Chemical Engineering Journal Advances最新文献

{"title":"Adaptation of an additively manufactured reactor concept for catalytic methanation with in-situ tar co-reforming of biogenic syngas","authors":"Jakob Müller,&nbsp;Alexander Feldner,&nbsp;Simon Markthaler,&nbsp;Peter Treiber,&nbsp;Jürgen Karl","doi":"10.1016/j.ceja.2024.100692","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ceja.2024.100692","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The methanation of biogenic syngas for GreenLNG production is a promising alternative for fossil gas. The market price of renewable methane is currently still too high to compete with fossil LNG. One of the reasons for that is the extensive gas cleaning that is necessary for the methanation of syngas from the thermochemical gasification of biomass. A main cost factor is the removal of tar components. As part of the Horizon Europe project CarbonNeutralLNG, we propose a 3D-printed methanation reactor, which makes use of the freedom in design gained by the additive manufacturing process in order to adapt the reactor design for the in-situ co-reforming of tars. The reactor uses heat pipes and a conically widened reaction channel to effectively control local temperatures, suiting the needs of the methanation reaction. A temperature hot spot near the inlet provides the necessary conditions (high temperature, a suitable catalyst and sufficient residence time) for the reforming of tar species, that are present in the syngas. Two reactor concepts are proposed. ADDmeth3.1 uses a dedicated internal channel structure that serves as a counter-current heat exchanger for the feed gas, whereas ADDmeth3.2 is optimized to fill the triangular footprint of a scalable reactor module as best as possible. Both designs were subject to a preliminary feasibility study, to ensure sufficient heat removal and a finite element analysis regarding structural stability was performed. Minimum safety factors against yielding of 3.53 and higher were achieved even without the internal diamond lattice support structure. The triangular modular reactor cell can easily be scaled up by connecting multiple cells in parallel, since the triangular shape can be extended efficiently into a honeycomb pattern.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9749,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Journal Advances","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100692"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142759158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative analysis of counter-current and co-current downer reactors using particle image velocimetry and computational particle-fluid dynamics","authors":"Talal A. Aldugman ,&nbsp;Mengmeng Cui ,&nbsp;Abdulrahman Alzailaie ,&nbsp;Abdullah Alhareth ,&nbsp;Kenneth Langley ,&nbsp;Lujain Alfilfil ,&nbsp;Khalid Almajnouni ,&nbsp;Jorge Gascon ,&nbsp;Sigurdur Thoroddsen ,&nbsp;Pedro Castaño","doi":"10.1016/j.ceja.2024.100687","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ceja.2024.100687","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We investigated the hydrodynamics in co- and counter-current downer operations using particle image velocimetry (PIV) and computational particle fluid dynamics simulations (CPFD). Pilot-scale experiments were conducted for fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts and sand, which verified the system stability and provided the validation basis for the simulation strategy. We compared the reactor characteristics of counter-current and co-current downers under different operating modes and conditions using PIV experiments and CPFD simulations. PIV experiments showed that the counter-current downer exhibits a more uniform particle velocity profile, with a gradient of only 8 % of the maximum velocity, compared to the co-current operation, which shows a significantly steeper gradient of 39.5 % from the maximum. Simulations confirmed that the counter-current downer reactor has 69 % higher solid holdup and 98 % longer residence time than the co-current operation. Thus, the counter-current downer reactor demonstrated intermediate behavior between the classical co-current downer and riser reactors, offering flexibility for industrial applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9749,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Journal Advances","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100687"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142759151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Selective solvothermal extraction of tetrabromobisphenol A to promote plastic recycling","authors":"Paavo Auvinen ,&nbsp;Ville H. Nissinen ,&nbsp;Erno Karjalainen ,&nbsp;Kirsi Korpijärvi ,&nbsp;Eerika Olkkonen ,&nbsp;Krista Grönlund ,&nbsp;Ilkka Rytöluoto ,&nbsp;Lauri Kuutti ,&nbsp;Mika Suvanto ,&nbsp;Janne Jänis ,&nbsp;Jarkko J. Saarinen","doi":"10.1016/j.ceja.2024.100688","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ceja.2024.100688","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Removal of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) is imperative for increasing the recycling rate of hazardous plastic waste. In mechanical recycling, BFRs should be removed without damaging the surrounding polymer matrix, but economically viable processes under mild conditions are still rare. In this study, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) was solvothermally extracted from a compounded high-impact polystyrene (HIPS, 2500 ppm Br) model sample in an autoclave using mixtures of water, isopropanol (IPA) and NaOH as solvents. Removal of total elemental bromine was analyzed with X-ray fluorescence (XRF), whereas the removal of TBBPA and other plastic