Applied Research最新文献

{"title":"Effect of Microencapsulated Aloe Vera as Green Inhibitor for Anticorrosion Properties in Simulated Alkali Solution","authors":"Muhammad Hadi Fathi Yacoob,&nbsp;Qutrulnada Mohd Aswan,&nbsp;Nurul Syazmeen Saiful Rijal,&nbsp;Mahzan Johar,&nbsp;Mohamad Shahrul Effendy Kosnan,&nbsp;Puteri Sri Melor Megat-Yusoff,&nbsp;Shahrulzaman Shaharuddin","doi":"10.1002/appl.70098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/appl.70098","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In the industrial use of metal structures, corrosion has a very serious impact on the durability and cost efficiency of the structures. This article demonstrated that microencapsulated Aloe vera has a great potential as an environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in a simulated alkaline environment. This study involved the incorporation of aloe vera extract in alginate microcapsules, which allows the active compounds to be released in a controlled manner, and the limitation of short-term period of protection that is observed to be exhibited by the free plant-extract inhibitors. Preparation of the microcapsules was done using various concentrations of aloe vera extract from 1% to 3%. The corrosion behavior was evaluated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the corrosion rates after 7, 14, and 21 days were estimated using weight loss method. Findings indicated that the sample with 1% of alginate and 1% of aloe vera had the lowest rates of corrosion, as it declined by 0.79 mm/yr at 7 days to 0.20 mm/yr at 21 days. This shows that there was a long-term inhibitory effect that was enhanced with the length of immersion. The concentration of aloe vera increased the inhibition effect, proving the role of the encapsulated extract. SEM analysis indicated severe corrosion in uninhibited samples, while samples with microencapsulated Aloe vera showed fewer defects and more compact surfaces. These results showed that aloe vera microcapsules can be used successfully to reduce the corrosion damage and enhance surface integrity, as well as provide the sustainable alternative to synthetic inhibitors. Microencapsulation of aloe vera in corrosion inhibition under alkaline conditions can be useful in industrial corrosion control, as it can increase the longevity of metals and minimize costs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100109,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research","volume":"5 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/appl.70098","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147715106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Microencapsulated Aloe Vera as Green Inhibitor for Anticorrosion Properties in Simulated Alkali Solution","authors":"Muhammad Hadi Fathi Yacoob,&nbsp;Qutrulnada Mohd Aswan,&nbsp;Nurul Syazmeen Saiful Rijal,&nbsp;Mahzan Johar,&nbsp;Mohamad Shahrul Effendy Kosnan,&nbsp;Puteri Sri Melor Megat-Yusoff,&nbsp;Shahrulzaman Shaharuddin","doi":"10.1002/appl.70098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/appl.70098","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In the industrial use of metal structures, corrosion has a very serious impact on the durability and cost efficiency of the structures. This article demonstrated that microencapsulated Aloe vera has a great potential as an environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in a simulated alkaline environment. This study involved the incorporation of aloe vera extract in alginate microcapsules, which allows the active compounds to be released in a controlled manner, and the limitation of short-term period of protection that is observed to be exhibited by the free plant-extract inhibitors. Preparation of the microcapsules was done using various concentrations of aloe vera extract from 1% to 3%. The corrosion behavior was evaluated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the corrosion rates after 7, 14, and 21 days were estimated using weight loss method. Findings indicated that the sample with 1% of alginate and 1% of aloe vera had the lowest rates of corrosion, as it declined by 0.79 mm/yr at 7 days to 0.20 mm/yr at 21 days. This shows that there was a long-term inhibitory effect that was enhanced with the length of immersion. The concentration of aloe vera increased the inhibition effect, proving the role of the encapsulated extract. SEM analysis indicated severe corrosion in uninhibited samples, while samples with microencapsulated Aloe vera showed fewer defects and more compact surfaces. These results showed that aloe vera microcapsules can be used successfully to reduce the corrosion damage and enhance surface integrity, as well as provide the sustainable alternative to synthetic inhibitors. Microencapsulation of aloe vera in corrosion inhibition under alkaline conditions can be useful in industrial corrosion control, as it can increase the longevity of metals and minimize costs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100109,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research","volume":"5 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/appl.70098","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147715160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Digital Public Health Interventions in Malaysia: A Scoping Review of User Acceptance, Usability, Health Outcomes, and Implementation Challenges","authors":"Jackson Utong,&nbsp;Mohd Sham Othman,&nbsp;Mahadir Ahmad,&nbsp;Caryn Mei Hsien Chan","doi":"10.1002/appl.70095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/appl.70095","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Digital health integration into the healthcare system has shown promising health outcomes and service efficiency in recent years. But the level of use of digital health and the factors associated with technology acceptance among Malaysian public have not been adequately studied. The PRISMA-ScR framework is used to assess the degree of user acceptance, usability features, health related outcomes and the major challenges in relaying its