Applied Research最新文献

{"title":"Investigation of Stresses and Fatigue Life Prediction of Crankshafts Under Cyclic Loading Using FEM Approach","authors":"Prashant Rawat,&nbsp;Anant Prakash Agrawal,&nbsp;Shahazad Ali","doi":"10.1002/appl.70088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/appl.70088","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A crankshaft operates under complex and variable cyclic loading conditions, experiencing significant torsional stresses arising from the inertia of rotating masses, along with bending stresses induced by gas pressures within IC engines, leading to catastrophic failure. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) provides a computational approach to simulate and prediction of fatigue life of components with intricate geometries under realistic and complex loading scenarios. In this study, a FEFA of the crankshaft is performed under fully reversed cyclic loading conditions to assess its fatigue performance at each loading cycle. The crankshaft geometry is modeled using CATIA V5, while the fatigue simulation and stress-life evaluation are conducted using ANSYS Workbench. The influence of design parameters, the crankpin oilway on stress concentration and fatigue performance was systematically investigated. Realistic loading conditions were simulated by applying a 47,713 N bending load and a 517 Nm torsional moment at the crankpin to replicate engine operating conditions. The study also, investigated the fatigue behavior of the three materials (QT 7000, AISI 4130, and Ti-6Al-4V) crankshaft materials subjected to maximum bending and twisting loads. The analysis shows that the presence of oilways significantly influenced the stress concentration and fatigue life up to 1.0 × 10⁹ cycles. Among the materials, Ti-6Al-4V exhibited higher fatigue safety performance (3.76 and 3.64 for with and without crankpin oilways) due to its high strength-to-weight ratio, compared to AISI4130 and QT 7000. The alloy demonstrated a significantly 120% to 130% and 170% to 180% higher fatigue safety factor than AISI 4130 and QT 7000. This study provides valuable insights into optimizing crankshaft design and material selection for improved durability and performance in internal combustion engines.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100109,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research","volume":"5 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/appl.70088","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147566942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of Stresses and Fatigue Life Prediction of Crankshafts Under Cyclic Loading Using FEM Approach","authors":"Prashant Rawat,&nbsp;Anant Prakash Agrawal,&nbsp;Shahazad Ali","doi":"10.1002/appl.70088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/appl.70088","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A crankshaft operates under complex and variable cyclic loading conditions, experiencing significant torsional stresses arising from the inertia of rotating masses, along with bending stresses induced by gas pressures within IC engines, leading to catastrophic failure. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) provides a computational approach to simulate and prediction of fatigue life of components with intricate geometries under realistic and complex loading scenarios. In this study, a FEFA of the crankshaft is performed under fully reversed cyclic loading conditions to assess its fatigue performance at each loading cycle. The crankshaft geometry is modeled using CATIA V5, while the fatigue simulation and stress-life evaluation are conducted using ANSYS Workbench. The influence of design parameters, the crankpin oilway on stress concentration and fatigue performance was systematically investigated. Realistic loading conditions were simulated by applying a 47,713 N bending load and a 517 Nm torsional moment at the crankpin to replicate engine operating conditions. The study also, investigated the fatigue behavior of the three materials (QT 7000, AISI 4130, and Ti-6Al-4V) crankshaft materials subjected to maximum bending and twisting loads. The analysis shows that the presence of oilways significantly influenced the stress concentration and fatigue life up to 1.0 × 10⁹ cycles. Among the materials, Ti-6Al-4V exhibited higher fatigue safety performance (3.76 and 3.64 for with and without crankpin oilways) due to its high strength-to-weight ratio, compared to AISI4130 and QT 7000. The alloy demonstrated a significantly 120% to 130% and 170% to 180% higher fatigue safety factor than AISI 4130 and QT 7000. This study provides valuable insights into optimizing crankshaft design and material selection for improved durability and performance in internal combustion engines.