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{"title":"Covariant phase space and L∞ algebras","authors":"Vinícius Bernardes,&nbsp;Theodore Erler,&nbsp;Atakan Hilmi Fırat","doi":"10.1007/JHEP09(2025)057","DOIUrl":"10.1007/JHEP09(2025)057","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We propose a symplectic structure for the phase space of a generic Lagrangian field theory expressed in the framework of <i>L</i>_<i>∞</i> algebras. The symplectic structure does not require explicit knowledge of the derivative content of the Lagrangian, and therefore is applicable to nonlocal models, such as string field theory, where traditional constructions are difficult to apply. We test our proposal in a number of examples ranging from general relativity to <i>p</i>-adic string theory.</p>","PeriodicalId":635,"journal":{"name":"Journal of High Energy Physics","volume":"2025 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/JHEP09(2025)057.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144998522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tree-level four-point function for a scalar field conformally coupled to Einstein’s gravity on Euclidean AdS4","authors":"Carmelo P. Martin","doi":"10.1007/JHEP09(2025)059","DOIUrl":"10.1007/JHEP09(2025)059","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Using the AdS/CFT correspondence, we compute the tree-level four-point boundary scalar correlation function for a scalar field conformally coupled to the graviton field on Euclidean AdS₄. We assume that the dynamics of the graviton field is governed by the Einstein-Hilbert action. We carry out the computation in momentum space and check that the result so obtained is consistent with the conformal Ward identities.</p>","PeriodicalId":635,"journal":{"name":"Journal of High Energy Physics","volume":"2025 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/JHEP09(2025)059.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144998523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computational Study of the Effect of Metal Change on the Structural, Electronic, and Optical Properties of Perovskites [NH3(CH2)4NH3]MCl4 (M = Co, Cd): Optoelectronic Applications","authors":"Sana Mazouar,&nbsp;Hafida Ziouani,&nbsp;Ilyas Chabri,&nbsp;Abdelilah Taoufik,&nbsp;El Mostafa Khechoubi,&nbsp;Mahmoud Ettakni","doi":"10.1007/s13538-025-01884-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13538-025-01884-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites (OIHP) are currently the subject of rigorous study due to their promising utility in optoelectronics and photovoltaics. Therefore, in this work, we perform an in-depth analysis of OIHP perovskites, in particular [NH₃(CH₂)₄NH₃]MCl₄ (M = Co, Cd). We focus on structural, electronic, and optical properties and present information on this subject for the first time. Our study revealed the stable triclinic phase structure of the hybrid [NH₃-(CH₂)₄-NH₃]CoCl₄ and monoclinic of the hybrid [NH₃-(CH₂)₄-NH₃]CdCl₄ perovskites, with calculated free energies of − 10522.91 eV and − 10520.13 eV, corresponding to a relative stability difference of approximately 2.78 eV, respectively indicating their structural robustness. The semiconducting characteristics of [NH₃(CH₂)₄NH₃]CoCl₄ and [NH₃(CH₂)₄NH₃]CdCl₄ are highlighted by their wide indirect band gaps of 1.84 eV and 0.88 eV, respectively. We then examine the optical parameters, including the dielectric function, absorption coefficient, optical conductivity, refractive index, and energy loss function. Our results highlight the exceptional ability of these materials to absorb ultraviolet radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum, making them promising candidates for optoelectronic applications. The outcomes of our research catalyze deeper inquiry into the application of these materials in technologically significant contexts. Calculations were performed using a first-principles approach based on density functional theory (DFT). The electronic properties of the system were examined using the HSE06 hybrid exchange–correlation function and the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof generalized gradient approximation (PBE-GGA) within the CASTEP framework. Within this framework, Kramers–Kronig relations are used to obtain crucial optical parameters.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":499,"journal":{"name":"Brazilian Journal of Physics","volume":"55 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144998524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MOF-templated hollow Pd/CdS@Co3S4 nanocages with synergistic Z-scheme/Schottky effects for photoelectrochemical biosensing of chlorpyrifos featuring exceptional dynamic range","authors":"Shipeng Huang,&nbsp;Haicai Huang,&nbsp;Jingqiu Liu,&nbsp;Haoyu Duan,&nbsp;Xi Chen,&nbsp;Houyang Chen","doi":"10.1007/s00604-025-07469-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00604-025-07469-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p> A novel ternary synergistic photoelectrochemical (PEC) probe is presented utilizing metal–organic framework (MOF)-templated