Case Studies in Thermal Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Effect of droplet size evolution and distribution of water mist on the thermal radiation attenuation","authors":"Hassan Raza Shah ,&nbsp;Shangqing Tao ,&nbsp;Jun Fang ,&nbsp;Jingwu Wang ,&nbsp;Xuqing Lang ,&nbsp;Zhi Jian Tian","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2026.107868","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2026.107868","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Water mist systems for fire protection are widely recognized for their ability to attenuate thermal radiation and suppress fires. This study used high-precision shadow imaging with a non-luminous radiant panel to investigate the water mist droplet evolution and distribution under varying nozzle pressures and radiant panel temperatures (<em>i.e.</em>, ambient thermal conditions), and their effects on thermal radiation attenuation (TRA). Under non-thermal conditions, droplet growth with distance was dominated by coalescence, while under thermal exposure, both evaporation and coalescence were observed, with pressure governing the dominant mechanism: at low pressure, droplets transitioned from evaporation-dominant to a combination of evaporation and coalescence, whereas at high pressure, the mechanism sequence was reversed. A radiation-driven critical distance based on characteristic droplet size (CDS) and size variance distribution parameter (σ) was identified, beyond which the dominant mechanism changed. A simplified theoretical equation, validated against experiments, reproduced droplet size and velocity evolution, revealing the coupled mechanism arising from size variation with distance. Furthermore, the water mist radiation protection was significantly influenced by radiant panel temperature, thereby altering TRA. These findings provide theoretical and experimental insights for advancements of efficient water-mist technologies for thermal radiation protection and fire suppression.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 107868"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147330096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Robust virtual sensing of turbine exit temperature for aero-engines using a truncated generalized correntropy-based extreme learning machine","authors":"Maojun Xu ,&nbsp;Yao Qin ,&nbsp;Tingyi Ouyang ,&nbsp;Bei Liu ,&nbsp;Jinxin Liu ,&nbsp;Jia Geng ,&nbsp;Huihui Miao ,&nbsp;Minglong Du ,&nbsp;Zhiping Song","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2026.107895","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2026.107895","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Turbine exit total temperature (<em>T</em>_t6) is a critical yet challenging parameter to measure directly in aero-engines due to extreme thermal conditions that often lead to sensor faults like drift, threatening engine safety and efficiency. Virtual sensing provides a viable alternative, but prevailing data-driven methods, typically reliant on the mean squared error (MSE) loss, suffer from performance degradation under non-Gaussian noise and sensor anomalies. To overcome this limitation, this paper introduces a robust virtual sensing framework based on a novel Truncated Generalized Correntropy loss. By integrating the generalized maximum correntropy criterion with an adaptive truncation mechanism, the proposed loss function effectively suppresses the influence of outliers and faulty measurements. Embedded into an Extreme Learning Machine (ELM), this yields the Robust Truncated Generalized Correntropy ELM (RTGC-ELM) algorithm. The framework was rigorously validated using high-fidelity component-level model data under realistic flight profiles and further tested on the public NASA C-MAPSS dataset. Evaluations covered both normal operations and severe sensor fault scenarios (step-type and ramp-type drift). The results demonstrate that RTGC-ELM maintains high accuracy under normal conditions (MAE ∼1.21%) while exhibiting exceptional robustness under faults. For instance, under a step-type fault, RTGC-ELM limited performance degradation to only 0.01% (MAE increase from 1.21% to 1.22%), significantly outperforming conventional ELM (MAE increase from 1.28% to 1.75%) and other algorithms. This superior robustness was consistent across fault types and severity levels, confirmed through statistical significance tests and cross-dataset validation. The proposed RTGC-ELM provides a robust, efficient, and practical solution for analytical redundancy in aero-engine health management systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 107895"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147359836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on a two-stage desiccant wheel dehumidification deep mine cooling system driven by mine water source heat pump","authors":"Yuliang Sun ,&nbsp;Xuehua Li ,&nbsp;Yanzi Lei ,&nbsp;Hongtao An ,&nbsp;Kaipeng Wang ,&nbsp;Qiang Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2026.107896","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2026.107896","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Deep mining is the primary direction for future mine development. However, deep mining causes heat damage, which seriously affects work efficiency and worker health. To satisfy the requirements of thermal comfort, a two-stage desiccant wheel dehumidification deep mine cooling system driven by mine water source heat pump (TSDW-DMCS-MWSHP) is proposed. The system consists of a two-stage desiccant wheel, water source heat pump, air cooler, and air heater. A water source heat pump is used to realize the dual supply of cold and heat, which provides cold and heat sources for cooling the mine airflow and heating the regeneration air. A two-stage desiccant wheel is used to achieve deep dehumidification. A heat and mass transfer model of the system is established