Case Studies in Thermal Engineering最新文献

{"title":"CFD-ML analysis of finned pipe hybrid PCM systems for enhanced cold energy storage","authors":"Kailash Iyer,&nbsp;Hasan Askari Malick,&nbsp;Shruti Nair,&nbsp;R. Harish","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.106000","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.106000","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates a hybrid Phase Change Material system for enhanced thermal energy storage in refrigerated transportation, bridging gaps in Latent Thermal Energy Storage applications. A dual phase change material configuration of RT27 and n-octadecane, integrated with liquid cooling and cooling pipe fins, is analyzed using Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations. The study optimizes thermal management in refrigerated trucks by varying the number of fins. Key performance indicators include temperature distribution, liquid fraction, and melt fraction reduction. Results show that the hybrid system with eight fins achieves a 6.55 % reduction in peak temperature for n-octadecane compared to the base case. The melting fraction of RT27 is reduced by 26.51 %, and n-octadecane melting is reduced by 71.93 % with eight fins. Machine learning models, specifically Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm and Scaled Conjugate Gradient, predict melt fractions with high accuracy, with R-values of 0.933 and 0.941, respectively, for the base case. The findings highlight the effectiveness of hybrid cooling systems, demonstrating significant improvements in thermal energy storage and refrigeration performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"69 ","pages":"Article 106000"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143562412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interfacial evaporation for solar still applications using low-cost nano-graphite wick","authors":"Muapper Alhadri ,&nbsp;Shaher Alshammari ,&nbsp;Abdulhamid F. Alshammari ,&nbsp;Awwad Alshammari ,&nbsp;Mohamed M.Z. Ahmed ,&nbsp;Ahmed Farag ,&nbsp;Mohamed Elashmawy","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.105992","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.105992","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study developed low-cost nano-graphite-textural wick for the interfacial evaporation process. The nano-graphite was mixed with black dye and saturated a white cotton wick. A simple glass cup was used as condenser. The glass cup has simple geometry that can be easily utilized for any number in array form according to required demand. Moreover, readymade (waste) or specially manufactured glass cups from recycled glass materials can be used with very competitive low-cost water production systems. The saline water inside the wicked cup is absorbed in the wick texture and spreads in a larger exposed interfacial surface area. Results showed superior performance of the developed system with productivity and efficiency enhancement of 30.9 % and 31.4 %, respectively, reaching 5.235 L/m²day freshwater yield and 42.7 % daily efficiency. Moreover, the developed system was able to produce freshwater with a very competitive cost of 9.9 $/m³ compared with other techniques in literature ranging from 15 to 25 $/m³ in most cases. This cost can be further enhanced for developed large-scale projects. Large projects enable mass production of recycled materials and other device components with lower operation and maintenance costs with higher thermal efficiency due to using arrays of cups with less heat losses expectation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"69 ","pages":"Article 105992"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143593338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal performance enhancement in a solar air heater fitted with flapped V-baffles: Numerical study","authors":"Chinnapat Turakarn,&nbsp;Pitak Promthaisong,&nbsp;Teerapat Chompookham","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.105995","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.105995","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Considering solar energy equipment, a solar air heater is an engineering equipment that is widely used today. To get the most benefit from energy use, thermal performance enhancement of the equipment is very important. The paper focuses on enhancing thermal performance using passive technique, generally by using vortex generators (VG). The energy costs can be effectively managed by VG as well as improving thermal performance if the VG was optimally designed.</div><div>The effect of flapped V-baffles (FVB) on thermal performance enhancement in a solar air heater in the turbulent flow regime was numerically investigated. The finite volume method using the SIMPLE algorithm was used to resolve the problem. The goal was to enhance the thermal performance (in terms of the thermal enhancement factor, TEF) by increasing the heat transfer together with reducing the pressure loss, compared with a conventional V-baffles (CVB). FVB with blockage ratios (B_R) range of 0.1–0.3 and flapped angles (β) range of 5°–30° were investigated. The constant parameters included the attack angle of (α) at 30°, hole number (n) at 3, hole diameter ratio (d_R) at 0.5 and pitch ratio (P_R) at 1.0. V-baffles having holes without the flap (HVB) were also compared for all B_R values. The results revealed that the FVB created the combination between the main vortex flow