additives was evaluated with direct insertion probe mass spectrometry (DIP-MS). IPA/NaOH extraction provided efficient bromine removal, but it also extracted plenty of other plastic additives, including phenolic stabilizers Irganox 1076 and Cyasorb UV-2908. The inclusion of water in the IPA/NaOH mixture shifted the extraction selectivity towards TBBPA, leaving most of the other additives unaffected. Furthermore, H₂O/IPA/NaOH was found to be equally effective in removing TBBPA from the samples with bromine concentrations an order of magnitude higher (25,000 ppm). Yet, larger plastic particle size hindered the extraction efficiency. ¹H NMR and size exclusion chromatography confirmed that the HIPS matrix was left unaffected after all the studied extractions. Additionally, DIP-MS was found to be a valuable characterization method for assessing the removal and decomposition of various additives from solid plastic samples with minimal sample preparation. Overall, the results presented herein offer a target-selective extraction processes under relatively mild conditions for further advancing the mechanical recycling of plastics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9749,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Journal Advances","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100688"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142748019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Discovering deposition process regimes: Leveraging unsupervised learning for process insights, surrogate modeling, and sensitivity analysis","authors":"Geremy Loachamín-Suntaxi ,&nbsp;Paris Papavasileiou ,&nbsp;Eleni D. Koronaki ,&nbsp;Dimitrios G. Giovanis ,&nbsp;Georgios Gakis ,&nbsp;Ioannis G. Aviziotis ,&nbsp;Martin Kathrein ,&nbsp;Gabriele Pozzetti ,&nbsp;Christoph Czettl ,&nbsp;Stéphane P.A. Bordas ,&nbsp;Andreas G. Boudouvis","doi":"10.1016/j.ceja.2024.100667","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ceja.2024.100667","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work introduces a comprehensive approach utilizing data-driven methods to elucidate the deposition process regimes in Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) reactors and the interplay of physical mechanism that dominate in each one of them. Through this work, we address three key objectives. Firstly, our methodology relies on process outcomes, derived by a detailed CFD model, to identify clusters of “outcomes” corresponding to distinct process regimes, wherein the relative influence of input variables undergoes notable shifts. This phenomenon is experimentally validated through Arrhenius plot analysis, affirming the efficacy of our approach. Secondly, we demonstrate the development of an efficient surrogate model, based on Polynomial Chaos Expansion (PCE), that maintains accuracy, facilitating streamlined computational analyses. Finally, as a result of PCE, sensitivity analysis is made possible by means of Sobol’ indices, that quantify the impact of process inputs across identified regimes.</div><div>The insights gained from our analysis contribute to the formulation of hypotheses regarding phenomena occurring beyond the transition regime. Notably, the significance of temperature even in the diffusion-limited regime, as evidenced by the Arrhenius plot, suggests activation of gas phase reactions at elevated temperatures. Importantly, our proposed methods yield insights that align with experimental observations and theoretical principles, aiding decision-making in process design and optimization. By circumventing the need for costly and time-consuming experiments, our approach offers a pragmatic pathway toward enhanced process efficiency. Moreover, this study underscores the potential of data-driven computational methods for innovating reactor design paradigms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9749,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Journal Advances","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100667"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bio-inspired green nanomaterials for tomato plant cultivation: An innovative approach of green nanotechnology in agriculture","authors":"Shoaib Khan ,&nbsp;Aoxue Wang ,&nbsp;Jiayin Liu ,&nbsp;Iltaf Khan ,&nbsp;Samreen Sadiq ,&nbsp;Aftab Khan ,&nbsp;Muhammad Humayun ,&nbsp;Abbas Khan ,&nbsp;Rasha A. Abumousa ,&nbsp;Mohamed Bououdina","doi":"10.1016/j.ceja.2024.100677","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ceja.2024.100677","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, green nanomaterials are increasingly being utilized in horticulture and agriculture due to their potential to transform plant development, improve crop yield, combat diseases, and pest management, among other applications. Significantly, green nanomaterials enhance nutrient delivery by improving stability, uptake, and solubility efficiency. Utilizing non-toxic precursors, waste reduction strategies, renewable resources, and energy-efficient processes, they offer sustainable technology advancement. Moreover, tomatoes, the largest domestic and industrial crop, yield around 200 million tons globally. They are beneficial for blood cleansing, gastrointestinal secretion, and nutrient reduction. However, they are susceptible to diseases like early blight, septoria leaf spot, late blight, and buckeye rot. In this regard, green nanomaterials have the potential to revolutionize agriculture by improving disease management, detecting diseases quickly, enhancing nutrient uptake, safely delivering agrochemicals, and reducing pesticide dosage. So, impressed by this, in this current review paper, we explored the use of green nanomaterials for tomato growth, and