Applied Research最新文献

{"title":"Prehistoric Oral Hygiene: Solution to the Sweet–Sour Paradox","authors":"Mike Kh. Haddad,&nbsp;Michael Gente,&nbsp;Mouhsine Elbekali,&nbsp;Andrei P. Sommer","doi":"10.1002/appl.70032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/appl.70032","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study explores human enamel erosion to improve oral hygiene strategies. In 2020, UK households spent approximately 1.5 billion British pounds on dental services. Consuming sugary foods fosters bacterial plaque, creating an acidic milieu that attacks enamel. Here, dentists recommend brushing immediately. However, acidic foods and beverages reduce enamel hardness almost instantly. For this case, dentists recommend to wait 30 min before brushing. A paradox which justifies the question: What is the optimal oral hygiene routine for simultaneous ingestion of food containing sugar and acidic beverages? Using in-liquid nanoindentation and scanning electron microscopy, we investigated enamel erosion under different acidic milieus. Inspired by a Nature article on the discovery of enamel micropores, largely overlooked in dental research, we identified these structures as primary targets of erosion. Coupled with insights from biomimetic practices, we propose an innovative oral hygiene solution. We developed a model toothbrush enabling immediate postmeal use, featuring soft, hollow bristles filled with antibacterial agents like thymol. Regarding the efficiency in removing deposits that harbor bacteria this novel approach surpasses mouthwash–toothpaste combinations. Thus, we provide the first practical solution to the “sweet and sour” paradox, potentially reducing dental care costs and enhancing dental health outcomes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100109,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research","volume":"4 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/appl.70032","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144869454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Geometrical Dimensions on the Structural and Excited State Dynamics in Halide Perovskites","authors":"Rahul Palsaniya,&nbsp;Govind Sharma,&nbsp;Mandeep Kaur,&nbsp; Manendra,&nbsp;Saurabh Saini,&nbsp;Kapil Kumar,&nbsp;Deepak Choudhary,&nbsp;Swarnkesh Loyalka,&nbsp;Narendra Jakhar,&nbsp;Sarita Kumari","doi":"10.1002/appl.70031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/appl.70031","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The crystalline structure of semiconductor materials significantly alters their photophysical properties. Halide perovskites have rapidly become a cornerstone in optoelectronics due to their exceptional optoelectronic properties, including high absorption coefficients, long carrier diffusion lengths, and remarkable defect tolerance. The geometrical dimensionality of halide perovskites plays a crucial role in determining their optoelectronic properties, particularly in both steady-state and excited-state dynamics. However, the influence of dimensional tuning on the hot carrier dynamics and recombination pathways in methylammonium lead bromide (MAPbBr₃) perovskites remains insufficiently explored. In this study, we systematically investigate the impact of geometric dimensionality on the structural and excited-state properties of MAPbBr₃, ranging from bulk single crystals to nanocrystalline forms. Our results show that reducing the size from single crystals to nanocrystals (NCs) leads to a significant bandgap widening, from 2.16 eV to 2.74 eV, accompanied by a decrease in crystallite size. Ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy reveals that hot carrier relaxation occurs more rapidly in NCs (13 ps) compared to polycrystalline thin films (39 ps). Furthermore, the carrier recombination lifetime is extended in bulk forms, which we attribute to band dispersion effects resulting from enhanced energy level overlaps as the material transitions from nanoscale to bulk dimensions. These findings provide critical insights into the role of dimensionality in tuning the photophysical behavior of halide perovskites, offering valuable guidance for their application in next-generation optoelectronic devices.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100109,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research","volume":"4 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/appl.70031","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144858601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic Heat Dissipation in Electronics Using Nano-Encapsulated Phase Change Material and Hybrid Convection–Radiation Strategies","authors":"Hamza Elouizi,&nbsp;L. El Moutaouakil,&nbsp;M. Boukendil","doi":"10.1002/appl.70027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/appl.70027","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Thermal regulation in miniaturized electronics with heterogeneous heat generation profiles has emerged as a pivotal challenge for sustaining performance and reliability in next-generation technologies. To address these thermal challenges, this study explores an electronic cooling system combining nano-encapsulated phase change material (NEPCM) with convection–radiation