Springer最新文献

{"title":"Enhancing integrated optical circuits: optimizing all-optical NAND and NOR gates through deep learning and machine learning","authors":"Pouya Karami,&nbsp;Alireza Mohamadi,&nbsp;Fariborz Parandin","doi":"10.1007/s11082-024-07989-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11082-024-07989-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper proposes a two-dimensional photonic crystal structure for designing optical NAND and NOR logic gates using dielectric rods in an air substrate. The simplicity and compact size of the proposed structure make it suitable for the fabrication of integrated optical circuits. This study leverages machine learning methods, specifically the AdaBoost Regressor and Feedforward Neural Network (FNN) models, to enhance gate performance by identifying optimal parameters. Notably, this research introduces the optimization of the phase parameter and rod radius to improve gate efficiency. Additionally, we evaluated 30 different architectures to determine the best FNN model for each scenario. The proposed gates exhibit high output power for the logical “1” state and low output power for the logical “0” state, which is crucial for minimizing detection errors. Our results indicate that machine learning techniques can significantly enhance the performance and reliability of optical logic gates, paving the way for advancements in integrated optical circuit design.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":720,"journal":{"name":"Optical and Quantum Electronics","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142880530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optical transition rates of a polar quantum disc with conical disclination in a magnetic field: effects of some forms of the electric potential","authors":"Vinod Kumar,&nbsp;Surender Pratap,&nbsp;Moletlanyi Tshipa,&nbsp;Monkami Masale","doi":"10.1140/epjp/s13360-024-05909-2","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjp/s13360-024-05909-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Theoretical investigations are carried out of optical transitions of a polar disc with a conical disclination and under the influence of a parallel applied uniform magnetic field. Additional confinement of the electron is due to an intrinsic electric confining potential of the polar disc modelled by any of the forms: infinite polar square well (IPSW), parabolic potential (PP) and shifted parabolic potential (SPP). As is well known, the parallel applied magnetic field lifts the double degeneracy of the non-zero azimuthal quantum number <i>m</i> electronic states. This Zeeman splitting is such that the <span>(m&gt;0)</span>electron energy sub-bands increase monotonically with an increase of the magnetic field, while the <span>(m&lt;0)</span>states initially decrease as the magnetic field is increased. Now, in systems with cylindrical symmetry, the allowed optical transitions are those between the electron’s states whose azimuthal quantum numbers differ by unity. The conical disclination is characterized by a kink parameter which is <span>(kappa &lt;1)</span> for a segment cut off from the disc and <span>(kappa &gt;1)</span> for a segment introduced into the polar disc. An increase of <span>(|kappa |)</span> leads to a decrease of transition energies, which in turn gives rise to an increase of the corresponding transition rates of optical transitions. Thus, peaks of transition rates get red shifted as the kink parameter increases. Additionally, the magnitude of the transition rates increases with the increasing value of the kink parameter. The magnetic field enhances transition energies involving states with angular momentum in one direction (here, those with positive angular momentum number <i>m</i>), while it decreases those involving states with angular momentum in the opposite direction (negative <i>m</i> states). It has also been found that parallel magnetic field blue shifts peaks of rates of transitions involving the <span>(m&gt;0)</span> states, while it red shifts peaks of those involving the <span>(m&lt;0)</span> states. The parabolic potential enhances transition energies, while the shifted parabolic potential reduces the transition energies. Consequently, the parabolic potential blue shifts peaks of transition rates, while the shifted parabolic potential red shifts the peaks. The results presented here suggest that a conical disclination and the overall confinement potential can be employed to tune and modulate the optical transition rates of a quantum disc.