Case Studies in Thermal Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Thermal analysis of hybrid nanofluid flow in blood vessels with peristalsis: Case study for Hall current and radiative heat transfer","authors":"Zafar Iqbal ,&nbsp;Imtiaz Ahmad ,&nbsp;Sami Ullah Khan ,&nbsp;Lioua Kolsi ,&nbsp;Nidhal Becheikh ,&nbsp;Kaouther Ghachem","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.105970","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.105970","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Owing to exclusive thermal applications of hybrid nanomaterials, significant strides of researchers have been intended in improving the heat transfer efficiency, consuming the energy sources and enable revolutions in thermal engineering, cooling processes, management technologies, biomedical applications etc. The interaction of hybrid nanomaterials associated to the peristalsis phenomenon is innovative for physiological processes, biological systems, blood vessels etc. Keeping such motivations in mind, the aim of current investigation is to inspect the fluctuation in heat transfer in blood flow with interaction of hybrid nanomaterials. Copper <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mi>C</mi><mi>u</mi></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span> and iron oxide <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mi>F</mi><msub><mi>e</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><msub><mi>O</mi><mn>4</mn></msub></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span> nanoparticles are utilized in order to evaluates the thermal transport of blood. The properties of human blood are justified by using the tangent hyperbolic fluid model. The flow pattern is based on the peristaltic phenomenon associated to the complex wavy channel. The problem is further updated by utilizing the Hall current, joule heating and radiated impact. The computations are performed with ND solver algorithm. A comparative visualization for thermal phenomenon based on nanofluid <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mi>C</mi><mi>u</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>b</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>d</mi></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span> and hybrid nanofluid <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mi>C</mi><mi>u</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>F</mi><msub><mi>e</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><msub><mi>O</mi><mn>4</mn></msub><mo>/</mo><mi>b</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>d</mi></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span> has been performed. It is claimed that the non-uniformity of vessels enhances the velocity for hybrid nanofluid at larger scale as compared to traditional nanofluid. The trapping phenomenon and temperature profile assisted for blood based hybrid nanofluid due to mantic parameter.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"69 ","pages":"Article 105970"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143601508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of window orientation on the thermal performance of electrochromic glass","authors":"Jianan Wen,&nbsp;Jian Sun,&nbsp;Xi Meng","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.105990","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.105990","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The utilization of electrochromic glass enables the dynamic adjustment of solar radiation absorption, achieved through the alteration of glass transmittance. This results in enhanced seasonal adaptability of the building and an elevated level of energy efficiency. This study examines the impact of electrochromic glazing on the thermal environment of building interiors, with a particular focus on the influence of composite electrochromic glazing window orientation on this environment. Therefore, two cell models are constructed with normal glass and electrochromic glass, respectively. Transient temperatures of indoor air and two glass surfaces were monitored to reveal the thermal and optical performance of electrochromic glass with considering three window orientations of eastward, southward and westward. The experimental results demonstrate that, in comparison with traditional double-layer glazing, double-layer glazing with electrochromic glass has the potential to significantly reduce the indoor air temperature of the cell model, particularly in the tinted state. The installation of double-layer electrochromic glazing in east, south and west-facing windows under the tinted state has been observed to reduce the average daytime temperatures by 10.44 °C, 9.57 °C and 10.59 °C, respectively, and the maximum daytime temperatures by 24.3 °C, 12.31 °C and 27.16 °C. It can be observed that the orientation of windows has a considerable impact on the cooling benefits of double-layer electrochromic glazing, with the most notable effects observed in west-facing windows, followed by east and south-facing windows. Additionally, there were significant temporal effects. Correlation analysis with meteorological parameters demonstrated that window orientation plays a pivotal role in determining the intensity of solar radiation received by vertical window.