coupling. The system features a partitioned cavity with three different heat-generating blocks, divided by a conductive plate into an open section (cooled by natural convection and radiation) and a porous closed section saturated with NEPCM. Using the Galerkin finite element method, cooling efficiency is analyzed across critical parameters: PCM properties (melting temperature <i>T</i>_<i>f</i> = 300–315 K, Stefan number Ste = 0.4–1), plate geometry (thickness <i>e</i> = 0.04–0.24 cm, displacement <i>d</i> = 2.7–3.6 cm), radiative effects (emissivity <i>ε</i> = 0.1–0.9), nanoparticle concentration (%), porous media (<i>Da</i> = 10⁻⁵–10⁻²) and the cavity inclination angle (<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>α</mi>\u0000 \u0000 <mo>=</mo>\u0000 \u0000 <mo>−</mo>\u0000 \u0000 <mn>9</mn>\u0000 \u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mn>0</mn>\u0000 \u0000 <mo>°</mo>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $alpha =-9{0}^{^circ }$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> to <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>9</mn>\u0000 \u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mn>0</mn>\u0000 \u0000 <mo>°</mo>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $9{0}^{^circ }$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>). The findings reveal that the maximum temperatures of the blocks can vary significantly, with reductions exceeding 7% when key parameters, such as Darcy number and cavity inclination angle, are optimized. In contrast, other parameters have a more limited influence, resulting in variations not exceeding 2%. These insights highlight the importance of selecting appropriate parameters for enhanced thermal management in electronic applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100109,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research","volume":"4 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/appl.70027","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144773667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Light Transmittance of Transparent 3D Printing Resins","authors":"Jakub Wabiński,&nbsp;Andrzej Araszkiewicz,&nbsp;Anna Pakuła,&nbsp;Magdalena Łazińska","doi":"10.1002/appl.70028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/appl.70028","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Many manufacturers offer resins that are advertised as transparent. Transparent 3D printed parts are not only visually attractive, but this feature is often required for practical use, for example, in optical parts. The manufacturers themselves point out that achieving optimal light transmittance requires appropriate post-processing. In this study, we evaluate the transparency of 10 types of commercial 3D printing resins by measuring their light transmittance. Each resin was used to print sample tiles that were post-processed in eight different ways. The light transmittance of each sample was then measured using a commercial spectrophotometer to determine which post-processing methods yielded the best transmittance properties for flat objects printed using different resins. We also evaluate the impact of post-processing methods on the chromaticity measures and surface roughness of the sample tiles. Finally, we assess the effect of samples' exposure to direct sunlight by comparing light transmittance measurements taken at two different time points. Our results show that to ensure the highest level of transparency, it is crucial to coat the parts with a layer of clear varnish. For such samples, transmittance averages nearly 24% higher than for the unvarnished ones.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100109,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research","volume":"4 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/appl.70028","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144725420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and Implementation of an Automated Functional Testing System for NV11 Massage Seat Controller With Performance Optimization","authors":"Junhong Hao,&nbsp;Baifeng Li,&nbsp;Xinyuan Zhao,&nbsp;Jiawei Chen,&nbsp;Binxian Zheng,&nbsp;Jingkang Qu","doi":"10.1002/appl.70029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/appl.70029","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This paper addresses the growing need for efficient and precise automated testing of automotive electronic control units (ECUs), specifically focusing on the NIO NV11 massage seat controller. Traditional manual testing methods suffer from significant inefficiencies and accuracy limitations, while existing automated systems lack specialized load modeling and seamless integration with manufacturing execution systems (MES). The proposed solution aims to bridge these gaps through a comprehensive testing framework. The system integrates hardware and software components to enable end-to-end automation. The hardware core consists of an industrial computer (IPC) interfacing via the local interconnect network (LIN) bus, complemented by a Flash burning module, LIN communication interface, and programmable power supply. A custom test fixture facilitates uninterrupted transitions from functional verification to data uploading, while