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":792,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal Plus","volume":"139 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1140/epjp/s13360-024-05909-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142880482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of Nb-doped and undoped TiO2 nanocoatings with varying dopant concentrations","authors":"Öznur Arslan,&nbsp;Halil İbrahim Efkere,&nbsp;Erman Çokduygulular,&nbsp;Çağlar Çetinkaya,&nbsp;Caner İldeş,&nbsp;Barış Kınacı","doi":"10.1007/s10854-024-14092-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10854-024-14092-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) without doped and with different amounts of niobium (Nb) doped coating with thicknesses of ~ 100 nm were deposited on glass and n-Si substrates at room temperature by radio frequency magnetron sputtering. Nb doping ratios were determined as 0% (NTO-0), 3% (NTO-3), 5% (NTO-5), and 7% (NTO-7). Structural, morphological, and optical analyses of NTO-0, NTO-3, NTO-5, and NTO-7 samples on a glass substrate were performed. The X-Ray Diffraction method performed the structures’ crystallite quality. Quantitative elemental microanalysis of the structure was performed by scanning electron microscopy with the energy dispersive spectroscopy method. The surface morphologies of the structures were performed by the Atomic Force Microscope system. The transmittance spectra of the structures were performed by UV–Visible Spectrometer systems. The electrical properties of the Au/n-Si structure with TiO₂ interface layer doped 3% Nb depending on the frequency (between 100 kHz to 1 MHz) and the voltage (in the range of ± 4 V) using <i>C–V</i> and <i>G/ω–V</i> characteristics were obtained.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":646,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142880536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanostructured SrZrTiO2 xerogel films for efficient perovskite solar cell applications","authors":"Amirmahmoud Bakhshayesh,&nbsp;Niyoushasadat Nezamoddinykachooye,&nbsp;Seyed Milad Hosseini","doi":"10.1007/s00339-024-08170-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00339-024-08170-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The present research comes up with a single-step approach for the preparation of SrZrTiO₂ xerogel films as an electron transport layer for fabricating efficient perovskite solar cells (PSCs). This film is made up of uniform with the average diameter of around 200 nm. Each sphere is composed of 20 nm TiO₂ particles co-doped with Sr²⁺ and Zr⁴⁺. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction demonstrated that there are no distinct strontium and zirconium compositions created during the film deposition process and the percentage of the introduced ions into the TiO₂ lattice affects its crystallographic characteristics and band gap. A champion PSC based on a xerogel film containing Sr and Zr dopants with the atomic percent of 0.075 and 0.6, respectively, had the maximum performance of 18.73% compared to the reference cell (i.e., 9.18%). This improvement is ascribed to lower series resistance (i.e., 9.95 Ω), charge recombination resistance (i.e., 1194.02 Ω), and electron lifetime (i.e., 23.83 μs) of the champion cell, as evidenced by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Incorporating both alkaline-earth metals and transition metals into titania xerogel films presents an innovative approach to developing high-performance PSCs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":473,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics A","volume":"131 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142880483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanched UV photodetector based on WO3/SnO2 heterostructure nanowire","authors":"Mir Waqas Alam,&nbsp;Imesangla Ao,&nbsp;Shima Sadaf,&nbsp;Elangbam Rameshwar Singh","doi":"10.1007/s00339-024-08177-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00339-024-08177-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>WO₃/SnO₂ heterostructure nanowire array was fabricated using the Glancing angle deposition technique (GLAD), which is a growth-controlled and catalytic-free process. Well-aligned, vertical NWs are observed in the field emission scanning electron microscope image. The X-ray diffraction measurement revealed SnO₂ amorphous and WO₃ crystalline nature. The material exhibits strong absorption in the UV region with a direct bandgap of approximately 3.1 eV and 3.6 eV for WO₃ and SnO_2, respectively. Electrical analysis at room temperature, conducted over a voltage range of -5 to 5 V, demonstrates the device's performance, with a good detectivity (D*) of 6.93 × 10¹³ and responsivity of 5.9 A/W. Additionally, the device shows a stable switching response at -3 V, with a rise time of 0.30 s and a fall time of 0.32 s.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":473,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics A","volume":"131 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142880532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Structure, Function, and Adaptation of Lower-Limb Aponeuroses: Implications for Myo-Aponeurotic Injury.","authors":"Scott Hulm, Ryan G Timmins, Jack T Hickey, Nirav Maniar, Yi-Chung Lin, Katherine R Knaus, Bryan C Heiderscheit, Silvia S Blemker, David A Opar","doi":"10.1186/s40798-024-00789-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-024-00789-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aponeurosis is a large fibrous connective tissue structure within and surrounding skeletal muscle and is a critical component of the muscle-tendon unit (MTU). Due to the lack of consensus on terminology and the heterogeneous nature of the aponeurosis between MTUs, there are several questions that remain unanswered. For example, the aponeurosis is often conflated with the free tendon rather than being considered an independent structure. This has subsequent implications when interpreting data regarding the structure, function, and adaptation of the aponeuroses from these studies. In recent years, a body of work has emerged to suggest that acute injury to the myo-aponeurotic complex may have an impact on return-to-sport timeframes and reinjury rates. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to provide a more detailed understanding of the morphology and mechanical behaviour common to all aponeuroses, as well as the unique characteristics of specific lower-limb aponeuroses that are commonly injured. This review provides the practitioner with a current understanding of the mechanical, material, and adaptive properties of lower limb aponeuroses and suggests directions for future research related to the myo-aponeurotic complex.</p>","PeriodicalId":21788,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine - Open","volume":"10 1","pages":"133"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142882896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unraveling the resonant frequency of H-shaped microstrip antennas using a deep learning approach","authors":"Akram Bediaf,&nbsp;Sami Bedra,&nbsp;Djemai Arar,&nbsp;Mohamed Bedra","doi":"10.1007/s10825-024-02270-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10825-024-02270-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper introduces a novel physics-informed learning approach that combines principles from physics with deep learning techniques to optimize the simulation process of microstrip antennas. These deep learning-based approaches are preferable because traditional full-wave models used in antenna design are computationally intensive and require significant memory due to their reliance on iterative algorithms, leading to exponential increases in resource demands as input parameters grow. In contrast, the proposed deep learning method requires significant computational resources only during training, with a constant time complexity of O(1) during deployment. This results in much faster modeling, allowing a broader range of antenna configurations to be processed more quickly, thereby improving the efficiency of the design workflow. Unlike conventional deep learning methods that rely solely on data, our approach leverages the underlying physical laws governing antenna behavior, particularly beneficial when labeled data is scarce or difficult to obtain. We propose a bias observational physics-informed learning technique by integrating physical laws into the loss function, which includes two components: Neuron Loss, the standard MSE measuring prediction accuracy against actual data, and Physics Loss, which penalizes deviations from physical laws as represented by a cavity model. The total loss combines these two, with higher physics loss indicating poorer alignment with physical principles and lower physics loss suggesting better adherence to them. This approach refines predictions by balancing data fidelity with physical constraint, wherein the dataset is sourced from simulations and real-world measurements. This strategy ensures model uncertainty and broad generalization capabilities. Computational efficiency is a key consideration, with our approach implemented on low-specification hardware, emphasizing optimal resource and power consumption. The H-shaped microstrip antennas (HMAs), known for its wide and dual-band properties, serves as the target antenna for our study. We employ three sequential models’ recurrent neural networks (RNN), long short-term memory (LSTM), and gated recurrent unit (GRU)—integrated with a cavity model-driven resonance frequency representation to maintain the resonance mode TM¹⁰ at prediction. Comparative analysis of these models encompasses execution time, prediction convergence, loss reduction, prediction score (<i>R</i>²), as well as memory and CPU usage. This research contributes four main sections elucidating the methodology, experimental setup, and results analysis, underscoring the efficacy of our deep learning approach in antenna optimization.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Computational Electronics","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142875270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Study on the Enhancement of Boiling Heat Transfer Performance Under the Condition of the Downward Heating Surface by an Electric Field","authors":"Xieyang Zhang,&nbsp;Jiayu Zuo,&nbsp;Qing Li,&nbsp;Bin Liu,&nbsp;Wangfang Du","doi":"10.1007/s12217-024-10154-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12217-024-10154-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper experimentally investigated the impact of the electric field strength (<i>E</i>), electrode installation heights (<i>H</i>), and the electrode shape on enhanced pool boiling heat transfer performance under a downward heating surface with an electric field. It is observed that the critical heat flux (CHF) generally increases with increasing electric field strength. For instance, for the mesh electrode, the CHF is increased by 100.0%, 240.0%, 340.0%, and 440.0% at <i>E</i> = 0.35 × 10⁶ V/m, 0.70 × 10⁶ V/m, 1.05 × 10⁶ V/m, and 1.40 × 10⁶ V/m, respectively, compared to <i>E</i> = 0 V/m. Furthermore, the electrodes hinder the detachment of vapor bubbles, which becomes more pronounced when the electrode installation height is low. At the same time, the more micro-ribs of the electrodes and the denser the distribution, the more uniform the electric field generated. Under this condition, the “pinch-off effect” caused by the non-uniform electric field is reduced, which is more conducive to enhancing boiling heat transfer performance. Ultimately, at <i>H</i> = 5.0 mm and <i>E</i> = 1.40 × 10⁶ V/m, the CHF with grid electrodes improved by 101.1% compared with the horizontally upward without the electric field, which is a superior combination of working conditions and suggests that a more optimistic boiling heat transfer performance can be obtained in microgravity. This work provides guidance for enhancing boiling heat transfer in microgravity by an electric field.