BMEMat最新文献

{"title":"Mimic, target, and adapt: Cell membrane-coated nanoplatforms for precision and immune-guided cancer treatment","authors":"A. K. M. M. Alam,&nbsp;Xiaojun Cai,&nbsp;Malik Ihsan Ullah Khan,&nbsp;Robert Musiol,&nbsp;Quazi T. H. Shubhra","doi":"10.1002/bmm2.70074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bmm2.70074","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cell membrane-coated nanoparticles (CM-NPs) are emerging as immune-intelligent nanoplatforms capable of integrating precise tumor targeting with immunological functionality. By harnessing the native surface architecture of donor membranes—particularly from cancer or immune cells—CM-NPs achieve immune evasion, homotypic recognition, and enhanced intratumoral retention. Beyond passive delivery, these constructs can promote antigen cross-presentation and T-cell priming, rendering them especially effective in immune-excluded or antigen-scarce tumors. Precision functionalization strategies, including aptamer-guided targeting, peptide-mediated infiltration, and magnetically navigable systems, further extend their therapeutic reach. A transformative advance lies in the use of autologous tumor-derived membranes, preserving patient-specific antigenicity and glycosylation profiles vital for adaptive immune engagement. Recent innovations in synthetic biology now enable programmable membrane design, supporting site-specific ligand attachment while maintaining immune stealth. Although challenges remain—ranging from membrane orientation fidelity to GMP-scale manufacturing—advances in microfluidics, quality control analytics, and real-time biomanufacturing are narrowing the translational gap. Together, CM-NPs represent a modular, adaptive therapeutic paradigm uniquely suited to align with the immunogenomic complexity of cancer, offering a pathway toward truly personalized and responsive immunotherapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":100191,"journal":{"name":"BMEMat","volume":"4 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bmm2.70074","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148358268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing design strategies in smart stimulus-responsive liposomes for drug release and nanomedicine","authors":"Yuchen Guo,&nbsp;Nan Li,&nbsp;Daiwei Zhang,&nbsp;Jingya Gu,&nbsp;Zhihuan Liao,&nbsp;Zihao Teng,&nbsp;Xiangfu Du,&nbsp;Peter S. Timashev,&nbsp;Shipeng Chen,&nbsp;Shuaidong Huo","doi":"10.1002/bmm2.70045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bmm2.70045","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Liposomes have emerged as the most clinically successful nanocarriers with good biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and facile modification potential. However, their widespread application is limited by challenges associated with suboptimal drug release kinetics and poor bioavailability under complex physiological conditions. These limitations stem from the dual paradox of maintaining circulatory stability while enabling rapid drug release at target sites. Engineering of stimulus-responsive liposomal systems has been identified as a promising strategy for mitigating these biomedical delivery challenges. Such systems are designed to achieve spatiotemporally controlled drug release and nanomedicine in response to specific endogenous or exogenous stimulus, thereby enhancing therapeutic efficacy while minimizing systemic toxicity. A comprehensive understanding of the design principles and release mechanisms governing stimulus-responsive liposomes is essential for the rational development of advanced drug delivery systems. Therefore, this review systematically examines the design strategies for precise, stimulus-triggered drug release through a detailed analysis of the effects of liposome structure and composition on drug release, with particular emphasis on lipid component engineering for controlled release. Furthermore, it explores functionalization strategies, focusing on chemical modification approaches for stimulus-responsive behavior. The component-responsive design and functional modification strategies discussed herein provide a systematic framework for liposome research. Meanwhile, the fundamental understanding of stimulus-responsive liposomes is significantly advanced, thereby facilitating the development of more efficient and precise drug delivery and nanomedicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":100191,"journal":{"name":"BMEMat","volume":"4 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bmm2.70045","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148358249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Macrophage-targeted cerium-tannic acid metal-polyphenol framework nanoenzyme promotes in situ heart valves regeneration through adaptive immunomodulation","authors":"Peng Song,&nbsp;Yunlong Wu,&nbsp;Xing Chen,&nbsp;Yafei Liu,&nbsp;Mengna Dong,&nbsp;Jiawei Shi,&nbsp;Xichi Wang,&nbsp;Nianguo Dong,&nbsp;Weihua Qiao,&nbsp;Qin Wang","doi":"10.1002/bmm2.70053","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bmm2.70053","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Constructing in situ tissue engineered heart valves based on xenogeneic decellularized heart valves (DHVs) is a promising strategy for heart valve regeneration. However, the inflammation