development and investigated their unique features, utilization, challenges, and future prospects. Ultimately, this review will open a new research gateway for plant-based nanomaterial and their utilization in various disciplines particularly for crop protection, growth, and soil health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9749,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Journal Advances","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100677"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of multivalent cations in determining the cross-linking affinity of alginate hydrogels: A combined experimental and modeling study","authors":"Aleš Ručigaj,&nbsp;Jurij Golobič,&nbsp;Tilen Kopač","doi":"10.1016/j.ceja.2024.100678","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ceja.2024.100678","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores the development of a comprehensive mathematical model to predict the cross-link density of alginate hydrogels using varying concentrations of divalent and trivalent ions. By systematically investigating the effects of Ca²⁺, Ba²⁺, Cu²⁺, Sr²⁺, Mg²⁺, Fe^3⁺ and Al³⁺, the research describes the relationship between ion concentration and cross-link density. Experimental data reveals that the type and concentration of these ions critically influence the mechanical properties of the resulting hydrogels, with trivalent ions such as Fe³⁺ forming stronger, triple cross-links that significantly enhance the hydrogel's mechanical strength. Among the divalent ions, the trend in binding affinity is as follows: Ba²⁺ with the highest affinity followed by Sr²⁺, Ca²⁺ and Cu²⁺, while Mg²⁺ stands out with the lowest affinity, significantly differing from the others. The deviation of Cu²⁺ (transition metal ion) from the expected trend in ion interactions suggests that coordination chemistry, along with ionic radius, valence, and cation coordination abilities, plays a significant role in determining interaction strength with alginate. The proposed model, enhanced with fitting parameters <em>k</em>₁ and <em>k</em>₂ to account for ion-specific effects, leverages the unique binding affinities and coordination chemistry of each ion to tailor alginate hydrogels for specific applications. The parameter <em>k</em>₁ reflects the affinity of the ions for the alginate chains, while <em>k</em>₂ captures the coordination abilities and cross-linking efficiency. This work not only advances the understanding of ion-mediated cross-linking in alginate systems but also offers a valuable tool for the design and optimization of hydrogels with precise mechanical properties governed by various applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9749,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Journal Advances","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100678"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"All-in-one fabrication of bimetallic PdIn-decorated porous PES membranes for the catalytic flow-through reduction of NO3− to NH3 with formic acid in water","authors":"Marcus Ropertz ,&nbsp;Mathias Ulbricht ,&nbsp;Lukas Fischer","doi":"10.1016/j.ceja.2024.100683","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ceja.2024.100683","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We utilized a novel <em>all-in-one</em> method to fabricate porous polyethersulfone (PES) membranes containing bimetallic PdIn as catalyst and a cationic ionomer to introduce charged surface groups. Our fabrication is based on <em>in situ</em> solidification of dissolved palladium and indium ions in a PES-ionomer casting-reaction solution, directly followed by preparation of porous catalytic membranes through film casting and phase separation in water. We employed as-prepared membranes in the catalytic reduction of NO₃⁻ (50 mg/L, 0.81 mM) to NH₃ in water using formic acid (FA) as electron source. The <em>in situ</em> solidification of PdCl₄²⁻ and In³⁺ generated PdIn species with the highest catalytic activity, compared to Pd²⁺ and In³⁺ or a sequential solidification of Pd followed by In. Moreover, positively charged ionomer in a Pd₃In₁-PES membrane boosted NO₃⁻ conversion rate in flow-through at pH 7 from 2.5 to 17 mmol/m²h and NH₃ selectivity from 4 % to 34 %, likely by promoting interaction between nitrate and formate anions with catalyst sites. Reducing the flow rate from 100 to 50 L/m²h further enhanced NH₃ selectivity to 55 % (NH₃ production rate of 189 µg/h mg), illustrating that a longer residence time in the membrane promotes NH₃ formation. Additionally, we achieved 90 % electron efficiency for NO₃⁻ reduction with FA in flow-through compared to 60 % in batch, highlighting that a short contact time between catalyst and FA limits excess consumption through dehydrogenation. Finally, we demonstrated continuous NH₃ production from NO₃⁻ for 11 h of flow-through, and found indications that PdIn catalyzes NO₃⁻ reduction through an electron/oxygen transfer cycle.