Wang Shuyan, Chen Hongwei, Zhang Xinyi, Guo Shuming, Lin Zebin, Chen Bingkui
{"title":"Investigation on steady-state temperature field by a novel laminated tooth for multi-tooth in harmonic gear drive","authors":"Wang Shuyan, Chen Hongwei, Zhang Xinyi, Guo Shuming, Lin Zebin, Chen Bingkui","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2024.105649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2024.105649","url":null,"abstract":"Harmonic gear transmission is a principal mode for robot joint reducers, and an accurate steady-state temperature field model of harmonic gears is vital to improving transmission performance. In this paper, the internal relationship between instantaneous multi-tooth meshing and single-tooth continuous meshing was first investigated. Calculation methods for tooth load stress, relative speed at meshing points, and friction coefficient in multi-tooth meshing were established, and a long-axis laminated single-tooth meshing model temperature field reflecting multi-tooth meshing was constructed. Then, the temperature field of the long-axis laminated single-tooth meshing model was compared with that of the full teeth and single-tooth model in the published literature. Finally, the temperature distribution laws under different working conditions were investigated. The innovation of this paper lies in the design of the temperature field of the flexspline laminated single tooth model by integrating the harmonic transmission principle. The results show that compared with the single-tooth and full-tooth temperature field models in the current published literature, the temperature field model in this study reduces the temperature error by 29.4%–34.1 % and saves the pre-processing time by 87.5 %, enhancing the prediction accuracy and efficiency of harmonic gear temperature. This model can be utilized to assess the reliability of harmonic gears.","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"79 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142858274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fang Wang, Wenliang Guo, Xianfei Liu, Ye Tian, Jicheng Li, Jun Zhang, Chaowen Deng
{"title":"Effect of portable cooling device on thermal comfort of medical protective clothing","authors":"Fang Wang, Wenliang Guo, Xianfei Liu, Ye Tian, Jicheng Li, Jun Zhang, Chaowen Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2024.105656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2024.105656","url":null,"abstract":"Medical protective clothing is important for maintaining the health and safety of the wearer, but its thermal comfort is poor. To improve the thermal comfort, a portable cooling device was designed and a medical protective clothing cooling system was constructed using this device. Through simulations, the actual cooling capacity of the portable cooling device was studied at various temperatures; the micro-environment temperature variation rule for medical protective clothing based on the cooling device was explored under different temperatures and activity intensities, and the cooling system's effect on the wearer's skin temperature was clarified. The results show that the temperature difference between the inlet and outlet of the portable cooling device is maintained at approximately 13 °C under various temperatures, the cooling power is approximately 31.2 W. After cooling system operation for 2 h, the micro-environment temperature and average skin temperature maximum drops are 6.0 °C and 5.6 °C, respectively. The system can reduce the protective clothing's micro-environment temperature and the human skin temperature effectively under various environmental temperature and activity intensity conditions. Which are of significance for verification of the feasibility of a new concept for cooling system design and the resulting improvement in the thermal comfort of medical protective clothing.","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142858273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Aziz, S.A.H. Shah, H.M.S. Bahaidarah, T. Zamir, T. Aziz
{"title":"Advanced neural network modeling with Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm for optimizing tri-hybrid nanofluid dynamics in solar HVAC systems","authors":"A. Aziz, S.A.H. Shah, H.M.S. Bahaidarah, T. Zamir, T. Aziz","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2024.105609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2024.105609","url":null,"abstract":"The performance of photovoltaic (PV)-based heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems is highly sensitive to operating temperature. To address this, we propose a nanofluid-based thermal cooling model and develop an advanced computational solver using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) trained with the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm (LMA-TNN). This model analyzes the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) radiative flow of a rotating Sutterby tri-hybrid nanofluid, incorporating critical factors such as linear thermal radiation, boundary slip, and activation energy. The nonlinear differential equations derived from the physical model are solved using the three-step Lobatto IIIa method, ensuring precision and reliability. Reference data for the LMA-TNN solver are generated for various HVAC scenarios, with a focus on key parameters including Reynolds and Deborah numbers, radiation, temperature slip, and activation energy. The LMA-TNN model is rigorously trained, validated, and