triggered by foreign body responses results in maladaptive matrix remodeling and compromised mechanical support. Given the critical role of macrophages (M<i>ø</i>s) in regulating several homeostasis to relieve xenogeneic rejection and promote tissue regeneration, folic acid modified cerium ions-tannic acid metal-polyphenol framework nanoparticles (FCT NPs) have been synthesized via a green coordination method and then loaded onto thiolated DHVs to reprogram macrophage phenotype. FCT NPs, with multiple enzyme-mimicking activity, biodegradability and biocompatibility, moderately scavenge various reactive oxygen species in M1 M<i>ø</i>s, reprogramming them to increase the M2 phenotype. This reduces inflammatory factors levels and promotes secretion of anti-inflammatory and pro-regenerative cytokines, enabling elimination of inflammation and promotion of adaptive matrix remodeling. In vitro studies show that FCT-loaded DHVs (FCT@DHVs) exhibit excellent immunomodulatory capability, mechanical properties, hemocompatibility, and cytocompatibility. Rat implantation models reveal that FCT@DHVs achieve re-endothelialization and adaptive matrix remodeling via immunomodulation. They also exhibit excellent hemodynamics, hemocompatibility, histocompatibility, anti-calcification and mechanical support. Notably, M2 M<i>ø</i>s numbers decrease with scaffold degradation, indicating self-adaptive immunomodulation. This strategy offers a promising approach for in situ heart valve regeneration based on xenogeneic DHVs.</p>","PeriodicalId":100191,"journal":{"name":"BMEMat","volume":"4 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/bmm2.70053","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147877301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microtopography enhances intestinal drug absorption via Piezo1-mediated tight junction modulation","authors":"Yu Hu,&nbsp;Nan Xu,&nbsp;Xin Li,&nbsp;Xiaowo Kang,&nbsp;Tieyuan Bian,&nbsp;Junsheng Lin,&nbsp;Hao Tang,&nbsp;Yinyin Bao,&nbsp;Lu Zhang,&nbsp;Hongyan Yuan,&nbsp;Mingxi Yao,&nbsp;Xingyu Jiang,&nbsp;Zhi Luo","doi":"10.1002/bmm2.70052","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bmm2.70052","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Improving oral peptide drug delivery is a longstanding pharmaceutical goal due to significant advantages in patient compliance and clinical versatility. However, despite extensive optimization of chemical permeation enhancers, orally delivered peptides such as semaglutide and octreotide remain limited by bioavailabilities below 1%, suggesting that critical determinants of gastrointestinal absorption have been inadequately addressed. In particular, mechanical forces generated by peristalsis and intimate dosage form–epithelium interactions, although influential for drug transport, have remained largely unexploited in oral drug delivery. Here we introduce a mechanobiological permeation-enhancement approach, leveraging microtopography to amplify mechanical stimuli, thus transiently modulating epithelial permeability through Piezo1 activation. Experiments employing magnetic microbeads and rose-petal-templated micropatterned films demonstrated that increased surface roughness correlates quantitatively with enhanced paracellular permeability in Caco-2 monolayers. Mechanistic studies using calcium imaging, selective inhibitors, and transcriptomics confirmed that microtopography-activated Piezo1 channels drive sustained intracellular Ca²⁺ influx and cytoskeletal remodeling, while finite-element modeling and ex vivo electron microscopy revealed mechanically induced transient intercellular gap formation. Importantly, integrating micropatterned films into oral enteric capsules in beagle dogs improved octreotide bioavailability by three-fold relative to the Food and Drug Administration approved formulations containing high-dose sodium caprate. These results establish microtopography-driven functional modulation of tight junctions as a safe, effective, and broadly applicable route to improve oral macromolecule absorption, offering a robust new framework to integrate physical enhancement strategies alongside traditional chemical excipients in advanced pharmaceutical formulations.</p>","PeriodicalId":100191,"journal":{"name":"BMEMat","volume":"4 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bmm2.70052","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147333908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Theranostic nanoplatform for high-performance dual-modal magnetic resonance imaging-guided therapy of orthotopic hepatocellular carcinoma","authors":"Jiayin Lin,&nbsp;Wenbo Chen,&nbsp;Xiuqi Hou,&nbsp;Kai Wang,&nbsp;Fan Liu,&nbsp;Ruling Zhang,&nbsp;Zhong Cao,&nbsp;Jian Zheng","doi":"10.1002/bmm2.70061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bmm2.70061","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques are essential for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the development of precise treatment strategies. Multifunctional diagnostic agents integrating MRI capabilities have attracted considerable interest in precision oncology. In this study, a biomimetic nanoparticle (HAMM NPs) is engineered through the synthesis of Mn²⁺-doped mesoporous polydopamine (Mn-MPDA) as a drug carrier, followed by loading the hydrophilic sonosensitizer artesunate (ART) and coating with Hepa1-6 cell membranes. The resulting Hepa1-6@ART@Mn-MPDA nanoparticles (HAMM NPs) exhibit enhanced tumor accumulation owing to the homologous targeting capability conferred by the Hepa1-6 cell membrane. Under the acidic conditions of the tumor microenvironment, HAMM NPs undergo pH-triggered release of Mn²⁺ and ART. HAMM NPs exhibit excellent T₁/T₂ dual-modality MRI capability enabling precise liver cancer imaging and MRI-guided sonodynamic therapy (SDT). Upon ultrasound activation, ART generates cytotoxic reactive oxygen species in an oxygen-independent manner, which synergizes with Mn²⁺-mediated chemodynamic therapy via Fenton-like reactions. In both subcutaneous and orthotopic HCC models, HAMM NPs effectively inhibit tumor growth. This strategy overcomes the limitations of conventional SDT in hypoxic tumors, offering a promising approach for imaging-guided combination therapy against deep-seated tumors.</p>","PeriodicalId":100191,"journal":{"name":"BMEMat","volume":"4 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bmm2.70061","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148358112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New opportunities for bioscaffold-enabled spinal cord injury repair","authors":"Xiaoqing Qi,&nbsp;Yicheng Fu,&nbsp;Zhaoliang Su,&nbsp;Li Li,&nbsp;Subrata Chakrabarti,&nbsp;Peng Li,&nbsp;Yilun Wu,&nbsp;Fang Liu,&nbsp;Teng Gao,&nbsp;Zhifeng Dong,&nbsp;Lei Liu,&nbsp;Pei Cao","doi":"10.1002/bmm2.70025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bmm2.70025","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to high rates of central nervous system impairment and imposes a significant treatment burden, highlighting the need for effective repair strategies. Bioscaffolds are considered to be multifunctional materials composed of bioactive polymers and signaling molecules, showing potential comparable to tissue engineering approaches utilizing exogenous stem cells. These bioscaffolds, which act as biological frameworks, can modulate intrinsic neuronal regeneration and the external microenvironment to facilitate SCI repair. This review explores the current status and future prospects of three-dimensional bioscaffolds for SCI repair, covering the pathophysiology of spinal cord injury, associated repair mechanisms, and key bioscaffold properties influencing repair efficiency. Notably, the review highlights new insights into the use of therapeutic bioscaffolds to promote endogenous stem cell differentiation, enhance axon growth, regulate the injury microenvironment, and support SCI repair. Finally, expert opinions are discussed, summarizing design principles for effective SCI-repair bioscaffolds and underscoring their significant potential for clinical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":100191,"journal":{"name":"BMEMat","volume":"4 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bmm2.70025","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148358138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomaterial design strategies for enhancing mitochondrial transplantation therapy","authors":"Shaoyang Kang,&nbsp;Yushan Zhang,&nbsp;Hang Li,&nbsp;Sirui Peng,&nbsp;Donghao Lyu,&nbsp;Chunxiao Zhou,&nbsp;Sheng Ding,&nbsp;Zujian Feng,&nbsp;Pingsheng Huang,&nbsp;Chuangnian Zhang,&nbsp;Hongjun Wang,&nbsp;Deling Kong,&nbsp;Weiwei Wang","doi":"10.1002/bmm2.70046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bmm2.70046","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Mitochondrial dysfunction is linked to various diseases, such as ischemic syndrome and type 2 diabetes, primarily due to insufficient energy supply caused by low adenosine triphosphate levels. Mitochondrial transplantation therapy is an emerging therapeutic strategy that can supplement the respiratory capacity of damaged mitochondria, thereby addressing mitochondrial disorders at their root. However, poor viability after isolation from cells, difficulties in targeting delivery in vivo, and low cellular internalization efficiency constitute the major challenges for the clinical translation of mitochondrial transplantation. The integration of advanced biomaterial design may hold the key to address these issues and improve the therapeutic efficacy of mitochondrial transplantation. In this review, we summarize recent advancements in biomaterial-assisted mitochondrial transplantation by protecting mitochondria during delivery, improving the targeting efficiency in vivo, and facilitating mitochondrial internalization. We also emphasize the importance of synergistic therapy of mitochondrial transplantation with other therapies. Finally, we discuss current issues and potential future directions of biomaterial-assisted mitochondrial transplantation therapy, aiming to further promote its clinical translation.