BMEMatPub Date : 2026-09-25Epub Date: 2026-03-27DOI: 10.1002/bmm2.70082
Yujia Liu, Xuetian Wen, Yue Tan, Rui Zeng, Yijuan Zhang, Tong Lin, Lan Gong, Zichao Luo
{"title":"Advanced nanotherapeutics for combating ocular infections: Rational design, antimicrobial mechanisms, and therapeutic breakthroughs","authors":"Yujia Liu, Xuetian Wen, Yue Tan, Rui Zeng, Yijuan Zhang, Tong Lin, Lan Gong, Zichao Luo","doi":"10.1002/bmm2.70082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bmm2.70082","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ocular infections such as keratitis and conjunctivitis pose severe vision-threatening risks, exacerbated by diverse pathogens and escalating antimicrobial resistance. Conventional treatments are limited by inadequate ocular bioavailability and frequent dosing. Nanotechnology offers transformative solutions by enabling targeted, sustained drug delivery and enhanced penetration through ocular barriers while augmenting antimicrobial potency. This review systematically examines the rational design, composition, and synthesis of advanced nanomaterials, specifically metal-based, polymer-based, and lipid-based nanostructures. Furthermore, it critically analyzes multimodal hybrid systems and stimuli-responsive platforms for combating ocular pathogens. Key strategies explored encompass direct antimicrobial mechanisms, biofilm penetration and disruption, and immunomodulation. We next examine the preclinical efficacy and emerging clinical evidence, while also addressing persistent challenges in biocompatibility, biodegradation kinetics, scalable manufacturing, and regulatory pathways. Finally, we summarize future directions including artificial intelligence (AI)-driven nanomaterial design, personalized nanomedicine, and wearable nanodevices. Collectively, these advances position nanotherapeutics as promising candidates for next-generation ocular anti-infectives.</p>","PeriodicalId":100191,"journal":{"name":"BMEMat","volume":"4 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bmm2.70082","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149027776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BMEMatPub Date : 2026-09-25Epub Date: 2026-03-11DOI: 10.1002/bmm2.70075
Kairui Liu, Bo Zhang, Yue Wan, Zhiru Yang, Abdusami Abdurahman, Mengxin He, Shengtao Hu, Yi Zhang, Xiaoke Li, Jin Chang, Jun Kang, Liren Liu, Wanghua Liu, Shao Li
{"title":"Pt-TiO2 mesoporous nanosystem co-delivering phlorizin enables synergistic sonodynamic-chemoimmunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma via directly targeting DDX5 and metabolic reprogramming modulation","authors":"Kairui Liu, Bo Zhang, Yue Wan, Zhiru Yang, Abdusami Abdurahman, Mengxin He, Shengtao Hu, Yi Zhang, Xiaoke Li, Jin Chang, Jun Kang, Liren Liu, Wanghua Liu, Shao Li","doi":"10.1002/bmm2.70075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bmm2.70075","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), ranking as the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality globally, continues to pose significant therapeutic challenges. Here, we developed an innovative nanosystem, Phl@PT, based on Pt-TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles for the co-delivery of Phlorizin, presenting a novel approach for HCC treatment through sonodynamic therapy (SDT). Phl@PT demonstrated remarkable efficacy in inducing mitochondrial membrane potential collapse and cristae damage in vitro. Transcriptomic sequencing analysis revealed that Phl@PT treatment led to the downregulation of key genes: <i>CLDN6</i>, involved in the cell adhesion molecules pathway, and <i>BCKDHB</i> and <i>SUCLG2</i>, associated with propanoate metabolism. Through a comprehensive target fishing strategy combined with Bio-Layer Interferometry analysis, we identified DDX5, a DEAD-box RNA helicase, as a novel target protein of Phlorizin, which plays a crucial role in tumor progression and prognosis. In vivo studies demonstrated that US-activated Phl@PT not only effectively inhibited HCC growth in murine models but also activated CD8<sup>+</sup>/CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells, promoted dendritic cell maturation, and enhanced the expression of key immune cytokines including TNF-α, IL-12, and IFN-γ, thereby establishing a robust immunotherapeutic response. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that the Pt-TiO<sub>2</sub> mesoporous nanoagent co-delivering phlorizin represents a promising therapeutic platform for HCC treatment through synergistic sonodynamic-chemo-immunotherapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":100191,"journal":{"name":"BMEMat","volume":"4 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bmm2.70075","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149027790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BMEMatPub Date : 2026-09-25Epub Date: 2026-03-31DOI: 10.1002/bmm2.70071
Lu Zhang, Jiawei Cui, Jin Wang, Manfred F. Maitz, Rifang Luo, Yunbing Wang