and an impinging jet flow (secondary flow). The impinging jet flow was generated by the holes having flaps and helped to decrease the dead zone at the heated wall behind the baffles, leading to an increase in the convective heat transfer. Moreover, the pressure loss was reduced due to the holes. Thus, the TEF can be improved when compared with the CVB. The rise of β for the FVB led to decreasing on Nu/Nu₀, <em>f/f</em>₀ and TEF while the increasing of B_R gave the opposite. The fluid flow vies the holes without the flaps directly disrupted the main vortex flow led to decreasing the strengthened flow, both the Nu/Nu₀ and TEF decreased. The FVB provided the Nu/Nu₀, <em>f/f</em>₀ and TEF by around 3.56–5.89 (higher than the CVB and HVB by around 1.45–21.59 % and 0.23–17.37 %, respectively), 5.14–48.16 (lower than the CVB by around 0.64–40.41 %) and 1.57–2.57 (higher than the CVB and HVB by around 3.52–28.43 % and 0.05–6.26 %, respectively). The FVB at β = 5°, P_R = 1.0 and B_R = 0.1 gave the highest Nu/Nu₀ and TEF at about 4.07 and 2.57 at Re = 4000, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"69 ","pages":"Article 105995"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143580790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bionic design and analysis of 3D-printed lattice structure wicks for heat pipe application","authors":"Jingyu Shen ,&nbsp;Ce Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.105967","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.105967","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recently, the metal 3D-printed lattice has been used as the heat pipe wick, which can be flexibly applied to complex heat dissipation conditions. The wick with both great capillarity and permeability shows better hydraulic performance, which is difficult for the existing wicks to ensure simultaneously. Herein, inspired by the plant transport structure, this study designed and investigated the biomimetic lattice (face centered hexagon cubic, FCHC) with both excellent capillary and permeability properties. Through theoretical derivation, numerical analysis, and experimental research, the permeability, capillary transport capacity, and capillary performance parameter (<span><math><mrow><mi>K</mi><mo>/</mo><msub><mi>r</mi><mrow><mi>e</mi><mi>f</mi><mi>f</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span>) of six configurations of lattice structures (SC, BCC, FCC, BCCZ, FCCZ, FCHC) were analyzed. These lattice structures are 1 × 8 × 20 arrays of unit cells (1.5mm × 1.5mm × 1.5 mm), and each type is configured with four different porosity levels (40 %, 50 %, 60 %, 70 %). The biomimetic lattice exhibits the best capillary performance obtained using theoretical analysis or mass-based capillary rise experiment, with the average <span><math><mrow><mi>K</mi><mo>/</mo><msub><mi>r</mi><mrow><mi>e</mi><mi>f</mi><mi>f</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> parameters being 134.7 % and 139.8 % higher than that of the current commonly used SC lattice, which verifies the excellence of biomimetic lattice structures. This study provides ideas and methodologies for the optimized design of the 3D-printed metal lattice wick for heat pipe applications, and offers a reference for the rapid and low-cost analysis of their hydraulic performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"69 ","pages":"Article 105967"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143593337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subcooled flow boiling in diamond/Cu microchannel heat sinks for near-junction chip cooling","authors":"Nan Wu ,&nbsp;Mingmei Sun ,&nbsp;Hong Guo ,&nbsp;Zhongnan Xie ,&nbsp;Shijie Du","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.105981","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.105981","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Materials for thermal management that possess low coefficient of linear thermal expansion and high thermal conductivity can achieve “near-junction cooling” for chips. However, limited research exists on the application of the latest generation of diamond/Cu (DC) composites in microchannel phase-change heat dissipation. In this study, three structurally functional integrated open microchannel heat sinks (DC60, DC75, and MoCu50) were innovatively created using low-linear-expansion materials such as DC and molybdenum-copper as the substrates. Experiments involving flow boiling were performed with deionized water serving as the operational fluid. The heat transfer characteristics were investigated by combining visualization techniques. Results indicated that during boiling, under the influence of high thermal conductivity network, the diamond/Cu microchannel surface has more nucleation sites compared to MoCu50 microchannels. This results in nucleate boiling predominantly governing the phase-change heat transfer process, which substantially increases the efficiency of heat transfer. DC75 maintained its dominant advantage even at the highest heat flux of <em>q\"</em> = 4012.14 kW/m². Compared with MoCu50, DC75 exhibited a threefold improvement in heat transfer coefficient, reaching a peak of 127.48 kW/m²K, without experiencing the dry-out phenomenon. DC75 showed the lowest bottom temperature, minimal deformation, and strong thermal stability. In the process of transitioning from slug to stratified flow, a synergy of slug-stratified flow was observed. This coexistence led to small-scale fluctuations in the pressure drop, with the maximum pressure drop not exceed 3.5 kPa.