tested, achieving high accuracy in predicting numerical solutions for diverse HVAC operating conditions. The model’s performance is evaluated using state transition (ST) index, error histogram (EH), mean squared error, and regression (R) analysis, demonstrating excellent agreement between predicted and reference solutions. The results show an error range of <mml:math altimg=\"si1.svg\" display=\"inline\"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mn>0</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>−</mml:mo><mml:mn>7</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math> to <mml:math altimg=\"si2.svg\" display=\"inline\"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mn>0</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>−</mml:mo><mml:mn>11</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math>, confirming the model’s reliability and potential for optimizing PV-based HVAC systems.","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142858275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Phase change regulation and enhanced enthalpy in mixed tetrabutylammonium salt hydrates for multi-temperature cold storage applications","authors":"Kai Guo, Ziyi Qu, Wenxiang Zhang, Sizhe Zhou, Yonghuan Zang, Xiao Jiang, Zhihan Yang, Qing Xiao, Haojie Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2024.105639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2024.105639","url":null,"abstract":"Semi-clathrate hydrates, with high latent heat, tunability, and excellent stability, show promise as phase change cold storage materials. To meet the varying phase change temperature requirements for different applications, this study investigated the dissociation behavior of hydrates formed from two tetrabutylammonium (TBA<ce:sup loc=\"post\">+</ce:sup>) salt mixtures—FBS (TBAF, TBAB, TBAHSO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">4</ce:inf>) and FCS (TBAF, TBAC, TBAHSO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">4</ce:inf>)—at varying concentrations and ratios using differential scanning calorimetry. The results revealed that tuning the ratios of these mixtures enabled single-peak phase change regulation, ranging from 3.8 °C to 15.1 °C and 26 °C to 28.1 °C. The mixed tetrabutylammonium salt solutions exhibited a synergistic effect, enhancing phase change enthalpy beyond pure solutions, with peak values of 225.77 kJ/kg (FBS 0.7-0.3-0) and 239.48 kJ/kg (FCS 0.5-0.5-0). Further analysis indicated that reducing the molar mass of the mixed anions increased both phase change temperature and enthalpy, with FCS exhibiting a more pronounced improvement. For single-peak phase changes, maximum enthalpies of 225.77 kJ/kg (FBS) and 226.48 kJ/kg (FCS) were observed when the mixed anion molar masses were 25.69 and 20.96 kg/kmol, respectively. These finding highlight the potential of mixed tetrabutylammonium slat hydrates for applications, including high-energy density cold storage, multi-temperature range preservation, and advanced air conditioning systems.","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142858317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Suresh, Awasthi Abhishek, Binit Kumar, Yongseok Jeon
{"title":"Experimental investigation on the effect of porous-fin position in a thermal energy storage tank for performance enhancement of the system","authors":"C. Suresh, Awasthi Abhishek, Binit Kumar, Yongseok Jeon","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2024.105652","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2024.105652","url":null,"abstract":"Metal foam plays a significant role in the heat transfer augmentation of phase change material (PCM)-based thermal applications. Although incorporating metal foam in thermal systems will increase the thermal conductivity, it will also mitigate the natural convection as a result of the metal foam structure and in turn lower the thermal performance. Non-uniform temperature distribution in thermal energy storage (TES) represents another major problem in thermal management applications. To overcome this issue of non-uniformity in temperature as well as improve convective heat transfer and energy storage capacity, the current study proposes incorporating porous-fins at different locations of TES. To this end, four cases—i.e., Case-1 (pure PCM without-fin), Case-2 (porous-fin at top), Case-3 (porous-fin at middle), and Case-4 (porous-fin at bottom)—were designed and experimentally assessed to compare their thermal performances. The experimental results revealed that Case-2, Case-3, and Case-4 exhibited reductions in the melting time of PCM of 16.65 %, 29.63 %, and 45.83 %, respectively, compared to Case-1. Further, Case-4 showed higher cumulative energy transfer, uniform melting, and temperature distribution than the other cases. Based on the obtained performance parameters, it was concluded that Case-4 has superior performance and is an optimized case compared to the other cases.","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142858279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohamed A. Alnakeeb, Mohamed A. Abdel Salam, Mohamed A. Hassab, Wael M. El-Maghlany