implementation. Articles published from 2021 to 2024 were sought in four main databases. Altogether, 16 articles were included in this review. High (≥ 70%) acceptance and positive attitudes towards digital health tools were reported among Malaysian populations in the studies. Usability attributes mainly identified regarding the acceptance of technology are perceived usefulness (<i>n</i> = 15), learnability (<i>n</i> = 7) and ease of use (<i>n</i> = 7). Better adherence to treatment and self-management of disease were positively correlated with better health. Key barriers were limited access to internet, language difficulties, privacy concerns and low level of digital literacy. Sustainable digital transformation in Malaysia can also be addressed through a focus on the development of multilingual apps, offline availability and targeted digital literacy programs among vulnerable populations to reduce inequalities and promote inclusivity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100109,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research","volume":"5 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/appl.70095","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147714997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Digital Public Health Interventions in Malaysia: A Scoping Review of User Acceptance, Usability, Health Outcomes, and Implementation Challenges","authors":"Jackson Utong,&nbsp;Mohd Sham Othman,&nbsp;Mahadir Ahmad,&nbsp;Caryn Mei Hsien Chan","doi":"10.1002/appl.70095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/appl.70095","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Digital health integration into the healthcare system has shown promising health outcomes and service efficiency in recent years. But the level of use of digital health and the factors associated with technology acceptance among Malaysian public have not been adequately studied. The PRISMA-ScR framework is used to assess the degree of user acceptance, usability features, health related outcomes and the major challenges in relaying its implementation. Articles published from 2021 to 2024 were sought in four main databases. Altogether, 16 articles were included in this review. High (≥ 70%) acceptance and positive attitudes towards digital health tools were reported among Malaysian populations in the studies. Usability attributes mainly identified regarding the acceptance of technology are perceived usefulness (<i>n</i> = 15), learnability (<i>n</i> = 7) and ease of use (<i>n</i> = 7). Better adherence to treatment and self-management of disease were positively correlated with better health. Key barriers were limited access to internet, language difficulties, privacy concerns and low level of digital literacy. Sustainable digital transformation in Malaysia can also be addressed through a focus on the development of multilingual apps, offline availability and targeted digital literacy programs among vulnerable populations to reduce inequalities and promote inclusivity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100109,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research","volume":"5 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/appl.70095","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147715011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green Synthesis of Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Quantum Dots in Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent for Sustainable Detection of Sn²⁺ Ions","authors":"Meenachi Sundaram,&nbsp;Prasad Selladurai,&nbsp;Shanmugam Palanisamy,&nbsp;Rekha Subramani","doi":"10.1002/appl.70093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/appl.70093","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots (N-CQDs) were synthesized using a green hydrothermal method with a lignin precursor in a natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) and used for selective Sn²⁺ ion detection. Uniformly distributed spherical N-CQDs with a mean diameter of 4.3 ± 0.9 nm and intense excitation-independent blue emission at 445 nm with a quantum yield of 21% were obtained. Results from structural studies using FT-IR, XPS, XRD, and TEM/SAED confirm the successful doping of nitrogen in pyridinic, pyrrolic, and graphitic forms with sufficient surface ─COOH and ─NH functional groups for metal ion coordination. The sensor material shows a linear Stern–Volmer relationship in the concentration range from 0.5 to 60 µM with a high quenching constant (<i>K</i>sv = 4.1 × 10⁴ M⁻¹) and low detection limits of 0.52 µM (NADES) and 0.80 µM (aqueous system). Temperature-dependent Stern–Volmer plots confirm static quenching with surface complexes and photo-induced electron transfer from Sn²⁺ ions to N-CQDs. Improved sensing capability in the NADES system is due to better dispersion and reduced aggregation of the quantum dots and increased metal-ligand binding affinity. The method demonstrated good repeatability (RSD = 3.1%), reproducibility (RSD = 4.5%), and satisfactory recoveries (95.2%–103.4%) in simulated environmental samples. The proposed NADES-mediated platform offers a sustainable, sensitive, and reliable fluorescence strategy for environmental monitoring of Sn²⁺ ions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100109,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research","volume":"5 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/appl.70093","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147715287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Technology Enhanced Learning in Science Education: A Bibliometric Analysis of Research Trends and Thematic Evolution","authors":"Nurashikin Muzafar,&nbsp;Nur Jahan Ahmad","doi":"10.1002/appl.70092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/appl.70092","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Technology enhanced learning (TEL) has become progressively central to science education as digital technologies are increasingly integrated into instructional practices. This expansion is driven by rapid digital transformation, evolving