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"69 ","pages":"Article 105981"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143580793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An experimental study on the combustion characteristics of YJV and YC cables in urban utility tunnels","authors":"Mengzhen Liu ,&nbsp;Yao Zhou ,&nbsp;Jian Li ,&nbsp;Yuan Chen ,&nbsp;Shengzhong Zhao ,&nbsp;Tiantian Xu ,&nbsp;Fei Wang ,&nbsp;Zhaoyi Zhuang","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.105986","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.105986","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cable fires in utility tunnels can result in significant economic losses and potentially cause citywide disruptions. Therefore, a comprehensive study on cable combustion characteristics under thermal stress holds paramount importance both theoretically and practically. In this study, two types of cables (YJV and YC cables) commonly used in urban utility tunnels were selected as the subjects for investigation. Cone calorimeter was used to examine the influence of heat fluxes, quantity of copper cores, and cross-sectional area of copper cores on the combustion characteristics of cables. The results show that the combustion process can be broadly categorized into six distinct stages, i.e., Ignition, Sheath fire, Slow spread, Rapid spread, Fully development and Decay. In comparison, YJV cables are more susceptible to carbonization layer shedding during the combustion process. In addition, the time to ignition (TTI), mass loss rate (MLR), and heat release rate (HRR) were analyzed and discussed in detail. This study can provide valuable insights into understanding the combustion behavior of power cables and offers practical guidance for enhancing fire safety in power compartments of urban utility tunnels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"69 ","pages":"Article 105986"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143593341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simultaneous multi-objective optimization of a biogas-based power generation and brine desalination system for using in sport facilities","authors":"Li Fan ,&nbsp;Zhanguo Su","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.105958","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.105958","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing global demand for sustainable energy and potable water necessitates efficient energy conversion technologies. Co-generation systems, which simultaneously produce electricity and desalinated water, represent a promising solution for fulfilling the essential needs of urban areas and localized facilities, such as sports complexes. This study evaluates a co-generation system designed to provide energy and potable water for a specific sports complex. The thermodynamic cycle was simulated utilizing validated numerical methods, solving the governing equations governing the system's operation. Multi-objective optimization, based on the Pareto Front methodology, was implemented to enhance overall system performance and minimize environmental impact. A comprehensive life cycle environmental assessment was performed using exergo-environmental analysis. Baseline simulations indicated a power output of 1441 kW, alongside a desalinated water production rate of 1.392 m³/h. These values correspond to an initial energy efficiency of 71.8 % and an exergy efficiency of 41.64 %. Following the multi-objective optimization procedure, guided by the Pareto Front, the system performance was notably improved. The energy efficiency increased to 72.13 %, and the exergy efficiency reached 44.92 %. Furthermore, the exergo-environmental (Ɛes) exhibited a marked improvement, achieving a value of 0.964, signifying a reduced environmental burden. The results underscore the potential of optimized co-generation systems to enhance energy efficiency and sustainability<strong>.</strong></div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"69 ","pages":"Article 105958"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143529362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The novel efficient protrusion-rib configuration for increasing the temperature uniformity in multiple jet microchannel heat sink","authors":"Ehsan Farsad,&nbsp;Mohammad Mahdi Heyhat,&nbsp;Mohammad Zabetian Targhi","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.105985","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.105985","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Multiple jets in microchannel heatsinks were introduced as a high-rate cooling methods. While temperature non-uniformity is a challenge in this method. The synergistic effects of the simultaneous presence of rib and protrusion on the performance of multiple jets in a micro channel heatsink are investigated. In order to increase the temperature uniformity and heat transfer rate, the protrusions are created on the target wall and in order to control the cross flows, the ribs are created on the jet wall. Therefore, Four configurations of microchannel are studied including: without rib and without protrusion (Case-a), only with rib (Case-b), only with protrusion (Case-c) and with rib and with protrusion (Case-d). A 3D numerical model is created to study the microchannel heatsink thermal performance for incompressible, steady-state, and