Case Studies in Thermal Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Effect of air inlet angle variation on the efficiency of hydrogen-powered Stirling engines","authors":"Heba Alzaben ,&nbsp;Ahmad Aljabr ,&nbsp;S.A. Marzouk ,&nbsp;Saad Alshammari ,&nbsp;Dame Ayane","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2026.107830","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2026.107830","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Stirling engines are significant for their high efficiency, low emissions, and capability to use various heat sources for renewable energy systems, waste heat recovery, and applications where low maintenance is crucial. Hydrogen-powered Stirling engines combine the high efficiency of Stirling engines with the clean-burning nature of hydrogen fuel. This study introduces a new approach by optimizing the air inlet angle in a hydrogen-fueled Stirling engine using CFD simulations. The effects of air inlet angle variation (60°, 90°, and 120°) on the performance of a hydrogen-fueled Stirling engine are studied. Unlike prior studies focusing on fuel type or scale, this work highlights the effects of inlet geometry on inducing combustion dynamics, thermal behavior, and engine performance. The parameters such as power output, thermal efficiency, hydrogen mass fraction, velocity, peak temperature, and flow organization are examined. Results show that the 90° air inlet angle offers the best performance, improving thermal efficiency and power output by 15% and 17.6%, respectively, compared to the 60° angle case, and by 12% and 11% compared to the 120° angle configuration. Enhanced performance is attributed to improved mixing, more complete hydrogen combustion, and a 28% increase in peak temperature. In contrast, the 60° case causes less efficient flow patterns and delayed combustion. These insights present a valuable framework for optimizing inlet angle design in hydrogen-fueled Stirling engines, advancing their potential for sustainable energy applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 107830"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147330152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancement of convective heat transfer in Taylor-Couette flow with elliptical slits using machine learning and particle swarm optimization","authors":"Huan-Yi Ren ,&nbsp;Si-Liang Sun ,&nbsp;Dong Liu ,&nbsp;Muhammad Bilal Riaz ,&nbsp;Y.S. Hamed ,&nbsp;Afraz Hussain Majeed","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2026.107848","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2026.107848","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Taylor-Couette (T-C) flow commonly occurs in the annular gaps of rotating machinery, and improving its heat transfer performance is essential for effective thermal management. However, existing empirical correlations often have limitations in both efficiency and accuracy. To address this, this study integrates machine learning with optimization algorithms to refine T-C flow configurations that incorporate elliptical slits, aiming to develop a more efficient and precise optimization approach. Four machine learning methods are compared against a predictive correlation to assess their prediction accuracy for T-C flow. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is subsequently applied to determine the optimal slit parameters. The results indicate that the Genetic Algorithm-Back Propagation Neural Network (GA-BPNN) model is the most suitable model, showing the highest agreement between predicted and simulated values. By incorporating the PSO algorithm, the optimal slit width of 11.33 mm, slit depth of 12.48 mm, and slit number of 12 are obtained. The predicted results agree well with experimental data, exhibiting a relative error of only 2.99%. Compared to the rectangular slit model, the optimized elliptical slit enhances the Nusselt number by 17%. The methodology and findings presented in this study provide a methodological and technical reference for optimizing and enhancing T<strong>-</strong>C flow systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 107848"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146777426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A hydro-thermal coupling model for artificial ground freezing considering dynamic phase-change and seepage effects: A case study of the freeze-sealing pipe-roof method","authors":"C.X. Lu ,&nbsp;S.B. Xue ,&nbsp;H. Li ,&nbsp;S.J. Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2026.107838","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2026.107838","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>During the freezing period in the artificial ground freezing (AGF) method under seepage conditions, frozen curtain development confronts the coupling effect of phase change and seepage pathways. Traditional models often treat the phase change as static phenomena and set the permeability as a constant value. To capture the dynamic evolution of phase change and their impact on permeability, a temperature-dependent smooth step function is introduced as the phase change function, dynamically linked to water saturation. In this study, a 2D double-pipe model is established to validate the accuracy of the model. Considering phase change, the frozen curtain alters the seepage pathways, preventing forming excessively large and impractical freezing curtain. The results demonstrated that the phase change process under this