Quantum Tribology: Harnessing Nanoscale Quantum Effects for Superior Friction Control

Abstract

The study of friction, wear, and lubrication – traditionally governed by classical physics – is undergoing a transformation with the emergence of quantum tribology, a field where quantum mechanical effects play a pivotal role in surface interactions at the nanoscale. Phenomena such as quantum tunneling, electron–phonon coupling, electron transfer, modifications in atomic orbital interactions, and van der Waals interactions significantly influence tribological behavior, presenting both challenges and opportunities for materials science and engineering. This review explores recent breakthroughs in quantum tribology, including graphene-based lubricants, doped diamond-like carbon coatings, nanoparticle-enhanced coatings, phototribology, structural superlubricity, and self-healing films, which offer promising avenues for reducing energy dissipation and material wear. By leveraging quantum effects, these advancements have the potential to enhance the performance and longevity of tribological systems in industries such as microelectronics, automotive, aerospace, power generation, and nanomanufacturing. Despite these strides, critical hurdles remain, including the need for advanced computational models capable of capturing the intricate quantum mechanisms and experimental techniques capable of capturing and validating quantum-driven tribological phenomena at relevant scales. Addressing these challenges will unlock new frontiers in ultra-low friction technologies, paving the way for more efficient and durable materials working at the atomic and molecular scales.