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"69 ","pages":"Article 105990"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143548921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insight into heat transport exploration of rotating Darcy Forchheimer flow of hybrid nanofluid","authors":"Muhammad Yasir ,&nbsp;Haitao Qi ,&nbsp;Ibrahim E. Elseesy ,&nbsp;N. Ameer Ahammad","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.105980","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.105980","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Modern science has optimized thermal devices due to the growing significance of energy consumption. To address this, one suggestion is to modify the thermal characteristics of traditional fluids with solid nanoparticles. Improved heat-transfer fluids known as nanofluids with hybrid properties are shaped by suspending various nanoparticles in a base fluid. These fluids are commonly used in manufacturing, industrial, and biomedical engineering due to their excellent heat transfer capabilities. The rotational flow of fluids in these applications is significant, as they have extensive implementations in hydraulic systems, medical devices, cooling systems, chemical reactors, and aerospace engineering. Due to the significance of rotational flow, this analysis is organized to deliberate the rotational magnetized flow phenomenon of a hybrid nanomaterial in three dimensions to acquire the dual outcomes. In this study, the occurrence of Darcy Forchheimer flow and the influence of rotation with velocity slip are examined about the behavior of hybrid nanofluids, which are combinations of ferrous ferric and zinc oxide nanoparticles in methanol-based regular fluid. The hybrid nanofluid's flow characteristics on the surface of a porous stretched/shrinking sheet are discussed under the consideration of Lorentz forces. Further, thermal analysis accounts for the significance of heat generation/absorption and thermal radiation, and Newtonian heating. The dual nature of the desirable results is also elucidated. Graphical illustrations of the flow and thermal properties regarding dual solutions and multiple factors are manifested. This study deliberates the result that the fluid velocity in the horizontal direction with improved rotational parameter exhibits an accelerating nature corresponding to the upper branch solution. In contrast, in the context of the lower branch solution, it demonstrates the opposite behavior. Additionally, in the vertical direction, the flow velocity depicts increasing behavior with improved rotational parameter corresponding to both solutions. Further, as the volume fraction of nanoparticles intensifications, the skin friction coefficients increase, and the local Nusselt number decreases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"69 ","pages":"Article 105980"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143601507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical analysis of heat transfer performance in water spray cooling under low atmospheric pressure","authors":"Yuwei Fan,&nbsp;Xinrong Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.105987","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.105987","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Spray cooling has gained significant attention as an efficient thermal management strategy in various industrial and aerospace applications. In this study, we numerically investigate the heat transfer characteristics of low ambient pressure spray cooling systems using a Euler-Lagrangian approach to simulate two-phase boiling over a pressure range of 20–100 kPa. Results show that at a mass flow rate of 0.00468 kg/s, the heat transfer coefficient increases by up to 76.17 % at an ambient pressure of 20 kPa compared to atmospheric condition. Microscopic analyses reveal that flash evaporation at lower pressures promotes strong droplet-wall interactions and enhanced boiling heat transfer. Moreover, at 40 kPa, the temperature distribution reversal is evident. Consequently, we further examined mass flow rate effects at this representative low pressure and found a critical threshold beyond which maximum heat transfer performance is achieved. It is noteworthy that the time to reach thermal equilibrium becomes shorter under lower ambient pressures, indicating a faster dynamic response compared to atmospheric condition. These findings expand the understanding of spray cooling in low ambient pressure and offer practical guidelines for optimizing both system design and operation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"69 ","pages":"Article 105987"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143562411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy management for microgrids integrating renewable sources and hybrid electric vehicles","authors":"Wanying Liu ,&nbsp;Chunqing Rui ,&nbsp;Zilin Liu ,&nbsp;Jinxin Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.105937","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.105937","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The incorporation of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) offers a promising solution to tackle the energy crisis while reducing environmental challenges. With enhanced control and storage features, PHEVs contribute to greater flexibility in distribution networks. However, managing these vehicles alongside renewable energy sources (RES) presents significant challenges. This study proposes a novel Energy Management Strategy (EMS) for microgrids (MGs) integrating RES and PHEVs. The MG includes wind turbines (WT), photovoltaic panels (PV), micro turbines (MT), fuel cells (FC), storage batteries, PHEVs, and the grid. The primary objective is to minimize operational costs and environmental emissions, framed as an optimization problem. The EMS considers two RES operation scenarios and three electric vehicle (EV) charging modes—uncoordinated, coordinated, and smart—while addressing uncertainties in renewable energy generation and load demand considering the demand response program (DRP). It also incorporates demand response mechanisms for greater resilience. The Kepler Optimization Algorithm (KOA), inspired by Kepler's laws of planetary motion, is employed to tackle the nonlinear optimization problem. KOA models candidate solutions as planetary positions, continuously updating them relative to the optimal solution for comprehensive domain exploration. Simulation results reveal substantial improvements in cost and emission reductions. Without PHEVs, KOA achieves a mean operating cost of 109.623 €ct, 1.46 % lower than benchmark methods, with minimal