model can be explicitly embedded within the hydro-thermal coupling framework, dynamically altering permeability and seepage pathways. Subsequently, a case study on Freeze-Sealing Pipe-Roof (FSPR) method was conducted using COMSOL Multiphysics. It was found that seepage induces asymmetric frozen curtain thickness at both upstream and downstream, the thickness of the upstream frozen curtain is generally less than that downstream, with the difference becoming more pronounced as seepage velocity increases. At seepage velocities of 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 m/d, the required freezing time for the frozen curtain thickness achieving 1.5 m are 45 days, 53 days and 80 days respectively. The critical seepage velocity threshold for achieving 1.5 m within 60 days is 0.7 m/d. These findings highlight the necessity of considering coupled phase-change and seepage effects in simulations to ensure safety.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 107838"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146778095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing thermal storage in a single-tank molten salt system using fins","authors":"Yuan Wang ,&nbsp;Guangjie Gong ,&nbsp;Yanmei Zhang ,&nbsp;Weijie Zhao ,&nbsp;Jianing Xue ,&nbsp;Ranyue Yang ,&nbsp;Chengbin Zhang ,&nbsp;Zilong Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2026.107858","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2026.107858","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermal stratification and localized overheating limit the charging rate and capacity of single-tank molten salt thermal storage systems driven by single source heaters. To address these challenges, this study is the first to systematically optimize annular fin geometry for single source molten salt heaters under natural convection, aiming to elucidate the coupling mechanism of fin geometry on natural convection heat transfer. A transient three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model based on the fundamental conservation laws was developed and experimentally validated to simulate the single-phase transient heating process. In this work, the effects of fin radial width and fin number on natural convection intensity, plume evolution, and temperature uniformity are investigated. The simulation results reveal that the annular fins effectively disrupt the thermal boundary layer and suppress the rapid ascent of thermal plumes, thereby intensifying fluid mixing at the tank bottom. Parametric analysis demonstrates that, in terms of extending thermal storage duration, increasing the fin number is more effective than increasing the fin radial width. Specifically, the optimal fin configuration (h_ring = 0.055m, N_ring = 9) extended the thermal storage duration by 54.52% compared to the single source heating system, effectively mitigating localized overheating and achieving a significantly more uniform temperature distribution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 107858"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147278942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pareto-based multi-objective design of battery cold plates with leaf-inspired bifurcations using arithmetic optimization algorithm and WASPAS technique","authors":"Hatem Gasmi ,&nbsp;Borhen Louhichi ,&nbsp;Ali Basem ,&nbsp;As'ad Alizadeh ,&nbsp;Mohamed Shaban ,&nbsp;Mujtaba A. Flayyih ,&nbsp;Wajdi Rajhi ,&nbsp;Khalil Hajlaoui","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2026.107869","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2026.107869","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Efficient thermal management is essential for ensuring the safety, reliability, and longevity of Li-ion batteries, yet liquid-cooled plate (LCP) designs face persistent challenges in balancing cooling efficiency with hydraulic performance. This study presents an AI-based integrated workflow for the design and optimization of LCPs featuring leaf-inspired bifurcation geometries. The framework consists of four sequential stages: data analysis, predictive modeling using GMDH-type ANN, Pareto-based optimization via multi-objective arithmetic optimization algorithm (MOAOA) and multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO), and final design ranking with the WASPAS decision-making method. The GMDH models demonstrated high predictive accuracy, achieving R² &gt; 0.99 for thermal resistance and pressure drop. Both MOAOA and MOPSO produced nearly identical Pareto fronts, confirming robustness in capturing trade-offs between thermal and hydraulic performance. Optimized inputs revealed balanced designs at mass flow rates of 0.8–1.5 g/s, channel widths of ∼3.7–3.9 mm, and heights of 2.4–2.5 mm, achieving thermal resistance of 0.25–0.35 K/W with pressure drops of 10–25 Pa, ensuring efficient cooling without excessive hydraulic penalties. Decision analysis revealed context-specific optimal designs, ranging from ultra-low thermal resistance (0.1793 K/W) at the cost of high pressure drop (106.81 Pa) to energy-efficient solutions with minimal pumping penalties (ΔP = 2.14 Pa).