Applied Research最新文献

{"title":"Investigating the Fracture Mechanisms Arising From the Inhomogeneous Shrinkage Behavior in the Anisotropic Structure of Natural Bamboo via Experimental and Numerical Methods","authors":"Raviduth Ramful","doi":"10.1002/appl.202400222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/appl.202400222","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The integration of natural materials in modern designs, architecture and infrastructure is essential to enhance the standard of living, to improve aesthetic attributes and most importantly to address the issues of global crises faced in our modern times such as climate change. Modern solution is calling for alternative materials and the consideration of natural materials may provide a wide range of benefits ranging from being sustainable to having a low carbon offset. On the downside, natural materials made of organic structure, are vulnerable to diverse number of naturally occurring or externally induced factors which can affect their rate of degradation. This study was mainly focused on one aspect of degradation based on abiotic factors which affected the durability of bamboo-based natural materials. The study probed into the mechanisms prevailing between the interlaminar layers of bamboo anisotropic structure which resulted in random crack propagation during shrinkage of the material thereby greatly affecting their durability. To achieve the aim of this study, experimental investigation was conducted in the first place on thermally modified bamboo specimens to reveal their shrinkage behavior with respect to the anisotropic nature of the material. In second instance, numerical modeling via the Finite Element Method (FEM) was conducted to further ascertain the findings observed in the experimental study. The FEM software of LS-DYNA was considered for that purpose and the fringe plot of XY displacement was selected to assess the zone in the material most susceptible to crack initiation and propagation. The findings of this study will have a notable significance as it will shed further light on one of the main limitations of a natural material like bamboo. The established methodology and findings could also be considered to further modify the material for improved durability in modern designs and applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100109,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/appl.202400222","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143117149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hybrid Composite With Natural and Synthetic Fibers in the Rehabilitation of Reinforced Concrete Structures","authors":"Ivelina Ivanova,&nbsp;Jules Assih,&nbsp;Cheikhna Diagana,&nbsp;Isabelle Titeux-Peth","doi":"10.1002/appl.202400267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/appl.202400267","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Many concrete structures, such as buildings, civil structures, or transport facilities, have an enormous need for rehabilitation. The defects have a critical influence on the resistance and durability of these structures. This study evaluates the effectiveness of strengthening reinforced concrete structures by bonding natural fiber composite materials (hemp fiber fabrics [HFF]) mixed with synthetic fibers (carbon fiber reinforced polymer [CFRP] or Glasse fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites) using epoxy-based adhesives to increase their mechanical strength and extend the lifespan of the structures. This strengthening consists of bonding a composite sheet based on natural fiber fabric to the judiciously targeted outer surface of the reinforced concrete structure. From a sustainable development perspective, replacing synthetic fibers as reinforcement with vegetal fiber plants is the first step in respecting environmental issues. This paper focuses on experimental investigations on reinforced concrete specimens (33 in all) considered strengthened by different composite mixes between natural and synthetic composite fibers. The crack propagation behavior and the influence of adhesive thickness were investigated. Considering that the adhesively bonded composite materials reduce the stress intensity at the crack tip and, therefore, increase the remaining lifetime of the concrete structure. In fact, the experimental results showed an increase in ultimate load in flexural strength from 65% to 104% of strengthened concrete specimens with hybrid (hemp and glass fiber fabrics) composite plate and from 117% to 163% of strengthened concrete specimens with hybrid (hemp and carbon fiber fabrics) composite plate, compared to the control concrete specimen without strengthening.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100109,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/appl.202400267","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143115523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Silicone Rheological Properties for Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing","authors":"Wenbo Liu,&nbsp;Lachlan M. Peeke,&nbsp;Tingxi Lu,&nbsp;Aijie Han,&nbsp;Michael A. Hickner","doi":"10.1002/appl.202400203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/appl.202400203","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Additive manufacturing (AM), known as three-dimensional (3D) printing, uses computer-controlled materials deposition to fabricate 3D objects by selectively depositing materials, usually in a layer-wised fashion, to build a 3D object using free-form fabrication. Integrating silicone elastomers with AM deposition strategies has been of interest due to the important application characteristics of silicones such as excellent mechanical properties, thermal resistance, and chemical inertness. This work presents a study on the shear-thinning properties of thermally-curable liquid silicone feedstocks to describe ideal flow and shape-retention properties for direct ink writing of liquid silicone rubbers. To complement the direct ink writing process developed in this work for silicone AM, flow properties of various silicone feedstocks were identified through measurement of rheological properties using the AM fluid dispenser under various pressures, supported by parallel plate oscillatory shear rheology. A systematic process for evaluating and investigating the AM performance of seven different grades of silicones is introduced. The shape retention, overhang, and dimensional accuracy of these silicones in 3D printing process have been compared and summarized. This systematic evaluation methodology can be applied for silicone material selection and printing of silicone parts with complicated architectures.