digital instrumentation ensures fine-grained testing precision. The software architecture leverages intelligent algorithms for adaptive parameter adjustment and real-time data analysis. Experimental results demonstrate notable performance improvements: testing time is reduced by ~30% compared to traditional methods, while error rates decrease by around 20%, ensuring high repeatability and accuracy. The system's modular design enables straightforward adaptation to other automotive ECUs, such as anti-lock braking systems (ABS) and electronic stability programs (ESP), with minimal modifications. Industrial deployment has validated its ability to enhance testing efficiency, reliability, and flexibility in meeting evolving automotive quality control demands. This study contributes a robust automated testing framework that combines hardware-software integration with intelligent algorithms, addressing critical gaps in existing solutions. The system's scalability and adaptability position it as a valuable asset for advancing ECU testing in the automotive industry, with future developments targeting AI-driven predictive maintenance and expanded application scenarios. The abbreviations are shown in the “Abbreviations” section.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100109,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research","volume":"4 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/appl.70029","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144705396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phase Transformation From Amorphous to Crystalline in MoS2 Nanosheets Prepared via Desulfurization of MoS3: Investigation of Optical and Structural Properties","authors":"Rahim Lotfi Orimi,&nbsp;Ensieh Esfandyari","doi":"10.1002/appl.70026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/appl.70026","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study reports the synthesis of amorphous and polycrystalline molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) nanostructures. Amorphous MoS₂ nanoparticles were synthesized by desulfurizing MoS₃ under hydrazine vapor at 360°C. Polycrystalline nanosheets were obtained by annealing at 800°C. For comparison, crystalline MoS₂ nanoparticles were also synthesized via a hydrothermal method. The structural and optical properties were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), photoluminescence (PL), and UV-visible spectroscopy. UV-visible analysis revealed a decrease in the bandgap energy from approximately 2.4 to 2.0 eV, attributed to the change in synthesis method. Annealing significantly influenced the crystallographic and optical properties of MoS₂. The initial desulfurized MoS₃ sample exhibited an amorphous structure, while both the annealed and hydrothermally prepared samples showed a polycrystalline structure.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100109,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research","volume":"4 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/appl.70026","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144614994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Facile Planetary Ball Mill Synthesis, Structural and Ferroelectric Properties in Nanostructured BaTiO3–SrTiO3–KNbO3 for Energy Storage Applications","authors":"S. A. Helmy,&nbsp;Ahmed E. Hannora,&nbsp;F. F. Hanna,&nbsp;D. E. El Refaay,&nbsp;M. M. El-Desoky","doi":"10.1002/appl.70024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/appl.70024","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The ternary nanostructured 0.39BaTiO₃–0.31SrTiO₃–0.30KNbO₃ mol% (BKS) system was prepared via the mechanical milling technique. The composite powders were ball milled for durations of 0.5, 5, 10, and 20 h to facilitate the synthesis of nanostructured materials. XRD at ambient temperature for these nanostructured materials was precisely examined across varying ball milling durations. The characterization and identification of BKS were carried out using FTIR and HRTEM at a milling time 20 h. HRTEM verified the nanoparticle formation, and the mean size of the particles is estimated to be ~13.07 nm. The dielectric parameters were systematically plotted in relation to temperature at varying frequencies. The sample exhibited a wide and dispersed peak at the temperature-dependent dielectric permittivity <i>ɛ</i>′ (<i>T</i>) and loss tangent, as the temperature increased alongside the measuring frequency, indicative of the typical relaxor ferroelectric behavior. Electrical conduction properties of the synthesized BKS were measured through (AC) electrical conductivity at various temperatures. Moreover, the relaxor ferroelectric characteristics evidenced by a <i>P</i>–<i>E</i> hysteresis loop indicate an energy-recovered storage density (<i>W</i>_rec = 13.40 mJ/cm³) and efficiency of about (<i>η</i> = 79%) at 333 K. These findings propose that the nanostructured BKS sample may serve as an applicable candidate for energy preservation technologies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100109,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research","volume":"4 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/appl.70024","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144581963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cover