Pd/CdS@Co₃S₄ nanocages for sensing chlorpyrifos (CPF) using chronoamperometry under an applied bias of − 65 mV with 465-nm LED illumination. Derived from ZIF-67 via in situ sulfidation, the hollow nanocage architecture integrated CdS nanoparticles with Co₃S₄ to form a direct Z-scheme heterojunction, while decorating Pd quantum dots (QDs) created a Schottky barrier, implementing a crucial dual charge-transfer enhancement strategy. Density functional theory (DFT) simulations confirmed a 0.36-eV Fermi level difference at heterojunction interface, verifying a forced built-in electric field. The optimized Pd/CdS@Co₃S₄ nanocomposite exhibited a remarkable 4.63-fold photocurrent amplification over its pristine Co₃S₄, establishing a high-intensity signal baseline essential for accommodating wide-range concentration-dependent signal attenuation. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-immobilized biosensor quantified CPF via inhibition-triggered competitive electron consumption to attenuate photocurrent. The sensor demonstrated exceptional performance for CPF detection, most notably featuring a linear dynamic range spanning four orders of magnitude (0.1 ~ 2000 ng·mL⁻¹). Furthermore, it achieved a low detection limit (0.05 ng·mL⁻¹, <i>S</i>/<i>N</i> = 3), outstanding specificity against interfering species, excellent long-term stability, and reliable accuracy in complex real water samples (96.5 ~ 104.5%). This study proposes dual charge-transfer enhancement strategy and hollow architecture, addressing the broad-concentration-range in environmental pesticide detection with good sensitivity and adaptability to real-world matrices.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":705,"journal":{"name":"Microchimica Acta","volume":"192 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144998569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating hematological profile and biomarker analysis for metals and metalloids ecotoxicological assessment on Wallago catfish and Indian carp health in Head Siphon, Mailsi, Pakistan.","authors":"Kaynat Saeed, Sajid Abdullah, Muhammad Yaqoob, Minahal Fatima, Zunaira Majeed, Muhammad Ismail, Sara F Ghanem, Moaheda E H Eissa, Hesham Hassanien, Zulhisyam Abdul Kari, El-Sayed Hemdan Eissa","doi":"10.1007/s10534-025-00737-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10534-025-00737-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bioaccumulation of metals and metalloids in marine environments poses a significant risk to both human and aquatic health, with seasonal fluctuations substantially influencing its dynamics and magnitude. This study investigated the impact of metals and metalloids exposure on the health of Wallago attu (Wallago catfish) and Catla catla (Indian carp) inhabiting the Head Siphon, Mailsi, Pakistan. This study involved the seasonal (May 2022, October 2022, April 2023) assessment of physicochemical properties and the concentrations of several metals and metalloids-copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe)-in water samples. Additionally, we evaluated hematological indices and antioxidant enzyme such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) in both fish species. Our analysis revealed seasonal variations in water quality and metal/metalloid concentrations. The results indicate summer exhibited the highest metal concentrations, following the trend: Cu > Zn > Fe > Cd > Cr > As > Ni. Specifically, Cu peaked in summer, Cr and Ni remained relatively stable, Cd decreased from summer to winter/spring, and Zn mirrored Cu trends, while Fe significantly reduced in winter. Several trace elements and water parameters (pH, nitrate) exceeded USEPA permissible limits, indicating water quality deterioration and potential ecological risks. Antioxidant enzyme profiling revealed species-specific oxidative stress responses. In W. attu, SOD varied distinctly across organs and seasons, with unique winter CAT trends suggesting complex antioxidant defense mechanisms. C. catla displayed elevated SOD, POD, and CAT levels, indicative of a robust stress response. Species-specific hematological variations, potentially indicative of metal/metalloid contamination, were observed. Notably, increased white blood cell counts in spring suggested pollutant-induced immune responses. This study reveals a complex interplay between environmental stressors and fish health, showing that exposure to metals and metalloids can cause adverse physiological effects in W. attu and C. catla. These findings are important because they suggest a potential risk to human health through the consumption of contaminated fish.