and simulated. The effects of the main operating parameters on energy, dehumidification, and exergy performances are systematically investigated. The results show that when the inlet temperature of the mine airflow is 32 °C and the relative humidity is 80 %, the system can achieve a temperature difference of 6 °C, a humidity ratio difference of 11.7 g/kg, and an enthalpy difference of 36.1 kJ/kg. When the two-stage desiccant wheel operates at a low regeneration temperature of 60 °C, the <em>TCOP</em>, <em>DCOP</em>, and exergy efficiency reach their peak values of 2.8, 0.9, and 68.9 %, respectively. Compared with the ground centralized refrigeration system, the supply air relative humidity of the TSDW-DMCS-MWSHP is reduced by 13.3 %, and the COP is increased by 16 %. The TSDW-DMCS-MWSHP offers a viable solution for mitigating mine heat damage and advancing the sustainable development in the mining industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 107896"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147387374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on the mechanism of water lock removal in tight sandstone gas reservoirs under microwave radiation","authors":"Jie Zhang ,&nbsp;Wangru Yang ,&nbsp;Shusheng Gao ,&nbsp;Jinmei Peng ,&nbsp;Feifei Fang ,&nbsp;Zhenkai Wu ,&nbsp;Ye Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiaoliang Huang ,&nbsp;Zhilin Qi","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2026.107821","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2026.107821","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Water lock in the near-wellbore region severely constrains the productivity of tight sandstone gas reservoirs. Unlike conventional methods limited by high energy costs and secondary pollution, microwave heating offers a high-efficiency alter native capable of simultaneously reducing flow resistance and inducing fracture-enhanced permeability. This study investigates these mechanisms using Sulige sandstone cores through a combination of CT scanning, XRD, physical experiments, and coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical simulations. Key findings include: (1) Microwave radiation induces pore water vaporization and thermal stress fracturing, significantly improving pore connectivity once a temperature threshold of 500 °C is surpassed. (2) Under optimal conditions (800 W, 15min), the stable production period extended by 23–48 times, and ultimate recovery improved by approximately 20–26% across varying water saturations. (3) Numerical modeling, exhibiting high agreement with experimental data, predicts an effective remediation radius of 0.6 m and a total gas production increase of 0.34 × 10⁶ m³. These results confirm the efficacy of microwave heating in alleviating water lock, offering a robust theoretical and technical basis for optimizing field development strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 107821"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146777433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermo-bioconvective transport in an oxytactic microorganisms-laden cavity","authors":"Muhammad Sabeel Khan ,&nbsp;A. Al-Zubaidi ,&nbsp;Noor-ul Absar ,&nbsp;M. Asif Memon ,&nbsp;Amsalu Fenta","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2026.107850","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2026.107850","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates heat and mass transfer in a square porous cavity containing oxytactic microorganisms using the Cattaneo–Christov heat flux model and Darcy flow. The governing equations, which incorporate the laws of mass, momentum, and energy conservation, are solved numerically using the finite-element method. Strong agreement is found when the Nusselt and Sherwood values are calculated and compared with the data provided in the black literature to validate the results. The results are calculated and thoroughly presented for a range of values of the physical parameters. Using streamlines, isotherms, concentration profiles and tables, the results show how different parameters like the Lewis number, the Peclet number, the Rayleigh number, and the bioconvection Rayleigh number affect heat and mass transfer with oxytactic microorganisms in the cavity. The cavity’s side walls further highlight how these characteristics affect the Nusselt and Sherwood numbers. With an emphasis on the influence of important physical parameters, the study often offers valuable information about the intricate relationships between heat, fluid flow, and microbe concentration within a porous cavity. It is observed that when the Péclet number increases from the baseline case of 0.1 to 13, the maximum value of the stream function increases by approximately 44. 2%, clearly highlighting the sensitivity of the flow field to variations in the advection strength. Similarly, as the Péclet number increases from 1 to 29, the minimum oxygen concentration decreases by almost 16.1%, indicating substantial oxygen depletion at higher Péclet values. An increase in the relaxation parameter from 0 to 2.55 results in a reduction of 41. 3% in the maximum value of the stream function, demonstrating the significant suppressive effect of relaxation on the convective strength of the flow. The presence of microorganisms improves heat transfer, with the Nusselt number increasing by approximately 15%–20% at low Prandtl numbers and exceeding 30% at higher Prandtl numbers, indicating a synergistic interaction between thermal stratification and bioconvection. Furthermore, as the oxygen consumption parameter increases, the minimum oxygen concentration is reduced by almost 12. 