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100109,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research","volume":"5 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/appl.70088","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147566943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping Technological and Cognitive Trends in K–12 STEM Education: A Comprehensive Bibliometric Analysis","authors":"Abu Aswatudali Syawal Muhammad,&nbsp;Salmiza Saleh","doi":"10.1002/appl.70090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/appl.70090","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The present study aims to summarize technology and cognitive research embedded within K-12 STEM education through a bibliometric analysis. This study follows the global trend of increasing world attention toward technology-enhanced learning and future engineering skills development. A total of 1169 publications indexed in the Scopus database between 2020 and 2025 were initially identified. The initial records were screened and refined according to the inclusion criteria. In the end, the researchers obtained only 819 documents eligible among these files. The data were analysed using descriptive performance indicators and science mapping techniques with Scopus Analyzer and VOSviewer or publication trends, authorship patterns, country contribution, major journals, themes, and international collaboration networks. Unlike existing bibliometric reviews that examine technological innovation or cognitive perspectives in isolation, this study provides an integrated science-mapping analysis that systematically connects technological tools, cognitive dimensions, and K-12 STEM education contexts. The findings indicate that the United States, China, Indonesia, Hong Kong, Malaysia, and several European countries are among the most active contributors. Core journals, including Education Sciences, Frontiers in Education, and Education and Information Technologies, play an important role in disseminating research within the field. Keyword co-occurrence analysis revealed three types of thematic clusters, which are STEM learning and curriculum design, technology-enhanced learning environments, and cognitive or learning-analytic perspectives. Collaboration analysis further reveals an increasingly interconnected international research network. Overall, the findings highlight the growing intersection between technological innovation and cognitive approaches in shaping future STEM learning environments. This study provides a consolidated overview of the research landscape.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100109,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research","volume":"5 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/appl.70090","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147566364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of IgG1 and IgG4: A Structural and Molecular Perspective","authors":"Dhruvi Nilesh Nirmal,&nbsp;Samir Kulkarni","doi":"10.1002/appl.70086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/appl.70086","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>IgG1 and IgG4 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) represent the two most widely used IgG subclasses in therapeutic applications due to their distinct effector functions, structural properties, and developability profiles. This review consolidates current knowledge on the molecular and physicochemical characteristics that differentiate IgG1 and IgG4. Differences in CH2 and CH3 domain composition, hinge region flexibility, and interchain disulfide architecture contribute to the subclasses′ divergent thermal unfolding profiles, charge variant distributions, and susceptibility to chemical degradation. Particular attention is given to site-specific PTMs—such as deamidation, glycation, oxidation, isomerization and Fab-arm exchange—that contribute to charge heterogeneity, stability, and functional outcomes. By integrating recent structural, analytical and in silico studies, this review links molecular determinants to therapeutic subclass selection, formulation strategy, viral inactivation resilience, and biosimilar comparability. Collectively, these insights provide a developability-oriented framework for rational engineering and optimization of IgG1- and IgG4-based therapeutics.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100109,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research","volume":"5 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/appl.70086","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147566334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping Technological and Cognitive Trends in K–12 STEM Education: A Comprehensive Bibliometric Analysis","authors":"Abu Aswatudali Syawal Muhammad,&nbsp;Salmiza Saleh","doi":"10.1002/appl.70090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/appl.70090","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The present study aims to summarize technology and cognitive research embedded within K-12 STEM education through a bibliometric analysis. This study follows the global trend of increasing world attention toward technology-enhanced learning and future engineering skills development. A total of 1169 publications indexed in the Scopus database between 2020 and 2025 were initially identified. The initial records were screened and refined according to the inclusion criteria. In the end, the researchers obtained only 819 documents eligible among these files. The data were analysed using descriptive performance indicators and science mapping techniques with Scopus Analyzer and VOSviewer or publication trends, authorship patterns, country contribution, major journals, themes, and international collaboration networks. Unlike existing bibliometric reviews that examine technological innovation or cognitive perspectives in isolation, this study provides an integrated science-mapping analysis that systematically connects technological tools, cognitive dimensions, and K-12 STEM education contexts. The findings indicate that the United States, China, Indonesia, Hong Kong, Malaysia, and several European countries are among the most active contributors. Core journals, including Education Sciences, Frontiers in Education, and Education and Information Technologies, play an important role in disseminating research within the field. Keyword co-occurrence analysis revealed three types of thematic clusters, which are STEM learning and curriculum design, technology-enhanced learning environments, and cognitive or learning-analytic perspectives. Collaboration analysis further reveals an increasingly interconnected international research network. Overall, the findings highlight the growing intersection between technological innovation and cognitive approaches in shaping future STEM learning environments. This study provides a consolidated overview of the research landscape.