</p>","PeriodicalId":100109,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/appl.202400203","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143114992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing of Composite Laminates: Printability and Characterizations","authors":"Frank Haile,&nbsp;Arize C. Igwe,&nbsp;Job Wambua,&nbsp;Fredrick Mwema,&nbsp;Stephen A. Akinlabi,&nbsp;Esther T. Akinlabi","doi":"10.1002/appl.202400265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/appl.202400265","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study characterizes composite laminates produced via Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing (MEAM) using combinations of polylactic acid (PLA), recycled PLA (rPLA), and ultrafuse 316 L stainless steel. A thorough analysis of the effect of layer frequency on the material behavior of the PLA/rPLA, PLA/316 L stainless steel, and rPLA/316 L stainless steel composites was conducted. Owing to the disparity in deposition temperatures, PLA and rPLA layers exhibited poor adhesion to 316 L stainless steel layers, likely exacerbated by warping during printing. Excess material deposition at layer pauses caused bobbles at the corners of material interfaces, which in certain samples led to the formation of ridges. Additionally, layer sliding was observed, attributed to weak adhesion both to the print bed and at some layer interfaces. The rPLA layers demonstrated superior load-bearing capacity, while composite laminate block samples with higher interlayer frequencies exhibited enhanced resistance to compressive forces. This study provides insights into the challenges and mechanical performance of multi-material composite laminates, highlighting areas for process optimization and material improvement.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100109,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/appl.202400265","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143114509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"FragMAX Facility for Crystallographic Fragment and Ligand Screening at MAX IV","authors":"Sandesh Kanchugal P.,&nbsp;Elmir Jagudin,&nbsp;Gustavo M. A. Lima,&nbsp;Vladimir O. Talibov,&nbsp;Afshan Begum,&nbsp;Jie Nan,&nbsp;Mikel Eguiraun,&nbsp;Ana Gonzalez,&nbsp;Céleste Sele,&nbsp;Maria Nyblom,&nbsp;Wolfgang Knecht,&nbsp;Derek T. Logan,&nbsp;Tove Sjögren,&nbsp;Marjolein Thunnissen,&nbsp;Thomas Ursby,&nbsp;Marc Obiols-Rabasa,&nbsp;Magnus Larsson,&nbsp;Uwe Mueller,&nbsp;Tobias Krojer","doi":"10.1002/appl.202400263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/appl.202400263","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The FragMAX facility at MAX IV Laboratory is a state-of-the-art platform for crystallographic fragment screening, designed to support structure-based drug and chemical tool compound discovery. This facility offers a comprehensive workflow, from high-throughput crystal preparation and automated diffraction data collection at the BioMAX beamline to advanced data processing and analysis using custom software tools like FragMAXapp and FragMAXproc. Key components include an extensive relational SQLite database, various fragment libraries, laboratory automation equipment, and a range of bespoke software solutions. FragMAX has conducted numerous successful screening campaigns, serving both academic and industrial users. Users benefit from comprehensive support, and stringent data management. Here, we provide an overview of the different components of the facility and details of their practical implementation.</p>","PeriodicalId":100109,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/appl.202400263","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143114508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green Synthesis of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Using Plumbago zeylanica Root Extract, Spectrochemical Characterization, and Antibacterial Activity Against Common Pathogen","authors":"Syed Md Humayun Akhter,&nbsp;Sajid Naeem,&nbsp;U. S. Ansari,&nbsp;Vasi Uddin Siddiqui,&nbsp;Shambhu Shankar Bharti,&nbsp;Shameem Ahmad,&nbsp;Md Tanwir Alam,&nbsp;Dilawar Husain,&nbsp;A. V. Patil","doi":"10.1002/appl.202400200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/appl.202400200","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The root extract of <i>Plumbago zeylanica</i> was used to produce iron oxide (FeO), zinc oxide (ZnO), and copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles. These metal oxides are easy to produce, inexpensive, and ecologically friendly, with considerable antibacterial activity against common infections. The purpose of this work is to explore a sustainable synthesis method and to investigate the comparative antibacterial activity of these nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were characterized using a variety of techniques, including energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectrophotometry, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The XRD patterns revealed the crystalline structures of the produced metal oxide nanoparticles by displaying prominent, intense peaks. Morphological investigation utilizing SEM and TEM techniques revealed the nanoparticles’ shapes and sizes, with an average particle size ranging from 9 to 36 nm. EDX spectra verified the presence of an oxide layer on all three metal oxide nanoparticles. UV-vis and FTIR spectroscopy revealed additional optical characteristics. The antibacterial activities of FeO, ZnO, and CuO nanoparticles were tested using disk diffusion assays against <i>Salmonella enterica</i>, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, and <i>Escherichia coli</i>. The results showed that the antibacterial efficiency of these nanoparticles varied according to the type of bacteria. ZnO nanoparticles had the highest antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, while FeO nanoparticles had the lowest antibacterial efficacy. These data imply that ZnO nanoparticles, in particular, have antibacterial properties.