9%, indicating the dominant role of consumption over diffusion in shaping oxygen distribution within the cavity. These results are crucial to improve heat transmission and bioconvection processes in porous media, especially biological or ecological systems where microorganisms are important to dynamics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 107850"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147330092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of paclitaxel anticancer drug solubility in supercritical CO2: Thermodynamics modeling and machine learning approach","authors":"Gholamhossein Sodeifian ,&nbsp;Ratna Surya Alwi ,&nbsp;Nedasadat Saadati Ardestani ,&nbsp;Adel Noubigh ,&nbsp;Reza Derakhsheshpour ,&nbsp;Amir Elyasi","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2026.107864","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2026.107864","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To facilitate the effective design of supercritical fluid (SCF) processes aimed at micro- or nanosizing solid pharmaceuticals, obtaining solubility data in environmentally friendly solvents such as pressurized carbon dioxide (CO₂) is essential. Solubility assessment represents a critical first step in evaluating SCF technologies. This study introduces a statistical methodology to experimentally determine the solubility of paclitaxel (Pac) in supercritical CO₂. UV-vis spectrophotometric studies were carried out under pressures ranging from 120 to 270 bar and temperatures ranging from 308 to 338 K. Three distinct modeling approaches were used to predict and correlate the experimentally determined solubility of paclitaxel: (i) a collection of six density-based empirical models; (ii) a hybrid of the Peng-Robinson (PR) equation of state and the van der Waals quadratic mixing rule; and (iii) machine learning procedures, including fifteen non-linear regressions. A solubility range of 0.0017 to 0.077 g/L was observed for paclitaxel. At a steady temperature, the paclitaxel mole fraction increased as the pressure rose, albeit a crossover occurrence was noted. While all methods achieved adequate levels of correlation accuracy, the Méndez-Santiago &amp; Teja (MT) model outperformed the others in terms of predictive power, with an AARD of only 4.06%. For the first time semi-empirical correlations were used to estimate the paclitaxel/Sc-CO₂ system enthalpies as <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mo>Δ</mo><mi>H</mi></mrow><mtext>tot</mtext></msub></mrow></math></span> = 28.04 kJ/mol, <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mo>Δ</mo><mi>H</mi></mrow><mtext>sol</mtext></msub></mrow></math></span> = −19.11 kJ/mol, and, <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mo>Δ</mo><mi>H</mi></mrow><mtext>vap</mtext></msub></mrow></math></span> = 47.15 kJ/mol.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 107864"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147330099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal and energy performance of hybrid aluminum nitride–alumina (AlN–Al2O3) suspension: A pathway toward enhanced stability and efficiency","authors":"Hafedh Belmabrouk ,&nbsp;A. Belhadj Mohamed ,&nbsp;Iskander Tlili","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2026.107860","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2026.107860","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing demand of efficient energy systems has driven integration of modern nanofluid suspensions capable of overcoming the traditional thermal limitations. In this contest, the hybridization of aluminum nitride (AIN) and alumina nanoparticles (Al₂O₃) provide a promising pathway to the attain boosted thermal stability and energy efficiency, making it attractive for the modern engineering and energy applications. With such motivation, this continuation aims to presents the optimized thermal impact of Casson hybrid nanofluid (HNF) with suspension of aluminum nitride (AIN) and alumina nanoparticles (Al₂O₃). The base fluid properties of analyzed by using engine oil (SAE10W-30) base liquid which is essentially used energy production and automobile industries. A single-phase nanofluid model is used to model the hybrid nanofluid problem. The modelling associated to single-phase nanofluid provide significance applications in micro and nano-scale cooling systems, microchannel heat applications, heat exchangers etc. The flow is driven by oscillatory elastic surface with permeability of porous media. The investigation of heat transfer is subject to nonlinear thermal radiation. In order to capture the propagation wave features, the energy and concentration equations are updated by using the Cattaneo-Christov model. The analytical simulations of modeled equations are performed by using the homotopy analysis method. The significance of modeled flow parameters is physical entertained. It is observed that velocity profile declined for Casson fluid parameter and permeability of porous medium. The thermal enhancement of engine oil can be enhanced by increasing nanoparticles volume fraction. Moreover, skin friction coefficient periodically varies with increasing amplitude by enhancing Hartmann number. The simulated results comprise significance in advanced heat exchangers, renewable energy systems, automobile engine cooling, turbine blade cooling, and energy storage units.