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9749,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Journal Advances","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100683"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142697524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring lithium extraction technologies in oil and gas field-produced waters: from waste to valuable resource","authors":"K. Karuppasamy ,&nbsp;Ahmad Mayyas ,&nbsp;Emad Alsheinat ,&nbsp;Haitem Hassan-Beck ,&nbsp;Akram Alfantazi","doi":"10.1016/j.ceja.2024.100680","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ceja.2024.100680","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The massive development of electric vehicles and consumer electronic industries has recently escalated the demand for lithium supply and price worldwide. Since lithium is the prime source compound for lithium-ion batteries in electronic sectors, its scarcity in nature becomes worrisome and urges the scientific community to find alternate resources for lithium. The undesired product obtained from oil and gas industries, i.e., oil and gas field-produced water (OGPW), is a promising resource for effectively extracting lithium. Nevertheless, most of the reported methodologies for lithium extraction from OGPW are still in their early stages and have not yet been commercialized. This review explores the recent advancements, practical difficulties, and forthcoming prospects for extracting lithium from OGPW utilizing diverse technologies. An overview of the crucial challenges of several recovery methods, including technology and costs, has been discussed. Hybrid technology combining pretreatment, concentration, and enrichment processes for improved lithium recovery performance has been elaborated in detail and offers the idea of filling the gap between the demand and supply for lithium.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9749,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Journal Advances","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100680"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Treating liquid anaerobic digestate using natural zeolite and Arthrospira platensis cyanobacteria: From laboratory to pilot-scale","authors":"Marie-Ange Leca ,&nbsp;Lucas Regnault ,&nbsp;Cecilia Sambusiti ,&nbsp;Florian Monlau ,&nbsp;Yves Le Guer ,&nbsp;Jean-Baptiste Beigbeder","doi":"10.1016/j.ceja.2024.100660","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ceja.2024.100660","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Over the past decade, using liquid digestate as a nutrient source for microalgae cultivation has gained considerable attention. However, its high ammonium concentration and turbidity often inhibit algal growth. To address this, natural zeolite was explored as a novel approach to reduce digestate toxicity before microalgae cultivation at both laboratory and pilot-scales. Clinoptilolite, a type of natural zeolite, was applied in adsorption columns at a ratio of 0.5 kg_zeolite.L^-1 to treat 0.45 L of liquid digestate. After 24 h of treatment, ammonium levels decreased significantly from 2273 to 115 mgN.L^-1, corresponding to a 95 % removal efficiency and an adsorption capacity of 4.31 mg.g_zeolite^-1. <em>Arthrospira platensis</em> demonstrated strong growth in the treated digestate with minimal dilution (≤5x), in contrast to the high dilution (≥20x) required for the untreated digestate. Laboratory-scale results were effectively scaled up to pilot scale, detoxifying 15.5 L of digestate with similar performances. The pretreated digestate was subsequently used as a culture medium for <em>Arthrospira platensis</em> in flat panel photobioreactors without further dilution, achieving a final concentration of 0.82 g_DW.L^-1 and a biomass productivity of 33 mg.L^-1.d^-1. These findings underscore the potential of natural zeolite in enhancing microalgae-based processes for digestate detoxification and CO₂ mitigation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9749,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Journal Advances","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100660"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immobilized tetrabutylammonium amino acid ionic liquids as heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production from Chlorella vulgaris","authors":"Virginia A H G Danarti ,&nbsp;Noraini Abd Ghani ,&nbsp;Ariyanti Sarwono ,&nbsp;Noorhafizah Bt Hasanudin","doi":"10.1016/j.ceja.2024.100674","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ceja.2024.100674","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ionic liquids (ILs) are molten salts below 100 °C with the ability to be used as a catalyst for biodiesel production. However, to this date, the implementation of ILs as catalysts remains an enigma due to their practicability. Immobilizing ILs onto waste biomass solid support may improve the sustainability of its implementation. This study is focused on synthesizing immobilized tetrabutylammonium amino acid ionic liquids (TBA AAILs) onto bamboo activated carbon (BAC) as catalysts in transesterification of fatty acids extracted from <em>Chlorella vulgaris.</em> Three AAILs, consisting of tetrabutylammonium paired with arginine, histidine, and lysine, were synthesized via neutralization reaction and immobilized onto BAC through wet impregnation method. Thereafter, microwave-assisted transesterification was performed with <em>C. vulgaris</em> as a feedstock. Impregnation of TBA AAILs caused modifications on morphology, chemical composition, and surface area of the BAC. [TBA][His]/BAC had greater impact compared to [TBA][Arg]/BAC and [TBA][Lys]/BAC, where it reduced the surface area up to 35 m²/g and pore volume to 0.020 cm³/g, initially BAC's surface area are 842 m²/g and pore volume of 0.387 cm³/g. Optimization with the Box-Behnken method achieved the highest yield 81.9 % FAME using 20 % [TBA][His]/BAC with 3 % of catalyst dosage and 21 gs of methanol at 80 °C for 48 mins with three times reusability. The immobilized TBA AAILs/BAC reduced IL consumption by 10 times and obtained comparatively higher yield than TBA AAILs, providing a sustainable alternative to conventional ILs catalyst.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9749,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Journal Advances","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100674"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}