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 107869"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147330305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural optimization of multi-heat-source cold plates using neural network and genetic algorithm","authors":"Yifei Zhang,&nbsp;Yubin Zhuang,&nbsp;Pan Cui,&nbsp;Wei Liu,&nbsp;Zhichun Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2026.107851","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2026.107851","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study proposes an integrated framework coupling neural networks with the Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) for the independent multi-zone optimization of fin structures in both straight-fin and hybrid-fin cold plates, addressing the thermal management challenge of multi-heat-source configurations. The framework systematically investigates how zonal fin parameters regulate thermo-hydraulic performance, with optimization conducted under two distinct objectives. Results vs. the initial design show: minimum-pressure-drop designs cut flow resistance by 47.4% (straight-fin) and 52.9% (hybrid-fin), while balanced designs reduced it by 28% and 38.4% respectively, with improved temperature uniformity. Direct comparison with traditional global optimization (uniform fin parameters) shows the traditional method only cut flow resistance by 19.3%, versus 34.9–41.7% for ours, plus targeted thermal management unavailable to uniform designs. Hybrid-fin designs exhibit superior overall performance, particularly in zone <em>R2</em> (high-power devices), enhancing heat dissipation without hydraulic compromise. Mechanistic analysis reveals outlet zone (<em>R1</em>) parameters dominate pressure drop due to local resistance losses, inlet zone (<em>R3</em>) is sensitive to downstream undeveloped flow, and intermediate zone (<em>R2</em>) behaves thermally independently with fully developed flow. Fin count modulates convective intensity via area-velocity effects, while fin thickness regulates thermal conduction and uniformity. This zonal control methodology cuts pumping power while ensuring thermal safety for uneven heat sources. The framework provides scalable optimization for multi-heat-source cold plates, enabling flexible strategy formulation per application-specific thermo-hydraulic priorities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 107851"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147330095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-objective optimization of burner configurations in sintering ignition furnace: A CFD-based orthogonal test with matrix analysis","authors":"Zhengzong Huang ,&nbsp;Jingfan Chen ,&nbsp;Xia Wu,&nbsp;Zongya Wang,&nbsp;Dongling Wu,&nbsp;Liu Liu,&nbsp;Hongjie Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2026.107908","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2026.107908","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To achieve a comprehensive parameter optimization scheme for the sintering ignition furnace that facilitates energy conservation and productivity improvement, multi-objective optimization research on the burner configurations has been implemented by using computational fluid dynamics. An L₉(3³) orthogonal test was designed to focus on three key burner configuration parameters: ignition burner inclination angle, main burner airflow area, and main burner arrangement. Based on the range and matrix analyses, the orthogonal test results are meticulously analyzed, culminating in the identification of the optimal scheme. The optimization benefits are demonstrated through comparative analysis. Results indicate that the main burner arrangement affects the ignition quality most significantly, followed by the ignition burner inclination angle, with the main burner airflow area having the least impact. The optimal configuration includes setting the ignition burner inclination angle at 15°, the main burner airflow area at 1540 mm², and a “7 + 7″ uniform arrangement for the main burner. The flow field stability enhances markedly; the flame jet rigidity increases substantially; the burner jets mutual interference diminishes notably; the temperature field in the ignition section improves significantly. Compared to the baseline case, the average temperature in the ignition section increases by 40 K, while the temperature uniformity coefficient decreases by 4.99%.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 107908"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147360582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermodynamic and thermoeconomic analysis of an intercooled regenerative reheat gas turbine cogeneration system: A case study for Côte d’Ivoire, West Africa","authors":"Kousso Karell Kevine Andoh ,&nbsp;Ali Husnu Bademlioglu","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2026.107892","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2026.107892","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, the gas turbine cogeneration system planned to be established in Côte d’Ivoire, West Africa was modeled and the thermodynamic and thermoeconomic performance of the system was investigated. Energy, exergy, and economic analyses were conducted for the system, which consists of an intercooled regenerative reheat (IRR) gas turbine cycle and an absorption refrigeration cycle (ARC), for various operating parameters. Within the scope of the study, the effects of pressure ratio (8–16), compressor isentropic efficiency (80–88%), turbine isentropic efficiency (75–85%), generator temperature (90–100 °C), and evaporator temperature (0–5 °C) on system performance were evaluated, and accordingly, the energy utilization factor (EUF), levelized cost of electricity (LCOE), and levelized cost of cooling (LCOC) were determined. Additionally, the