</p>","PeriodicalId":491,"journal":{"name":"Biometals","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144999374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tunable photoluminescence from blue to red in nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots: structural characterization and emission mechanism","authors":"Pham Thu Nga,&nbsp;Nguyen Thi Mai Huong,&nbsp;Nguyen Hai Yen,&nbsp;Le Dai Vuong,&nbsp;Nguyen Huynh Mai Hanh,&nbsp;Phan Xuan Thien,&nbsp;Le Xuan Hung","doi":"10.1007/s10854-025-15705-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10854-025-15705-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, the synthesis and characterization of nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs) were exhibited tunable photoluminescence (PL) properties, enabling color emission shifts from blue to red. N-GQDs were synthesized under varying Ethanol/H₂O ratios. The molecular structure of the precursors and the presence of key functional groups, as identified through Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, play critical roles in modulating the emission behavior of N-GQDs. Detailed analysis of their optical properties, including absorption, photoluminescence excitation (PLE), and photoluminescence (PL) spectra, revealed that the emission color changes result from alterations in energy levels within the Cπ*—Cπ bandgap due to quantum confinement effects and nitrogen-related defects. Notably, the N-GQDs samples, which were synthesized with a 90/10 Ethanol/H₂O ratio, it exhibited optimal PL intensity and a pronouncedred-shifted emission (~ 600 nm), highlighting its potential for bio-labeling and optoelectronic applications. Furthermore, the tunable emission behavior, demonstrated through adjustments in precursor composition and solvent ratios, underscores the versatility of N-GQDs in applications such as multicolor displays and solid-state luminescence. These findings provide valuable insights into the relationship between synthesis parameters, surface functionalization, and optical properties, paving the way for the rational design of GQD-based materials for advanced technological applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":646,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics","volume":"36 25","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10854-025-15705-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144990387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Study of the Effect of Magnetic Field Pulse Duration on Residual Stress and Surface Hardness of 40Kh13, R6М5, and 40KhМFА Steels","authors":"A. N. Matyas,&nbsp;A. M. Milyukova,&nbsp;A. A. Lyakh","doi":"10.3103/S1068375525700528","DOIUrl":"10.3103/S1068375525700528","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The effect of magnetic-pulse treatment on changes in the properties of steel grades 40Kh13, R6M5, and 40KhMFA depending on the pulse duration, frequency and energy characteristics of the treatment is studied theoretically and experimentally. An experimental MIU 20-21 magnetic-pulse unit capable of increasing pulse duration and changing the strength of the magnetic field is developed. Dependencies of variation in microhardness and in the surface roughness parameter <i>R</i>a of the studied samples are obtained on different magnetic-pulse units with different technical characteristics and under different modes of exposure. The treatment has made it possible to reduce the surface roughness values from 5 to 26%, to diminish the spread in values of surface microhardness and to increase it up to 20%. The research into the pulsed magnetic field effect on residual stresses in samples indicates the possibility of changing them stably and repeatedly. Stresses have been completely regulated in several samples using this method of magnetic-pulse treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":782,"journal":{"name":"Surface Engineering and Applied Electrochemistry","volume":"61 4","pages":"511 - 518"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144990412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of spin-orbit coupling mode of vector vortex beam on the electromagnetically induced transparency and absorption in rubidium vapor","authors":"Samim Akhtar,&nbsp;Rakiba Rahaman,&nbsp;Md Jalaluddin,&nbsp;Jayanta K. Saha,&nbsp;Md. Mabud Hossain","doi":"10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-06763-6","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-06763-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this article, we experimentally study the influence of the vector vortex beam (VVB)-assisted spin-orbit coupling (SOC) mode on the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and absorption (EIA) spectra in multi-level <span>(Lambda )</span>- and V-type schemes formed by <span>(^{85})</span>Rb-D<span>(_{2})</span> hyperfine transitions. We have observed that the coherent signals (EIT and EIA) formed in the Doppler-broadened non-vortex probe absorption profile are significantly modulated by the orbital angular momentum (OAM) of the pump VVB. Furthermore, it is shown that the resolution of these coherent signals can be maximized by adjusting the ratio of the pump-probe fields strength for each OAM number. It is also found that each OAM corresponds to a unique pump-probe strength ratio at which the EIT and EIA signals attain their maximum amplitude. The experimental results regarding the substantial modulation of the atomic coherent signals with the variation of OAM indicate that the subluminal (slow light) and superluminal (fast light) propagation of the non-vortex probe beam inside an atomic medium can efficiently be controlled by the SOC mode of the pump VVB.