{"title":"Drug-coated balloons: From conventional designs to next-generation innovations in vascular therapy","authors":"Lu Zhang, Jiawei Cui, Jin Wang, Manfred F. Maitz, Rifang Luo, Yunbing Wang","doi":"10.1002/bmm2.70071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bmm2.70071","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Drug-coated balloons (DCBs) have emerged as a significant advancement in vascular interventional therapy with the “intervention without implantation” therapeutic paradigm. In this article, we review the developmental trajectory of DCBs and introduce the three critical components of conventional DCBs - balloon architecture, antiproliferative agents, and excipients, along with their operational mechanisms. The advantages and limitations of traditional DCBs are systematically summarized while proposing innovative design strategies for next-generation DCBs based on contemporary research advancements. Recent progress in polymer balloon fabrication and biotechnology has provided novel design directions to overcome the limitations of conventional balloon configurations and single-drug regimens. Concurrently, advanced material technologies demonstrate promising potential for optimizing DCB coatings. These innovations include nanoparticle systems, hydrogel matrices, microneedle arrays, layer-by-layer self-assembly techniques, and stimuli-responsive smart materials. The integration of next-generation technological enhancements is anticipated to broaden DCB indications, potentially enabling more extensive applications in disease management and therapeutic interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":100191,"journal":{"name":"BMEMat","volume":"4 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bmm2.70071","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149029179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BMEMatPub Date : 2026-09-25Epub Date: 2026-06-09DOI: 10.1002/bmm2.70101
Gao-peng Dang, Yu-zhu Wang, Yi-fei Wang, Que Bai, Jia-xin Hao, Zhi-ting Li, Xiao-qing Cao, Yu Wei, Yue Feng, Ji-hua Chen, Franklin R. Tay, Rui-bing Wang, Jun-ting Gu, Li-na Niu
{"title":"Harnessing blood clot as a native scaffold for orchestrating tissue repairs and regeneration","authors":"Gao-peng Dang, Yu-zhu Wang, Yi-fei Wang, Que Bai, Jia-xin Hao, Zhi-ting Li, Xiao-qing Cao, Yu Wei, Yue Feng, Ji-hua Chen, Franklin R. Tay, Rui-bing Wang, Jun-ting Gu, Li-na Niu","doi":"10.1002/bmm2.70101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bmm2.70101","url":null,"abstract":"<p>As a natural endogenous bioreactor, the dynamic microenvironment of blood clots holds significant and underappreciated potential for tissue regeneration. This review systematically delineates the clot's core pathophysiology, including its fibrin network, diverse bioactive molecules, and cellular components, along with the key regulatory factors that shape its microenvironment. This paper further clarifies the differential regulatory mechanisms of blood clots in tissue regeneration, which vary across different tissue repair processes and are influenced by various pathological conditions such as inflammation. In clinical translation, autologous blood clots and their derivatives have shown promising results in skin healing, regenerative endodontics, and bone repair. Yet, challenges like insufficient mechanical strength and variable individual efficacy persist. Concurrently, the development of biomimetic materials that mimic fibrin's topology and integrate sequential growth factor release demonstrates enhanced hemostatic and osteogenic capabilities. By analyzing these advances, this review positions the blood clot as a novel paradigm to guide future biomaterial design, offering innovative solutions for complex tissue engineering and repairs.</p>","PeriodicalId":100191,"journal":{"name":"BMEMat","volume":"4 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bmm2.70101","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149027788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reprogramming tumor immune microenvironment by ultrasound-responsive nanoplatforms for enhanced cancer immunotherapy","authors":"Shilong Zhao, Rui Qu, Zan Dai, Xiqun Jiang, Xu Zhen","doi":"10.1002/bmm2.70062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bmm2.70062","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cancer immunotherapy represents a significant advancement in cancer treatment by enhancing the specific recognition and elimination of cancer cells. However, its efficacy is substantially hindered by the immunosuppressive nature of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). Recently, ultrasound (US)-responsive nanoplatforms have emerged as a promising strategy to precisely reprogram the TIME by leveraging unique ultrasonic properties for spatiotemporal regulation of the activities of tumor cells, immune cells, and non-immune stromal cells. This review summarizes the recent progress in engineering US-responsive nanoplatforms aimed at reprogramming various critical cell populations of TIME. We first discuss US-responsive nanoplatform strategies that target key organelles in tumor cells, including mitochondria, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and nucleus, to induce immunogenic cell death and enhance therapeutic efficacy. We also present US-responsive nanoplatforms that regulate immune cells, including T cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells, to reprogram the TIME. Additionally, we highlight how US-responsive nanoplatforms can target non-immune stromal cells, such as cancer-associated fibroblasts and tumor endothelial cells, to inhibit angiogenesis and reverse immunosuppressive barriers. Finally, we discuss challenges in clinical translation and provide insights for future directions of US-responsive nanoplatforms to reprogram the TIME for enhanced cancer immunotherapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":100191,"journal":{"name":"BMEMat","volume":"4 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bmm2.70062","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149027793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BMEMatPub Date : 2026-09-25Epub Date: 2026-03-10DOI: 10.1002/bmm2.70069