turbulent regime. Thermal and hydraulic performance are evaluated by comparing Nusselt number, pressure drop and temperature uniformity for Reynolds numbers from 3000 to 7900. The study reveals that rib and protrusion effects, such as reducing the detrimental effects of cross flows, reducing jet flow deviation, creating the re-impinging jet phenomenon, and mixing more of the fluid, can improve jet-cooling performance. Case-d decreases the target wall temperature by 10.9 % compared to Case-a. At a Reynolds number of 5200, the Nusselt number of Case-d increases by 25.3 % compared to Case-a, 19.4 % compared to Case-b, and 7.3 % compared to Case-c. The simultaneous presence of rib and protrusion in Case-d has the best temperature uniformity. The study limits the device's surface temperature to 65 °C. The simultaneous presence of ribs and protrusions reduce the surface temperature from 61.7 °C to 56.2 °C from Case-a to Case-d. Additionally, the effect of different rib orientation angles is investigated. Reducing the rib angle from 90° to 45° increases the Nusselt number by 4 % and decreases the pressure drop by 11 %. The rib-45° enhances heat transfer rate and minimizes pressure loss. The performance evaluation criteria of the rib-45° is higher than the rib-60° and rib-90°.Finally, obtained outcomes reveals that the presence of rib-protrusion in multi-jet microchannel heatsink can improve the temperature uniformity significantly.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"69 ","pages":"Article 105985"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143580792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and numerical simulation of direct cooling evaporators for chip thermal test based on triply periodic minimal surfaces","authors":"Feng Guo ,&nbsp;Jiahong Fu ,&nbsp;Yi Zhao ,&nbsp;Xing Huang ,&nbsp;Zhongyao Tong ,&nbsp;Junqi Bao ,&nbsp;Xiaoge Duan ,&nbsp;Yuanxu Feng ,&nbsp;Bengt Sunden","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.105971","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.105971","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aiming at the three-temperature test requirements of high-power density chips, the third generation of refrigerant direct cooling technology has been developed. Three kinds of direct cooling evaporators with triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) are designed and systematically simulated in this paper. The mechanism of augmentation of heat transfer are determined, and the thermal characteristics of the direct cooling evaporators of TPMS are analyzed. The results indicate that the Primitive relies on faster fluid flow and the formation of eddy currents to enhance heat transfer. However, due to the large resistance, the comprehensive performance of the Primitive is 70–78 % worse than that of a conventional serpentine channel, while the flow resistance of Diamond and Gyroid is smaller, and the comprehensive performance is 432–845 % and 238–450 % better than that of a serpentine channel, respectively. The validity of the phase change simulation method is verified by comparing the results of the phase change simulation of a copper tube with experimental results, with a maximum error of 4.9 %. The Diamond channel with the best comprehensive performance is considered and numerically simulated by this method, and heat flux distribution and temperature field close to the actual values are obtained.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"69 ","pages":"Article 105971"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143580844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of flow direction on the conjugate heat transfer performance of LNG ambient air vaporizer with U-bend","authors":"Shanshan Liu ,&nbsp;Wenling Jiao ,&nbsp;Ping Zhang ,&nbsp;Qi Li","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.105975","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.105975","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ambient air vaporizers (AAVs) with multiple U-shaped finned tubes are preferred for liquefied natural gas (LNG) vaporization due to their low energy consumption and eco-friendly nature. The flow direction significantly impacts vaporization efficiency and must be clarified for optimal design. This study develops a conjugate heat transfer model of an AAV tube module with a U-bend (ATMU), considering internal LNG flow boiling and two-way fluid-solid coupling with ambient air. Experiments using liquid nitrogen (LN₂) were conducted to provide boundary conditions and validate the numerical model. The relative error between measured and simulated wall temperatures was within ±5 % when relative humidity was below 30 %. Results indicate that wall temperature does not increase monotonically along the flow direction due to interference between adjacent tubes and the U-bend. Numerical analysis shows that the natural convective heat transfer coefficient on the air side is 20 % higher for top inflow than for bottom inflow in the first half of the tube, resulting in superior heat transfer performance for AAVs with an initial top inflow of LNG. The optimal AAV installation aligns the overall LNG flow direction perpendicular to the annual prevailing wind at gas terminals, maximizing vaporization efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"69 ","pages":"Article 105975"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143580841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}