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100109,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research","volume":"5 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/appl.70090","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147566335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of IgG1 and IgG4: A Structural and Molecular Perspective","authors":"Dhruvi Nilesh Nirmal,&nbsp;Samir Kulkarni","doi":"10.1002/appl.70086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/appl.70086","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>IgG1 and IgG4 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) represent the two most widely used IgG subclasses in therapeutic applications due to their distinct effector functions, structural properties, and developability profiles. This review consolidates current knowledge on the molecular and physicochemical characteristics that differentiate IgG1 and IgG4. Differences in CH2 and CH3 domain composition, hinge region flexibility, and interchain disulfide architecture contribute to the subclasses′ divergent thermal unfolding profiles, charge variant distributions, and susceptibility to chemical degradation. Particular attention is given to site-specific PTMs—such as deamidation, glycation, oxidation, isomerization and Fab-arm exchange—that contribute to charge heterogeneity, stability, and functional outcomes. By integrating recent structural, analytical and in silico studies, this review links molecular determinants to therapeutic subclass selection, formulation strategy, viral inactivation resilience, and biosimilar comparability. Collectively, these insights provide a developability-oriented framework for rational engineering and optimization of IgG1- and IgG4-based therapeutics.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100109,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research","volume":"5 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/appl.70086","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147566363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of Vibrational Characteristics of 3D Printed Lattice Structured Lightweight Curved Beams Using Genetic Algorithm Approach","authors":"Rahul B N,&nbsp;Jeevathith R,&nbsp;Bharatish A,&nbsp;Sivakumar Solaiachari","doi":"10.1002/appl.70089","DOIUrl":"10.1002/appl.70089","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The vibrational behaviour of lightweight structural components, such as curved beams, is acutely sensitive to changes in geometric parameters, making the optimization of modal characteristics a crucial goal in vibration-sensitive applications. While the specific effects of geometry on natural frequencies have been examined, a comprehensive synthesis of experimental and simulation data for optimal design identification remains limited. This study addresses the gap by adopting a hybrid methodology that integrates experimental modal analysis and finite element simulations with a Genetic Algorithm (GA)–driven optimization technique. A total of 27 design combinations, generated using a Taguchi Orthogonal design (L27) framework, were evaluated experimentally through an 8-channel Dewesoft FFT analyzer, impact hammer, and dual-accelerometer arrangement, as well as numerically. Curved beams with Triply Periodic Minimal Surface (TPMS) gyroid lattice infills were fabricated using Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), and the first six vibrational modes were extracted to establish a surrogate model linking beam width, unit cell size, wall thickness, and infill density with modal frequencies. The GA-based search identified an optimal configuration with a beam width of 18 mm, unit cell size of 9.83 mm, wall thickness of 1.47 mm, and infill density of 20.37%. This design achieved a consistent average frequency of ~1415 Hz in both experimental and simulated environments, validating the accuracy of the surrogate model and robustness of the test setup. The findings emphasize the dominant influence of beam width and wall thickness on frequency augmentation and demonstrate the effectiveness of metaheuristic algorithms, particularly the crossover-driven genetic search dynamics, in optimizing vibration-sensitive lightweight structures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100109,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research","volume":"5 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/appl.70089","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147565883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep Targeted Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat Sequencing for Detection of Quarantine Seedborne Bacteria: Application to Xanthomonas Euvesicatoria pv. Perforans and Ralstonia Solanacearum","authors":"Jutatape