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 107860"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147330148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermo-physical properties of marine lubricant/hydraulic fluids and enhancing hot surface ignition characteristics considering coupling influences","authors":"Kan Wang ,&nbsp;Xinjie Gong ,&nbsp;Hanzhe Chen ,&nbsp;Yang Ming","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2026.107885","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2026.107885","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ship fires frequently originate from an accidental ignition of spilling marine fuels on hot surface in engine room, yet detailed characterization of the initial ignition behavior remains limited. This study investigates the hot surface ignition (HSI) characteristics of marine lubricant and hydraulic oil under simulated ship engine room conditions using a dedicated experimental platform. Critical ignition parameters and thermal data were systematically obtained. The results reveal that the vapor-air mixture formed after fuel contact with the hot surface exhibits a highly stratified distribution in the vertical dimension, distinct from conventional marine diesel. As the hot surface temperature <em>T</em>_<em>s</em> increases, the initial HSI position shifts closer to the high-temperature substrate. Following flame kernel formation, the flame propagates downward toward the hot surface, with hydraulic oil exhibiting higher heat flux intensity compared to the marine lubricant. When hot surface temperature <em>T</em>_<em>s</em> exceeds 765 K, the HSI delay time of the marine lubricant stabilizes, whereas the hydraulic oil continues to show significant variability. Based on heat transfer theory and experimental data, an ignition delay prediction model is developed, and a probability-based HSI assessment framework is specifically optimized for these fuels. By integrating multi-parameter measurements and validation data, this study provides a novel methodology for evaluating the initial fire risks associated with specialized marine fuels in ship engine room.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 107885"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147359837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the heat transfer enhancement of hydro-turbine thrust bearing with nano-oil","authors":"Dongbin Ji ,&nbsp;Juan Duan ,&nbsp;Xiaoxu Zhang ,&nbsp;Zeyu Peng ,&nbsp;Luyang Chen ,&nbsp;Zhumei Luo ,&nbsp;Jie Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2026.107899","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2026.107899","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The thrust bearing in a hydro-turbine unit carries the entire axial load, and its cooling performance is crucial for operational safety due to the substantial frictional heat generated. This study numerically investigates the enhancement of heat dissipation in a large-scale 100-MW thrust bearing using lubricating oil doped with copper oxide nanoparticles. Nano-oils with mass concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 wt% were prepared and experimentally characterized. Their thermal performance was compared with that of pure oil under varying inlet temperatures (297–303 K) and mass flow rates (50–200 kg/s) by means of a validated CFD model. Results demonstrate that the 0.4 wt% nano-oil yields the optimal performance under baseline conditions (300 K, 132 kg/s). It reduces the pad temperature by 0.31 K and raises the outlet oil temperature by 0.14 K, indicating improved heat extraction. The corresponding Performance Evaluation Criterion (PEC) reaches 1.070, reflecting a 7 % overall thermo-hydraulic improvement. Notably, the 0.4 wt% nano-oil achieves comparable cooling without requiring lower inlet temperatures or higher flow rates, thereby lowering the energy consumption of the cooling system. This work provides a quantitative basis for the energy-efficient implementation of nano-oils in hydro-turbine thrust bearing system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 107899"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147359838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A unified standard thermal resistance-impedance-circuit approach for dynamic characteristic analysis of grid-connected solid oxide fuel cell system","authors":"Tong Hao ,&nbsp;Xingce Wang ,&nbsp;Junhong Hao ,&nbsp;Guiping Zhou ,&nbsp;Chao Xu ,&nbsp;Xiaoze Du","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2026.107901","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2026.107901","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The dynamic integration of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) systems with power electronics presents significant challenges due to the disparate time scales of thermo-electrochemical processes and electronic control systems. This manuscript develops a unified standard thermal resistance-impedance-circuit approach for grid-connected SOFC systems. This approach provides a comprehensive cross-scale dynamic model, coupling the standard thermal impedance (STI) method for SOFC modeling with power regulation circuit for converter and inverter, which constructs the overall system topology and characterizes the transmission and coupling characteristics of various physical parameters within different components, integrating the multi-physical processes, cross-timescale dynamics and inter-disciplined areas to facilitate real-time simulation and control. On this basis, we analyze the dynamic response processes of power electronics equipment, and SOFC systems under varying load conditions. The results show that the power electronics respond in sub-second time frames (0.15–0.5 s), Balance of Plant (BOP) components have intermediate response times (7–9 min), and SOFC stack exhibit slow response times (25–39 min) when the load changes. This unified model visualizes the transfer and coupling properties of physical parameters within different components, highlights the interactions between the slow thermal-electrochemical dynamics and the fast-switching power electronics, then emphasizes the topology's capacity to handle transient states and ensure robust performance. The proposed framework provides a pathway for enhancing computational efficiency, improving power quality, and ensuring operational stability in distributed energy systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 107901"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147359839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}