Image: Volume 4 Issue 4","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/appl.70025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/appl.70025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Applied Research</i> is a multidisciplinary journal that focuses on bridging fundamental research and practical applications, supporting sustainable problem-solving and global initiatives. The journal covers high-quality research in fields such as Materials,A pplied Physics, Chemistry, Applied Biology, Food Science, Engineering, Biomedical Sciences, and Social Sciences. Authors can submit various article types, including Reviews, Tutorials, and Research Articles. The journal aims to highlight innovative research that demonstrates the application of knowledge, methods, instrumentation, and technology into solutions.\u0000\u0000 <figure>\u0000 <div><picture>\u0000 <source></source></picture><p></p>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </figure></p>","PeriodicalId":100109,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research","volume":"4 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/appl.70025","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144520062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient Frequent Subgraph Mining for Dynamic Network Graphs Using Golden Dung Graph Hybridization","authors":"Naga Mallik Atcha,&nbsp;Jagannadha Rao D B,&nbsp;Vijayakumar Polepally","doi":"10.1002/appl.70019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/appl.70019","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Frequent subgraph mining (FSM) is one of the most critical procedures for mining meaningful patterns in large and dynamic graph datasets, common in several applications, such as social networks and biological data analysis. Traditional FSM methods are developed primarily with static graphs in mind and, thus, are inefficient when applied to dynamic data, especially data that updates continuously. This paper provides a novel framework of efficient FSM for dynamic network graphs with the support of a four-phase approach involving preprocessing, map, shuffle, and sort, and reduce phases. The hybrid optimization approach developed is known as Golden Dung Graph Hybridization (GDGH) and is a synchronization of Dung Beetle Optimization Algorithm and Golden Jackal Optimization Algorithm to optimize subgraph selection. For subgraph embedding and isomorphism testing, we further conduct a comparative study of several message-passing neural networks. Furthermore, this study conducts extensive experiments on several datasets that show significant superiority over the existing FSM methods in processing time, memory efficiency, and accuracy to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed framework.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100109,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research","volume":"4 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/appl.70019","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144219932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Numerical Study on Enhancing Silicon Solar Cell Efficiency via the Integration of AgInSe2","authors":"Kevin Gurbani Beepat,&nbsp;Davinder Pal Sharma,&nbsp;Dinesh Pathak,&nbsp;Vinod Kumar","doi":"10.1002/appl.70022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/appl.70022","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The material AgInSe₂ (AIS) has garnered much attention for the improvement of the power conversion efficiency in solar cells in recent years. To understand how AIS affects the structure of silicon (Si) solar cells, this study numerically compared Si solar cells to Si/AIS solar cell structures using COMSOL Multiphysics. It was discovered that adding AIS to Si improved the shunt resistance, which increased the open-circuit voltage (V_OC) and marginally increased the short-circuit current density (J_SC). The entire effect caused the efficiency to rise from 10.12% to 11.04% with the final structure having a J_SC, V_OC and fill factor of 18.78 mA/cm², 0.694 V and 0.846 respectively. The results indicate that the AIS layer might be crucial to producing extremely efficient solar cells, by improving its shunt resistance. It was also investigated how heating effects occur within the solar cells. Joule heating was discovered to occur at the locations of the p-n junctions, whereas non-radiative recombination heating was found to happen within the first 5 μm of the solar cell. Studying the heating effects inside the cell is crucial to limiting them and enhancing the cell's operational performance. Based on the results gained from this study, AIS can be suggested as an influential material for achieving higher efficiencies within Si solar cells and may therefore provide an effective strategy and source for the manufacture of high-performance solar cells.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100109,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research","volume":"4 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/appl.70022","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144206931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}