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100109,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/appl.202400200","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143114507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TER-Ox: Simultaneous Monitoring of Epithelial Barrier Function (TER) and Mitochondrial Respiration (Ox)","authors":"Tobias Naber,&nbsp;Katharina Winter,&nbsp;Joachim Wegener","doi":"10.1002/appl.202400172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/appl.202400172","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Epithelial barrier function and cellular respiration are key cellular phenotypes in health and disease and as such involved in the progression of many pathological disorders. Accordingly, the molecular drivers are targeted extensively in drug development using appropriate disease models in vitro. So far, quantification of barrier function and metabolic respiration had to be conducted in individual phenotypic assays, making it impossible to track changes simultaneously in a single cell layer over longer periods. We have developed an assay platform that allows for simultaneous monitoring of both, the epithelial barrier function and metabolic activity of cell layers cultured on permeable substrates label-free and non-invasively. Therefore, we designed a stainless-steel measurement chamber capable of combining impedance spectroscopy and ratiometric fluorescence-based oxygen mapping. In this platform, the barrier function is quantified as the <i>transepithelial electrical resistance</i> (TER) while the respiratory activity is expressed as the <i>apparent oxygen consumption rate</i> (AOCR) yielding the name TER-Ox for the combined setup. We validated the TER-Ox system by studying the epithelial cell lines MDCK-I, MDCK-II, and A549, covering a wide range of barrier tightness. Results of the combined TER-Ox setup were compared to established but individual readouts of barrier function (cellZscope®) and oxygen consumption (VisiSens TD®). Also, we show that differences in both parameters are readily monitored while treating cell layers with modulators affecting the electron transport chain (Antimycin A and malonoben) or barrier integrity (Cytochalasin D).</p>","PeriodicalId":100109,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/appl.202400172","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143111214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Model-Based Method for Local Monitoring of Steel Structures","authors":"Arne Goedeke","doi":"10.1002/appl.202400224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/appl.202400224","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper introduces a novel method for monitoring steel structures for fatigue cracks. The method combines measurements from strain gauges (SG) with pre-conducted structural simulations to quantitatively and precisely determine the position and length of cracks in critical areas. Experimental results validate the reliability and effectiveness of this approach, demonstrating its ability to enable early crack detection. A key advantage of this method is its simplicity: it requires only three strain gauge bridges (one reference SG and two for crack detection). This makes the approach both cost-efficient and flexible. It is particularly suited for localized monitoring tasks and offers significant benefits over other, often more complex, methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":100109,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/appl.202400224","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143110718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dot-by-Dot Printing of Capacitors by Lift","authors":"Stefan Lux,&nbsp;Nadezda Kuznetsova,&nbsp;Ajeya R. Simha,&nbsp;Dario Mager,&nbsp;Frank Breitling,&nbsp;Jan G. Korvink","doi":"10.1002/appl.202400266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/appl.202400266","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Capacitors play a crucial role in modern electronics as they are widely employed for energy storage, signal processing, radiofrequency tuning and matching, and signal filtering. This paper presents a novel approach to chip-scale capacitor fabrication utilizing the laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT) technique, a versatile 3D printing method that offers a flexible and cost-effective alternative to conventional manufacturing processes. Plate capacitors were fabricated through dot-by-dot printing of titanium di-oxide and silver paste layers, and their performance evaluated. Optimal dot circularity at a diameter of 130 <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>μ</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${rm{mu }}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>m were achieved with printing parameters of 120 mW for 4 ms, with no noticeable surface defects. Using smaller dots enabled higher resolution, but this compromised the quality of the printed surface. The fabricated capacitors demonstrated a mean capacity of 40.1 <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>±</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $pm $</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> 2.2 pF at 100 MHz, making them suitable also for high-frequency applications. The resistivity of the printed silver tracks was <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>1.2</mn>\u0000 <mspace></mspace>\u0000 \u0000 <mo>×</mo>\u0000 <mspace></mspace>\u0000 \u0000 <mn>1</mn>\u0000 \u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mn>0</mn>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>−</mo>\u0000 \u0000 <mn>7</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 <mspace></mspace>\u0000 \u0000 <mi>Ω</mi>\u0000 \u0000 <mi>m</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $1.2,times ,1{0}^{-7},{rm{Omega }}{rm{m}}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>, measured over 16 structures, and closely matched the manufacturer's specifications for the silver ink. The achieved resolution from the dot-by-dot method used in this paper provided greater flexibility in transfer in comparison to previously reported results using a square-shaped transfer geometry.</p>","PeriodicalId":100109,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/appl.202400266","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143118823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Water Ageing of Epoxies: Effect of Thermal Oxidation","authors":"Nawfel Tahraoui,&nbsp;Romain Delannoy,&nbsp;Isabelle Derue,&nbsp;Emmanuel Richaud","doi":"10.1002/appl.202400126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/appl.202400126","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Epoxy samples obtained by curing bisphenol A diglycidyl ether with triethylenetetramine are thermally oxidized at 160°C under air. The impact on water sorption is investigated by water uptake recorded by Dynamic Vapor Sorption and the gravimetric method. Experimental data mainly showed that water solubility in epoxies increases due to oxidative degradation, meanwhile, the formation of clustering remains limited. In the investigated ageing conditions, water diffusion obeys Fick's law. Despite a significant chain scission process, water diffusivity in polymer remains constant, possibly in line with the fact that hydroxypropylethers are the driving force of water diffusion and are not degraded during thermal ageing.</p>","PeriodicalId":100109,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/appl.202400126","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142868701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}