analyses were conducted under different ambient temperature conditions to evaluate the system's performance under typical temperature scenarios observed in Côte d’Ivoire. Depending on the investigated parameter ranges, the energy efficiency of the IRR gas turbine varied between 35.17 and 42.72%, while the exergy efficiency ranged from 35.85 to 44.05%. In addition, the EUF of the IRR gas turbine cogeneration system varied between 60.43 and 63.30%, whereas the LCOE and LCOC ranged from 0.02527 to 0.04682 USD/kWh and 0.04839–0.07054 USD/kWh, respectively. Overall, the results highlight that the investigated operating parameters significantly affect the thermodynamic and thermoeconomic performance of the proposed IRR gas turbine cogeneration system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 107892"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147360583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic effects of palm oil and cordierite partial-flow particulate filter on thermal efficiency and emission characteristics of a 2.5L diesel vehicle","authors":"Huy Quang Dang ,&nbsp;Mek Srilomsak ,&nbsp;Preechar Karin ,&nbsp;Sompong Srimanosaowapak ,&nbsp;Vitoon Uthaisangsuk ,&nbsp;Chinda Charoenphonphanich","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2026.107911","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2026.107911","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study experimentally evaluates the synergistic effects of palm oil biodiesel fuels and a cordierite-based partial-flow diesel particulate filter (P-DPF) on the thermal efficiency and emission characteristics of a 2.5L light-duty diesel vehicle, using commercial fuels (B7 and B10) and neat biodiesel (B100). Steady-state chassis dynamometer tests showed that P-DPF installation increased exhaust backpressure by up to 7.2 kPa while causing only minor changes in fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency. Under the New European Driving Cycle, B100 inherently reduced particulate number (PN) and mass (PM) by more than 43% and 32%, respectively, compared to commercial fuels. The integration of the P-DPF further reduced PN by 36–40% and PM by 57–60%. In addition, catalytic oxidation decreased CO and THC emissions by up to 20–25%, while NOx emissions were reduced by up to 20%, likely due to the combined effects of biodiesel properties and mild internal EGR induced by increased backpressure. Despite these improvements, the combined application remained insufficient to meet the Euro 5 limit but supported partial compliance with Euro 4 standards. These results demonstrate a practical and cost-effective retrofit strategy for reducing emissions from aging diesel vehicles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 107911"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147360820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical simulation of fractional electro-osmotic Walter-B flow in a magnetized porous medium with Soret–Dufour and chemical reaction effects","authors":"Mumtaz Khan ,&nbsp;M.S. Anwar","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2026.107912","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2026.107912","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The thermal management of microfluidic devices and renewable energy systems relies heavily on the efficient transport of non-Newtonian fluids. Specifically, these electro-kinetic and transport mechanisms are directly applied in the real-world design of electro-kinetic micropumps and biomedical lab-on-a-chip devices. Fractional calculus extends classical differentiation to non-integer orders, enabling realistic modeling of systems with memory and spatial nonlocality. This study examines the unsteady electro-osmotic flow of a Walter-B viscoelastic fluid past a semi-infinite vertical plate embedded in a Darcy porous medium under a transverse magnetic field. The model incorporates thermal radiation, internal heat generation, Soret-Dufour cross-diffusion, and a first-order chemical reaction, while Caputo fractional derivatives are used to represent memory-dependent heat and mass diffusion mechanism. The governing equations are non-dimensionalized and solved numerically using a fully implicit finite-difference scheme based on the second-order fractional backward-difference formula (FBDF2), ensuring stability and accuracy. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study that combines fractional electro-osmotic Walter-B flow with simultaneous Soret–Dufour effects and chemical reaction within an FBDF2-based fully implicit finite-difference framework. The results reveal that smaller fractional orders intensify memory effects and delay thermal and solutal relaxation, reflecting the inherent nonlocality of fractional transport. Quantitatively, the Soret number enhances the heat transfer rate by approximately 5.38% while reducing the mass transfer rate by about 11.02%. The radiation parameter markedly improves thermal transport, producing nearly 33.36% enhancement in the Nusselt number. In contrast, the thermal Grashof number slightly reduces the skin-friction coefficient by 3.20%, whereas the electro-osmotic parameter decreases it by 7.95%. Moreover, the Dufour number yields a modest 2.10% increase in the Sherwood number.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 107912"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147387309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}