Jialin Liu, Nan Li, Yu Chen, Rui Pu, Wei Wei, Yunqi Lin, Lejing Li, Yao Lu, Jianhua Hao, Lihua Li
{"title":"Real-time biosensing of Parkinson's disease biomarkers via NIR-activated upconversion nanoparticles","authors":"Jialin Liu, Nan Li, Yu Chen, Rui Pu, Wei Wei, Yunqi Lin, Lejing Li, Yao Lu, Jianhua Hao, Lihua Li","doi":"10.1002/bmm2.70069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bmm2.70069","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with incompletely understood pathophysiology, necessitating advanced tools for long-term dynamic biomarker monitoring. Current techniques lack noninvasive platforms capable of real-time multiparametric monitoring with high stability, sensitivity, and responsiveness. Here, we engineered core-shell-shell lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles (cssUCNPs) through controlled Tm<sup>3+</sup>/Er<sup>3+</sup> gradient doping and crystal field symmetry modulation. This “sandwich” heterostructure design suppressed cross-relaxation, while Ca<sup>2+</sup> doping enhanced radiative transition efficiency. These modifications yielded a quantum yield improvement from 0.35 ± 0.014% to 3.27 ± 0.067%, representing a 9.3-fold enhancement, alongside a fluorescence intensity increase of 425.5-fold. The cssUCNPs exhibited exceptional photostability (>10,000 excitation cycles) and biocompatibility (>95% cell viability). Upon integration of Fluo4 with UCNPs, the system harnessed the luminescence resonance energy transfer effect to enable dual-responsive sensing of Ca<sup>2+</sup> (detection limit: 1 μM) and temperature (sensitivity: 0.5 K<sup>−1</sup>), thereby facilitating long-term tracing of Ca<sup>2+</sup> and temperature dynamics across PD pathological stages. Our results revealed that early-phase PD is characterized by rapid Ca<sup>2+</sup> and temperature surges, followed by oscillatory fluctuations in the middle phase, and eventual stabilization at elevated levels in the terminal phase. These dynamic profiles establish a direct link between mitochondrial dysfunction and Ca<sup>2+</sup> dysregulation, highlighting Ca<sup>2+</sup> flow-sensitive and thermally sensitive therapeutic targets for PD intervention.</p>","PeriodicalId":100191,"journal":{"name":"BMEMat","volume":"4 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bmm2.70069","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149029180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Vacancy defect-induced electron homing breaks phosphodiester bonds for RNA depletion-driven cancer therapy","authors":"Chuncheng Yang, Zehao Shen, Guangming Xiang, Zhe Liu, Huaxin Liu, Jiabei Li, Ao Wang, Yelin Wu, Peiran Zhao, Xingwu Jiang, Jinghan Wang, Xiaoqing Jiang, Wenbo Bu","doi":"10.1002/bmm2.70064","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bmm2.70064","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Genome-wide hypertranscription is a hallmark of malignant progression. However, the development of precise and controlled RNA degradation within biological systems continues to pose significant challenges. Current base-pairing or RNase-based therapeutics rely on sequence recognition and inherent instability within the tumor microenvironment significantly diminishes therapeutic efficacy. Here, we establish a vacancy defect-induced electron homing strategy to achieve enzyme-free RNA degradation. Introducing 5% sulfur vacancies into Bi<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub> disrupts the Bi-S coordination and induces lattice distortion, which drives electron accumulation at the bismuth center and enhances their adsorption with double-bonded oxygen in phosphodiester bonds. This vacancy-driven electron homing lowers the reaction barrier from 2.01 to 0.95 eV by enhancing Bi-O coordination, which polarizes the nearby P-O bond and facilitates nucleophilic attack at the phosphorus center. Valence electron redistribution efficiently breaks phosphodiester bonds to degrade RNA and induces tumor cell apoptosis. This mechanism significantly inhibits tumor proliferation by regulating ERI3 expression in vitro and in vivo. Our work demonstrates a physics-based approach for direct bond activation and establishes vacancy engineering as a general principle for tuning electron states and modulating bond reactivity in biological systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":100191,"journal":{"name":"BMEMat","volume":"4 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/bmm2.70064","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147894714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BMEMatPub Date : 2026-07-01Epub Date: 2026-04-09DOI: 10.1002/bmm2.70091
Yan Xu, Bin Yao, Jiahe Wang, Yichun Ding
{"title":"Paradigm shift in wearable bioelectronics: Drift-free organic field-effect transistor biosensors enabled by diode-connected pairs","authors":"Yan Xu, Bin Yao, Jiahe Wang, Yichun Ding","doi":"10.1002/bmm2.70091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bmm2.70091","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Organic field-effect transistor (OFET)-based biosensors are promising for wearable technology due to their good flexibility and low-cost fabrication. However, their susceptibility to signal drift from mechanical stress and environmental factors like temperature has been a major limitation. In this Commentary, we highlight a novel strategy that fundamentally redesigns the OFET biosensing circuit to eliminate the drifts.</p>","PeriodicalId":100191,"journal":{"name":"BMEMat","volume":"4 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bmm2.70091","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148357992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BMEMatPub Date : 2026-07-01Epub Date: 2025-11-27DOI: 10.1002/bmm2.70041