variability (standard deviation: 0.0002 €ct). For maximum RES generation, costs are further reduced to 86.2143 €ct with consistent performance (standard deviation: 0.0001 €ct). When PHEVs are included, KOA demonstrates cost reductions of up to 17.9 % across various charging modes, showcasing its adaptability and efficiency in dynamic energy systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"69 ","pages":"Article 105937"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143548919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation of the energy performance of a photovoltaic-thermal assisted ground source heat pump system for net plus energy houses","authors":"Won-Jong Choi ,&nbsp;Wangje Lee ,&nbsp;Deuk-Won Kim ,&nbsp;Youngsub An ,&nbsp;Hong-Jin Joo ,&nbsp;Joo Young Hong ,&nbsp;Min-Hwi Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.105974","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.105974","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the experimental analysis of the energy saving potential of integrating a photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) assisted ground source heat pump system under heating season operation. The demonstration building is an energy plus solar house located in Daejeon, South Korea. The coefficient of performance (COP) was measured during heating and domestic hot water operations to compare the energy supply efficiency of the proposed system and conventional systems. The results showed that the COP of the heat pump system was observed 4.5 for heating and 3.9 for domestic hot water. The ground source operation achieved COPs of 4.6 for heating and 4.4 for domestic hot water, while the PVT assisted ground source operation achieved COPs of 5.2 for heating and 4.4 for domestic hot water. The electrical and thermal utilization ratio of the PVT system were 7.5 %–21.2 % during the heating season. The seasonal performance factor and seasonal performance factor in grid of the proposed system showed 4.9 and 5.3, respectively. The experimental results confirmed that the PVT assisted ground source heat pump system is more energy-efficient with reducing carbon emissions compared to conventional systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"69 ","pages":"Article 105974"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143548720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of sustainable diesel fuel blend using biodiesel, hydrous hydrazine and nanocatalysts for optimized performance and emission control","authors":"Suresh Vellaiyan","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.105966","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.105966","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aims to optimize the integration of biodiesel, hydrogen carriers, and nanocatalysts in diesel fuel to enhance engine performance while minimizing emissions, aligning with sustainable development goals. Waste-derived lemon peel oil (WLPO) was utilized as a biodiesel feedstock, while hydrous hydrazine (HH) was introduced as a safe and efficient hydrogen carrier. Aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) was employed as a nanocatalyst (NC) to facilitate complete hydrazine decomposition. A Box-Behnken design matrix was employed to design test fuel combinations, which were evaluated in a single-cylinder diesel engine under maximum brake mean effective pressure. Nanoparticle characterization validated the effectiveness of Al₂O₃ as a catalyst, with X-ray diffraction confirming its crystalline structure and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy demonstrating its thermal stability in high-temperature environments. The optimization results demonstrated that the maximum volume concentration of WLPO, combined with 11.9 % HH and 93.2 ppm NC in diesel fuel, delivered superior energy efficiency and environmental performance. The analysis of variance revealed that HH had a significant impact on performance metrics, whereas WLPO concentration primarily influenced emission metrics. Validation experiments confirmed the predicted outcomes, demonstrating improved performance and reduced emissions. The optimized fuel matrix reduces fossil fuel dependency by approximately 42 %, offering a promising pathway toward sustainable energy solutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"69 ","pages":"Article 105966"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143562414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing solar water heating systems for carbon emission reduction in residential buildings: A case study of Turkey’s renewable energy potential","authors":"Musa Demir","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.105964","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.105964","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In line with efforts to meet global energy demand through renewable energy sources, research on the development of new renewable energy systems and the enhancement of existing systems’ efficiency has gained considerable momentum in recent years. This study presents a comprehensive analysis evaluating the potential of solar water heating (SWH) systems across 45 different locations in Turkey. Using T∗SOL (Thermal Solar Simulation Software) and MeteoSyn (Meteorological Data Simulation Software), the study reveals that SWH systems can meet 63 %, 62 %, and 57 % of the total heating demand in Mersin, Hatay, and Adana, respectively. Despite domestic production of 408 million m³ of natural gas in 2022, Turkey imported 54.6 billion m³ to meet its demand. The analysis demonstrates that SWH systems in the surveyed regions of Turkey can save a total of 28,095 m³ of natural gas annually, offering significant environmental and economic benefits. Additionally, annual CO₂ emission reductions of 1726 kg, 1652 kg, and 1544 kg can be achieved in Şanlıurfa, Van, and Erzurum, respectively, resulting in a total reduction of 59,423 kg of CO₂ emissions, thus decreasing the