</p>","PeriodicalId":100191,"journal":{"name":"BMEMat","volume":"4 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bmm2.70046","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148358155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fiber-type soft bioelectronics for wearable and implantable sensing and therapy","authors":"Haneul Kim,&nbsp;Hak Yong Kim,&nbsp;Ja Hoon Koo,&nbsp;Gi Doo Cha,&nbsp;Dae-Hyeong Kim,&nbsp;Hye Jin Kim","doi":"10.1002/bmm2.70043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bmm2.70043","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Fiber-type soft bioelectronics are revolutionizing wearable and implantable healthcare technologies by addressing critical clinical challenges, particularly minimizing the mismatch in mechanical stiffness between bioelectronics and biological tissues. These devices can seamlessly integrate with dynamic in vivo environments. Their inherent mechanical flexibility and structural adaptability enable applications in both confined sensitive regions and expansive highly mobile areas of the body. Beyond adaptability, fiber-type soft bioelectronics offer multifunctionality, enabling real-time biological signal acquisition, targeted drug delivery, and localized electrical stimulation. Moreover, fabric-based designs offer excellent conformability, making them suitable for long-term monitoring of physical, electrochemical, and electrophysiological signals. This article presents a comprehensive review on fiber-type soft bioelectronics technologies, with a focus on their wearable and implantable applications in healthcare. First, the fundamental requirements for these devices are outlined, describing the foundation for their design and functional integration. Technological advancements that fulfill those requirements are described based on actual examples. The review also examines the materials used for the fibers, highlighting their mechanical, electrical, and biocompatible properties. Next, strategies for fiber fabrication are discussed, including methods for transforming fibers into fabrics. Finally, recent breakthroughs in the applications of fiber- and fabric-type soft bioelectronics in health monitoring and therapeutic interventions are explored.</p>","PeriodicalId":100191,"journal":{"name":"BMEMat","volume":"4 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bmm2.70043","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148358222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanomaterials-mediated glycolysis rewriting to potentiate tumor immunotherapy","authors":"Zilin Ma,&nbsp;Songyan Li,&nbsp;Jie Yan,&nbsp;Xuechun Wang,&nbsp;Wen Zhao,&nbsp;Yunxuan Song,&nbsp;Dongdong Liu,&nbsp;Jianwei Jiao,&nbsp;Xiuying Duan,&nbsp;Guiqiang Zhang","doi":"10.1002/bmm2.70048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bmm2.70048","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Immunotherapy has emerged as a transformative paradigm in tumor therapy, but its clinical potential remains limited by the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment driven by dysregulated tumor metabolism. Aerobic glycolysis, a hallmark of abnormal tumor metabolism, not only fuels tumor proliferation but also reshapes the tumor microenvironment through lactate accumulation, hypoxia, and competitive glucose consumption. Recent advances in nanomedicine offer innovative strategies to reprogram tumor glycolysis for enhanced immunotherapy, achieved through precision targeting of pivotal nodes of glycolysis pathways, including glucose transport, enzymatic activity, and lactate consumption. This review systematically summarizes cutting-edge advances in glycolysis-rewiring nanomedicines, emphasizing their mechanisms in reversing immunosuppression and reinvigorating antitumor immune responses. Challenges in clinical translation and future directions for designing multifunctional metabolic-immune modulators are also critically discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":100191,"journal":{"name":"BMEMat","volume":"4 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bmm2.70048","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148358052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuronal differentiation and tissue engineering strategies for central neurous system injury repair","authors":"Zhuqing Xia,&nbsp;Jinghui Zhang,&nbsp;Na Ren,&nbsp;Shuping Wang,&nbsp;Congcong Zhang,&nbsp;Nik Ahmad Nizam Nik Malek,&nbsp;Wan Hairul Anuar Kamaruddin,&nbsp;Chao Liu,&nbsp;Chunhui Sun,&nbsp;Jingang Wang","doi":"10.1002/bmm2.70044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bmm2.70044","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Central nervous system (CNS) injury can cause devastating neurological dysfunction in patients, permanently impairing their ability to take care of themselves and reducing their quality of life. At present, neural tissue engineering is the most promising way to treat this disease. However, there are still many challenges and obstacles in the process of correctly structuring tissue engineering. The successful development of tissue engineering relies on three key components: biological scaffold materials, seed cells, and various growth factors. In summary, this review provides a systematic analysis of scaffold materials differentiation strategies for inducing diverse stem cells into neuro-like cells. The synthesized findings not only accelerate regenerative medicine approaches but also provide the critical solutions for CNS injury treatment and advance therapeutic development, offering important references for future research and clinical translation.</p>","PeriodicalId":100191,"journal":{"name":"BMEMat","volume":"4 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bmm2.70044","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148358196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}