, but introducing an analysis of changes in labor markets, social policies and households’ behaviors. Several periods are compared in terms of their effects on households’ income inequality. Data come from Permanent Household Survey (<span>eph</span>) of the National Institute of Statistics, and a Gini index decomposition model is applied. Evidence show that the last decade was a turning point in the growing trend of households’ income inequality recorded since the seventies and that this performance was due to a less inequality of labor incomes and the growing relevance of social policies (specially, the extension of pensions system); whilst the Gini index at the end of the period was higher than in the mid-seventies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100391,"journal":{"name":"Economía UNAM","volume":"14 42","pages":"Pages 3-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.eunam.2017.08.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77558835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"La política de desarrollo rural en México. ¿Existe correspondencia entre lo formal y lo real?","authors":"Luis Gómez Oliver ,&nbsp;Angélica Tacuba Santos","doi":"10.1016/j.eunam.2017.09.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eunam.2017.09.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This article is an approach to the issue of public policy strategy for rural development in Mexico. It aims to establish contrasts between the policy which would result from current regulations and the actual impact of government action on productive and social conditions in rural areas; and between regulatory instruments governing the planning, design and practice of public policy and its results in recent years. The first section reviews various theoretical approaches to establish a definition of rural development for policy analysis, considering the complexity and the many factors that explain the reality of the Mexican countryside and the population that lives there. The second section presents an evaluation exercise reviewing three specific indicators in rural areas: 1) inequality; 2) poverty; 3) agricultural product. The third section points out the rural development considering the two existing regulatory mechanisms of planning and execution of public policy for rural and agricultural development: 1) Rural Sustainable Development Act of 2001 (<span>rsda</span>); 2) the Special Concurrent Program for Sustainable Rural Development (<span>scp</span>), providing arguments to conclude that rural development in Mexico has lacked a national strategy, which marks a rift with the provisions of the regulations and the decisiveness that has rural economic and social development.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100391,"journal":{"name":"Economía UNAM","volume":"14 42","pages":"Pages 93-117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.eunam.2017.09.004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73536189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}