Watcharachaiyakup,&nbsp;Wasana Rungsawang,&nbsp;Pumipat Tongyoo","doi":"10.1002/appl.70087","DOIUrl":"10.1002/appl.70087","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Seedborne bacterial pathogens such as <i>Xanthomonas euvesicatoria</i> pv. <i>perforans</i> (XE) and <i>Ralstonia solanacearum</i> (RS) threaten tomato production and international seed trade. Conventional PCR assays are highly specific but typically limited to single-target, qualitative detection in complex seed-derived DNA backgrounds. In this study, we developed and evaluated a deep-targeted inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR)- NGS workflow for the simultaneous detection of XE and RS in tomato seeds. The method incorporated a pre-extraction incubation step and non-destructive sampling to reduce host DNA carryover prior to sequencing. Primer screening using signal separation metrics identified a GC-rich primer combination ((GTG)₃ + (GC)₄) with balanced cross-pathogen performance. Dilution-series experiments demonstrated strong dose-dependent relationships between log₁₀ inoculum levels and classified read proportions for both pathogens (R² ≥ 0.92, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.01), supporting semi-quantitative responsiveness across a broad dynamic range. Comparison with pathogen-specific PCR showed high but incomplete agreement, with most discordant cases occurring near predefined detection thresholds. Low and stable background read proportions in negative controls supported discrimination between infected and non-infected seed lots. These findings indicate that ISSR-NGS offers a scalable approach for multi-pathogen detection in seed health testing and quarantine surveillance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100109,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research","volume":"5 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/appl.70087","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147565882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Starch Phosphate Carbamate Synthesis in the Age of Machine Learning: Maximization of the Phosphorus Content and the Educt Efficiency via Bayesian Optimization","authors":"Florian Rothenhäusler,&nbsp;Simon Knorr,&nbsp;Seema Agarwal,&nbsp;Holger Ruckdaeschel","doi":"10.1002/appl.70081","DOIUrl":"10.1002/appl.70081","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Starch phosphate carbamates (SPC) have been a focal point in the research and development of sustainable flame retardants (FRs) for the past two decades. Within this framework, there is a notable emphasis on obtaining SPC with a high phosphorus content. Aligning with the contemporary trend of artificial intelligence and machine learning, the optimization of synthesis conditions for specific product properties can be efficiently achieved through their utilization. Hence, the objective of this study is to optimize the synthesis conditions, including the molar ratio of anhydroglucose units to urea and phosphoric acid, as well as the synthesis temperature and duration. The optimization is conducted via Bayesian optimization, aiming to maximize the phosphorus content and educt efficiency of SPC to obtain a potent, bio-based FR. As a result, the phosphorus content and educt efficiency are increased to about 20.5% and 11.3%/mol, respectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":100109,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research","volume":"5 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/appl.70081","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147564385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High Resolution of Negative Photosensitive Polyimide With Low Coefficient of Thermal Expansion","authors":"Jiaojiao Ma,&nbsp;Zeyu Li,&nbsp;Shun Shi,&nbsp;Haiquan Guo","doi":"10.1002/appl.70084","DOIUrl":"10.1002/appl.70084","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>According to the different application scenarios in the field of electronic packaging, it is of great research significance to screen out the suitable PSPI with low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE). The introduction of a rigid structure into the backbone structure can effectively reduce the CTE. In this paper, polyamine esters (PAEs) were prepared by acyl chlorination method using diamine 2,5-bis(4-aminophenyl)pyridine (PRD) containing pyridine structure and four different dianhydrides, and then a series of films were finally obtained by heat curing treatment at different temperatures and heat curing treatment at different temperatures after light curing. The CTE value of all films decreased with the increase of heat treatment temperature. The CTE value of the films of PSPI and PSPI-p series is higher than that of PI series films, and the PP series has the lowest CTE value in PI, PSPI, and PSPI-p due to the stronger rigidity of PMDA. The photoresists formed by the four different backbone structures can achieve an optical resolution of 10 μm. The research results and laws of this paper can screen different spindle structures and heat treatment temperatures according to the required different CTE values for the field of electronic packaging.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100109,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research","volume":"5 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/appl.70084","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147564234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}