amount of carbon released into the atmosphere. According to the analysis results, the solar energy system has produced 130,592 kWh of energy for space heating and 225,131 kWh for water heating. These findings indicate that SWH systems could play a crucial role in meeting the residential heating and hot water demands in Turkey, and that their widespread adoption could contribute meaningfully to energy efficiency and sustainable development goals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"69 ","pages":"Article 105964"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143636942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of premixed swirl-stabilized flame on the cooling performance of an effusion-cooled combustor liner","authors":"Xiang Lu ,&nbsp;Yongbin Ji ,&nbsp;Bing Ge ,&nbsp;Shusheng Zang","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.105938","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.105938","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The impact of premixed swirl-stabilized flame on the cooling performance of an effusion-cooled combustor liner perforated by cylindrical and fan-shaped holes is investigated under varying blowing ratios. Infrared technology is employed to ascertain the wall temperature, and computations are performed to elucidate the interaction mechanism between the flame and the cooling jets. The results demonstrate that since the premixed flame has not yet burnt out before impinging on the wall, the mainstream near the wall contains low-temperature mixtures in the swirl impingement zone and high-temperature gas in the corner recirculation and liner tail. Consequently, the wall temperature in the swirl impingement zone is relatively low, while the cooling effectiveness is high. Conversely, the corner circulation zone and the tail of the liner exhibit reduced cooling effectiveness. The increase in the blowing ratios has a negligible influence on the cooling effectiveness distribution but can enhance the cooling effectiveness and its uniformity. The fan-shaped holes are similar in the distribution of cooling effectiveness to the cylindrical ones but higher in value. Meanwhile, they have better uniformity of cooling effectiveness than the cylindrical holes, as more cooling air is assigned to holes in the corner recirculation zone and liner tail where cooling effectiveness is lower.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"68 ","pages":"Article 105938"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143512620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of low-pressure conditions on flame width and volume of buoyant methane laminar diffusion flames","authors":"Jinfei Zhao ,&nbsp;Tengjiao Zhou ,&nbsp;Lin Hong ,&nbsp;Jian Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.105963","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.105963","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, an experimental investigation of the main morphological parameters of buoyant methane laminar diffusion flames, including flame width and flame volume, is carried out under various sub-pressures (20-100 <span><math><mrow><mi>k</mi><mi>P</mi><mi>a</mi></mrow></math></span>). Quantitative models for flame width and volume are derived and compared against experimental results by assuming a cylindrical flame shape. The methane buoyant laminar diffusion flames are produced using a circular burner with an inner diameter of 8 <span><math><mrow><mi>m</mi><mi>m</mi></mrow></math></span>, and the fire tests are conducted in a low-pressure chamber with inner dimensions of 3 × 2 × 2 <span><math><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow></math></span>. The mass flow rate in the current study ranges from 2.988 <span><math><mrow><mi>m</mi><mi>g</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>s</mi></mrow></math></span> to 8.365 <span><math><mrow><mi>m</mi><mi>g</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>s</mi></mrow></math></span>. The experimental results show that air pressure impacts flame appearance. When the pressure is increased, it is noted that the flame transitions from steady flames or tip-flickering flames to sinuous meandering flames or even bulk-flickering flames. Additionally, the flame width decreases with increasing ambient air pressure for steady and tip-flickering flames, and the results show that the flame width is inversely proportional to the 1/3 power on the ambient pressure, <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>W</mi><mi>f</mi></msub><mo>∼</mo><msup><mi>P</mi><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>. For bulk-flickering flames, the flame width is independent of ambient air pressure, <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>W</mi><mi>f</mi></msub><mo>∼</mo><msup><mi>P</mi><mn>0</mn></msup></mrow></math></span>. Also, the flame volume decreases with increasing air pressure at relatively small mass flow rates, and the measured flame volume is inversely proportional to the (<span><math><mrow><mn>0.43</mn><mo>−</mo><mn>0.55</mn></mrow></math></span>) power of the ambient pressure. Finally, based on dimensionless analysis, prediction models for flame width and volume are proposed, which are <span><math><mrow><msubsup><mi>W</mi><mi>f</mi><mo>∗</mo></msubsup><mo>=</mo><mn>0.388</mn><msup><mi>Φ</mi><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>0.51</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><msubsup><mi>V</mi><mi>f</mi><mo>∗</mo></msubsup><mo>=</mo><mn>2.177</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>4</mn></mrow></msup><msup><mi>Φ</mi><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>0.85</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>. The correlated results successfully unify the current experimental findings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"69 ","pages":"Article 105963"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143580791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}