pedagogical orientations and the widespread adoption of online and hybrid learning models. Despite the growing body of empirical work, a coherent understanding of the long-term development, thematic structure and research directions of TEL within science education is yet to be sufficiently established. Accordingly, this research applies a bibliometric approach to map the development of technology enhanced learning scholarship within science education between 2005 and 2025. After a PRISMA-informed screening process, 725 journal articles indexed in Scopus formed the final dataset for this bibliometric analysis. Descriptive indicators and relational bibliometric techniques were employed using Scopus Analyzer and VOSviewer to examine publication trends, leading journals, authors, institutions and countries, as well as dominant research themes and their temporal evolution. Analysis of the publication trends shows that research on technology enhanced learning has expanded continuously over time, with a substantial increase occurring from 2019. Thematic mapping identifies four major research clusters, namely technology supported pedagogical approaches and learner engagement, digital and STEM-oriented learning environments, online and blended learning modalities and teacher education contexts. The overlay visualisation indicates a gradual shift from earlier e-learning-oriented studies towards the adoption of more immersive, interactive and pedagogically integrated digital technologies. Simultaneously, there are multiple research gaps that are found to recur in the analysis, such as the lack of focus on learning processes underlying the use of technology, the lack of consistency of the learning theory with the technological design and the absence of longitudinal support of the hybrid technology enhanced model of learning. Overall, this study advances understanding of the intellectual development of technology enhanced learning in science education and provides directions for more theoretically grounded and sustainable future research.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100109,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research","volume":"5 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/appl.70092","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147715292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green Synthesis of Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Quantum Dots in Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent for Sustainable Detection of Sn²⁺ Ions","authors":"Meenachi Sundaram,&nbsp;Prasad Selladurai,&nbsp;Shanmugam Palanisamy,&nbsp;Rekha Subramani","doi":"10.1002/appl.70093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/appl.70093","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots (N-CQDs) were synthesized using a green hydrothermal method with a lignin precursor in a natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) and used for selective Sn²⁺ ion detection. Uniformly distributed spherical N-CQDs with a mean diameter of 4.3 ± 0.9 nm and intense excitation-independent blue emission at 445 nm with a quantum yield of 21% were obtained. Results from structural studies using FT-IR, XPS, XRD, and TEM/SAED confirm the successful doping of nitrogen in pyridinic, pyrrolic, and graphitic forms with sufficient surface ─COOH and ─NH functional groups for metal ion coordination. The sensor material shows a linear Stern–Volmer relationship in the concentration range from 0.5 to 60 µM with a high quenching constant (<i>K</i>sv = 4.1 × 10⁴ M⁻¹) and low detection limits of 0.52 µM (NADES) and 0.80 µM (aqueous system). Temperature-dependent Stern–Volmer plots confirm static quenching with surface complexes and photo-induced electron transfer from Sn²⁺ ions to N-CQDs. Improved sensing capability in the NADES system is due to better dispersion and reduced aggregation of the quantum dots and increased metal-ligand binding affinity. The method demonstrated good repeatability (RSD = 3.1%), reproducibility (RSD = 4.5%), and satisfactory recoveries (95.2%–103.4%) in simulated environmental samples. The proposed NADES-mediated platform offers a sustainable, sensitive, and reliable fluorescence strategy for environmental monitoring of Sn²⁺ ions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100109,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research","volume":"5 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/appl.70093","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147715289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Technology Enhanced Learning in Science Education: A Bibliometric Analysis of Research Trends and Thematic Evolution","authors":"Nurashikin Muzafar,&nbsp;Nur Jahan Ahmad","doi":"10.1002/appl.70092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/appl.70092","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Technology enhanced learning (TEL) has become progressively central to science education as digital technologies are increasingly integrated into instructional practices. This expansion is driven by rapid digital transformation, evolving pedagogical orientations and the widespread adoption of online and hybrid learning models. Despite the growing body of empirical work, a coherent understanding of the long-term development, thematic structure and research directions of TEL within science education is yet to be sufficiently established. Accordingly, this research applies a bibliometric approach to map the development of technology enhanced learning scholarship within science education between 2005 and 2025. After a PRISMA-informed screening process, 725 journal articles indexed in Scopus formed the final dataset for this bibliometric analysis. Descriptive indicators and relational bibliometric techniques were employed using Scopus Analyzer and VOSviewer to examine publication trends, leading journals, authors, institutions and countries, as well as dominant research themes and their temporal evolution. Analysis of the publication trends shows that research on technology