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":707,"journal":{"name":"Microgravity Science and Technology","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142875292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Operation and performance of the ATLAS tile calorimeter in LHC Run 2","authors":"ATLAS Collaboration","doi":"10.1140/epjc/s10052-024-13151-4","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjc/s10052-024-13151-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The ATLAS tile calorimeter (TileCal) is the hadronic sampling calorimeter covering the central region of the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). This paper gives an overview of the calorimeter’s operation and performance during the years 2015–2018 (Run 2). In this period, ATLAS collected proton–proton collision data at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV and the TileCal was 99.65% efficient for data-taking. The signal reconstruction, the calibration procedures, and the detector operational status are presented. The performance of two ATLAS trigger systems making use of TileCal information, the minimum-bias trigger scintillators and the tile muon trigger, is discussed. Studies of radiation effects allow the degradation of the output signals at the end of the LHC and HL-LHC operations to be estimated. Finally, the TileCal response to isolated muons, hadrons and jets from proton–proton collisions is presented. The energy and time calibration methods performed excellently, resulting in good stability and uniformity of the calorimeter response during Run 2. The setting of the energy scale was performed with an uncertainty of 2%. The results demonstrate that the performance is in accordance with specifications defined in the Technical Design Report.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":788,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal C","volume":"84 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1140/epjc/s10052-024-13151-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142880466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing physical and mechanical properties of single-layer particleboards bonded with canola protein adhesives: impact of production parameters","authors":"Lawrence Tene Tayo,&nbsp;Darshan Shivappa Nayaka,&nbsp;Aldo Joao Cárdenas-Oscanoa,&nbsp;Markus Euring","doi":"10.1007/s00107-024-02163-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00107-024-02163-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates the effects of various production parameters on the physical and mechanical properties of one-layer particleboards bonded with canola protein-based adhesives. Two protein-based adhesive formulations, CPI-B-0 with sodium bisulfate and CPI-N-60 with sodium nitrite crosslinkers, were examined under different conditions: binder content, press temperature, and press time factor. Results indicate that the CPI-N-60 outperformed the CPI-B-0 in terms of internal bonding strength (IB), modulus of rupture (MOR), and modulus of elasticity (MOE) due to the stronger covalent bonds formed with primary amines present in the protein adhesive. Increasing binder content led to significant improvements in mechanical properties, with the internal bonding and the MOR increasing by 21% and 9% when using 9% binder content over 7% respectively. The press temperature, as well as the press time were found to yield the highest influence on mechanical properties, with higher values resulting in better performance. Increasing the press temperature from 170 °C to 190 °C led to 33% increment in the internal bonding and 20% in the MOR, while 67% and 28% increment was obtained with 210 °C press temperature, respectively. Increasing the press time also led to an increase in the mechanical properties of the particleboards, by almost the same proportions as the effect of press temperature. The interaction effects between production parameters highlighted the importance of optimized conditions for achieving the desired properties. Indeed, under certain press conditions, the CPI-N-60 outperformed the conventional UF K345, achieving an IB value of 0.8 N/mm² over 0.65 N/mm². Overall, this study contributes to a better understanding of canola protein-based bio adhesive, with implications for the optimization of the production parameters for better boards’ properties.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00107-024-02163-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142880540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}