Israr Khan, Qiujie Fang, Cao Fei, Ziyuan Wang, Zhaowei Chen, Guojun Chen, Zhiming Xu, Shu Xu, Zhitong Chen
{"title":"Cold atmospheric plasma-mediated tumor microenvironment remodeling for cancer treatment","authors":"Israr Khan, Qiujie Fang, Cao Fei, Ziyuan Wang, Zhaowei Chen, Guojun Chen, Zhiming Xu, Shu Xu, Zhitong Chen","doi":"10.1002/bmm2.70041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bmm2.70041","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cancer is still a serious clinical concern, and current therapy is ineffective due to the complex tumor microenvironment (TME). Thus, TME targeting has gained recognition as a significant therapeutic target in cancer therapy. Among these, cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) has been proposed as an emerging and novel cancer treatment owing to its unique characteristics of non-invasive nature and selective tumor cell killing. The current investigation reveals CAP as an effective strategy for TME modulation and tumor eradication, emphasizing its potential to enhance antitumor responses. This review explores the therapeutic potential of CAP in cancer treatment, with a particular focus on its impact on the TME and the underlying mechanisms of tumor cell death. Initially, the review provides a comprehensive overview of the TME and underscores its critical role in cancer progression and treatment responsiveness. It then examines the efficacy of CAP across various in vitro and in vivo tumor models, highlighting its modulatory effects on key components of the TME, including immune cells, stromal cells, and cancer physiological hallmarks such as immune suppression, hypoxia, acidosis, angiogenesis, and metabolism. Furthermore, the review synthesizes evidence on the diverse mechanisms of CAP-induced tumor cell death, including apoptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, autophagy, and necrosis. Together, findings from a wide range of experimental studies demonstrate the promise of CAP as a selective and safe antitumor agent, capable of reprogramming the TME and inducing numerous forms of cancer cell death. In addition, the review addresses current challenges and future directions for CAP and stresses the necessity of protocol standardization, large-scale experimental validation, and rigorous safety evaluation before clinical implementation. Finally, the review anticipates CAP as a revolutionary tool in cancer care, offering hope for improved therapeutic efficacy and a paradigm shift in cancer treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":100191,"journal":{"name":"BMEMat","volume":"4 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bmm2.70041","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148358221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BMEMatPub Date : 2026-07-01Epub Date: 2025-11-20DOI: 10.1002/bmm2.70047
Kou Zhang, Lu Han, He-Qing Cai, Xin-Yu Xue, Yi-Fei Song, Wu-Lin Xin, Ying-Ze Wang, Peng Liu, Juan Liu
{"title":"Toward personalized healthcare: Advances in two-dimensional nanomaterial-based flexible electrochemical sensors for physiological monitoring","authors":"Kou Zhang, Lu Han, He-Qing Cai, Xin-Yu Xue, Yi-Fei Song, Wu-Lin Xin, Ying-Ze Wang, Peng Liu, Juan Liu","doi":"10.1002/bmm2.70047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bmm2.70047","url":null,"abstract":"<p>As the demand for personalized health monitoring continues to rise, wearable electrochemical biosensors have attracted considerable attention owing to their superior performance. Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, with their unique layered structure, high specific surface area, and exceptional electrical conductivity, demonstrate substantial potential in biosensing applications. The incorporation of 2D nanomaterials enhances sensor sensitivity, facilitates electron transfer, reduces the detection limit, and improves the ability to detect metabolites at low concentrations. Initially, this review outlines the properties of 2D nanomaterials, and then introduces the synergistic effects of composite materials that combine 2D nanomaterials with different materials to enhance biosensing performance. Subsequently, this paper offers an in-depth discussion of the working principles and various sensing mechanisms of electrochemical biosensors. Based on this foundation, this paper highlights the applications of 2D nanomaterials in detecting biomarkers in human body fluids, including sweat, tears, saliva, and interstitial fluid. Finally, the review analyzes the challenges associated with integrating 2D nanomaterials into wearable biosensors and explores the prospective advancements of these materials within the domain of wearable biosensing.</p>","PeriodicalId":100191,"journal":{"name":"BMEMat","volume":"4 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bmm2.70047","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148358240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}