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":792,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal Plus","volume":"140 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144990435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the Influence of Ni2+ Doping on the Photocatalytic Performance of ZnGa2O4","authors":"Yue Zu,&nbsp;Jiahao Ye,&nbsp;Zixuan Shi,&nbsp;Hongna Cheng,&nbsp;Zihan Wang,&nbsp;Ziyue Zhang,&nbsp;Diao Zhang,&nbsp;Zuotao Liu,&nbsp;Yi Shen,&nbsp;Fengfeng Li","doi":"10.1007/s10562-025-05139-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10562-025-05139-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The pursuit of photocatalysts is a crucial endeavor in the field of green chemistry with the growing environmental hazards caused by pollutants and organic dyes. Photocatalytic process serves as a cornerstone in addressing urgent environmental challenges, encompassing tasks such as hydrogen generation through water splitting, the reduction of pollutants, and the decomposition of organic dyes. Since d¹⁰ electronic configuration semiconductors allow higher mobility of photoexcited electrons, among them Zinc gallate has become a research hotspot because it is a typical spinel compound with two d¹⁰ configuration cations. This study specifically investigates the photocatalytic activity of ZnGa₂O₄ in the decomposition of Rhodamine B and the photolysis of water, which are critical for environmental remediation. Despite the promising potential of ZnGa₂O₄ in photocatalysis, its wide bandgap presents limitations to light absorption efficiency. In order to solve the above problems, doping Nickel ion with a + 2 charge into ZnGa₂O₄ to modify it becomes a key strategy, as it can bring additional energy levels to enhance the separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs, which achieves the result of improving the photocatalytic efficiency, and may also lead to a wider spectral response range and improve the photocatalytic performance of the material in the visible region. Although the relevant research reports on ZnGa₂O₄ are beginning to take shape, further exploration is still needed, especially regarding the shortening of the ZnGa₂O₄ bandgap width, with detailed mechanistic insights presented. This study addresses this issue by providing a comprehensive analysis. Ni²⁺-doped ZnGa₂O₄ photocatalytic materials were prepared hydrothermally. The characterization technique to confirm the enhanced inherent photocatalytic properties of ZnGa₂O₄ is then further explained. Finally, an overview of the main challenges facing the field is given and potential directions for future research are highlighted.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":508,"journal":{"name":"Catalysis Letters","volume":"155 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144990497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcriptomic Analysis of Litopenaeus vannamei: Understanding Salinity Adaptation Mechanisms in Freshwater Environments","authors":"Xuenan Li,&nbsp;Xi Cheng,&nbsp;Xilin Dai","doi":"10.1007/s10126-025-10511-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10126-025-10511-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><i>Litopenaeus vannamei</i> exhibits strong salinity adaptation; however, its survival and growth are significantly reduced in freshwater environments. To investigate the response mechanisms of <i>L. vannamei</i> to freshwater conditions, gill tissues from shrimp cultured for 30 days in both freshwater and seawater environments were used as experimental material in this study. Transcriptome sequencing was performed using the Illumina platform to analyze differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and regulatory pathways associated with salinity stress. Additionally, real-time quantitative PCR was employed to validate the transcriptome findings. A total of 1173 DEGs were identified between the groups, including 408 upregulated and 765 downregulated genes. These DEGs were primarily associated with pathways related to ATP binding, metabolic processes, oxidative phosphorylation, purine metabolism, and phagosome formation. <i>Litopenaeus vannamei</i> appears to adopt to salinity stress by enhancing energy metabolism pathways such as oxidative phosphorylation to meet the increased energy demands of osmoregulation. The upregulation of the glutathione metabolism pathway likely contributes to mitigating oxidative damage induced by salinity stress. Furthermore, the enrichment of genes in the structural constituent of cuticle pathway suggests a role in ion regulation and maintenance of osmotic balance. This study provides foundational data for advancing the understanding of physiological response mechanisms in <i>L. vannamei</i> under freshwater aquaculture conditions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":690,"journal":{"name":"Marine Biotechnology","volume":"27 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144990551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}