enhanced learning has expanded continuously over time, with a substantial increase occurring from 2019. Thematic mapping identifies four major research clusters, namely technology supported pedagogical approaches and learner engagement, digital and STEM-oriented learning environments, online and blended learning modalities and teacher education contexts. The overlay visualisation indicates a gradual shift from earlier e-learning-oriented studies towards the adoption of more immersive, interactive and pedagogically integrated digital technologies. Simultaneously, there are multiple research gaps that are found to recur in the analysis, such as the lack of focus on learning processes underlying the use of technology, the lack of consistency of the learning theory with the technological design and the absence of longitudinal support of the hybrid technology enhanced model of learning. Overall, this study advances understanding of the intellectual development of technology enhanced learning in science education and provides directions for more theoretically grounded and sustainable future research.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100109,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research","volume":"5 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/appl.70092","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147715288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Segmentation Analysis of Travellers' Attitudes in the Klang-Valley Towards Electric Vehicles","authors":"Thinesh Gaundar A/L Raja Ratnam,&nbsp;Fazilatulaili Ali,&nbsp;Mohd Fahmi Mohamad Amran,&nbsp;Muhammad Fairuz Abd Rauf,&nbsp;Sharifah Aishah Syed Ali,&nbsp;Muhammad Nazri Borhan,&nbsp;Ahmad Nazrul Hakimi Ibrahim,&nbsp;Hazri Haidar","doi":"10.1002/appl.70094","DOIUrl":"10.1002/appl.70094","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The purpose of this study is to examine the travel-related perceptions and behaviours of the residents of the Klang Valley and categorise them into different groups. This research employs the analytic technique of hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) and is focused on the area of environmental concern, economic viability, the existing infrastructure and the awareness of state-sponsored subsidies. HCA was applied to the collected data of respondents from the Klang Valley, where data dimensionality reduction from 16 to 5 was applied, and the data reliability testing was conducted. The identified clusters were subjected to attitude and motivation analysis in order to determine the statistically significant differences. The study discovered that there are travel-related customers groups who possess distinctly different travel-related parameters. Some of them possess a high focus on travel costs, while others concern on the environment or have a greater awareness of the available technologies. The insights from this segmentation would be critical for policy formulation and strengthen electric vehicles (EV) companies, local authorities and policy makers in their marketing strategies. It adds to the body of literature by a localised context of how EV could become a tool toward sustainable transportation development in Malaysia with regards to EV adoption.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100109,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research","volume":"5 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/appl.70094","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147585146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modification of Titania and Iron Oxide Pigments for Application in Photoinitiated Cationic Polymerization of Epoxidized Linseed Oil","authors":"Veronika Strehmel,&nbsp;Maximilan Kepkow,&nbsp;Markus Heinz,&nbsp;Qunying Wang,&nbsp;Marcel Prieto,&nbsp;Bernd Strehmel","doi":"10.1002/appl.70091","DOIUrl":"10.1002/appl.70091","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The surface of titania, iron oxide red, iron oxide black, and iron oxide yellow particles was modified by silanization using octadecyltrimethoxysilane in case of all particles. Tetraethoxysilane, octadecyltriethoxysilane, as well as octyltrimethoxysilane were used for surface modification of titania particles only. Furthermore, the surface of titania, iron oxide black, and iron oxide red particles was also modified with a starch laurate protection layer. Moreover, a polymer protection layer was generated in case of titania particles by mini-emulsion polymerization using the bio-based methyl 9-(methacryloyloxy)-10-hydroxy octadecanoate/9-hydroxy-10-(methacryloyloxy) octadecanoate isomer mixture alone or together with hexandiol-1,6-dimethacrylate as crosslinker. Investigation of the surface modified particles in the photoinitiated cationic polymerization of epoxidized linseed oil (ELO) showed differences in epoxy conversion during ELO polymerization alone or together with bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether (BADGE, weight ratio ELO: comonomer = 2: 1) in the presence of isopropyl thioxanthone (ITX) as sensitizer and bis(<i>t</i>-butyl phenyl iodonium) tetrakis(<i>t</i>-perfluorobutoxy) aluminate (S2617) as photoinitiator using an UV-LED emitting at 395 nm for the irradiation during photo-DSC and real-time FT-IR spectroscopic measurements. Crosslinked films were only obtained in case of using surface modified particles in the photoinitiated cationic polymerization of the ELO BADGE mixture. Furthermore, Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) of crosslinked films made from ELO together with bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether in the absence of pigment and in the presence of iron oxide black pigment gives information regarding differences in the glass transition temperature of these films.</p>","PeriodicalId":100109,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research","volume":"5 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/appl.70091","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147579874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}