{"title":"Influence of trapezoidal tube parameters on electrical and thermal performance of hybrid photovoltaic solar panels integrated with phase change materials","authors":"Mohamed A. Alnakeeb, Mohamed A. Abdel Salam, Mohamed A. Hassab, Wael M. El-Maghlany","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2024.105641","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2024.105641","url":null,"abstract":"The photovoltaic-thermal hybrid system with phase-change material is designed to provide simultaneous thermal and electrical power output. In this paper, a detailed two-dimensional modelling of a photovoltaic thermal using phase change material is performed. The system utilizes water as the heat transfer fluid, which flows through a uniquely designed trapezoidal inner tube. This configuration is explored to enhance heat transfer and overall system efficiency. The model is numerically solved using ANSYS Fluent 19.2 to analyse the performance characteristics. The numerical analysis investigates the performance characteristics of the photovoltaic thermal technology combined with phase change material system across various aspect ratios (0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2) and heights (3, 6, and 9 mm), marking a novel exploration into optimizing these parameters for enhanced energy efficiency. The phase change material melting is simulated by employing the enthalpy-porosity method. The validation of the numerical technique is confirmed by comparing the current study's results to the outcomes of the previous experimental study. Based on the findings, the overall efficiency improves as the aspect ratio and height increase. Among all simulated cases, the highest overall efficiency is attained with aspect ratio of 2 and a height of 9 mm, with a value of 70.1 %.","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142858280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hassan Waqas, Mohib Hussain, Qasem M. Al-Mdallal, N. Ameer Ahammad, Ibrahim E. Elseesy
{"title":"The impact of nano-infused phase change materials and blossom-shaped fins on thermal energy storage","authors":"Hassan Waqas, Mohib Hussain, Qasem M. Al-Mdallal, N. Ameer Ahammad, Ibrahim E. Elseesy","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2024.105623","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2024.105623","url":null,"abstract":"The widespread implementation of a latent heat storage system (LHSS) presents a viable solution to the energy imbalance and shortages. Phase Change Materials (PCMs) are key components owing to their remarkable energy storage capabilities. However, the low heat conductivity of phase change materials presents a considerable challenge to their practical use. This study presents the modelling and numerical simulation of a latent heat storage system (LHSS) using blossom-shaped fins (BSF) and nano-integrated phase change material (PCM). The study evaluates the efficacy of the tube heat exchanger by examining multiple physical characteristics, including the number of fins, height, and the interaction between fin pin and height, using ANSYS Fluent and the finite volume approach. The findings indicate that the charging time is reduced by 17% based on modifications in fin compactness and quantity. Additionally, the nano-integrated PCM significantly reduces the amount of time required for melting. The findings demonstrate in comparison to the conventional PCM with nano-mediated PCM, the melting time of nano-integrated PCM is shortened by <mml:math altimg=\"si1.svg\" display=\"inline\"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>18</mml:mn><mml:mo>.</mml:mo><mml:mn>6</mml:mn><mml:mtext>%</mml:mtext><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>13</mml:mn><mml:mo>.</mml:mo><mml:mn>6</mml:mn><mml:mtext>%</mml:mtext><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>14</mml:mn><mml:mo>.</mml:mo><mml:mn>7</mml:mn><mml:mtext>%</mml:mtext><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>12</mml:mn><mml:mo>.</mml:mo><mml:mn>7</mml:mn><mml:mtext>%</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:math> and 16.3% for Case A-1, Case A-4, Case B-1, Case C-2, and Case D-1, incorporating blossom-shaped fins. The findings can have an impact on future studies aimed at improving PCMs energy storage capabilities and creating more efficient heat exchanger designs.","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142858318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Study on the displacement and stress variation of frozen curtain during excavation of subway cross passage","authors":"Junhao Chen, Zebiao You, Jianlin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2024.105661","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2024.105661","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the deformation behavior of the frozen curtain during excavation is crucial when employing artificial freezing methods in construction. This study uses indoor frozen soil experiments and numerical simulations to determine the compressive and flexural strengths of the frozen curtain, along with its displacement and stress variation patterns. Results show that lower freezing temperatures continuously increase uniaxial compressive strength, flexural strength, and elastic modulus of frozen soil, while Poisson's ratio decreases. Among the two soil types studied, silty interlayered with sand demonstrates greater compressive strength, flexural strength, and elastic modulus. Numerical simulation analysis indicates that the top of the frozen curtain experiences settlement during cross passage excavation, while the bottom exhibits uplift. The safety factors of the frozen curtain were validated and confirmed to be within safe limits. This study integrates frozen soil experiments and numerical simulations to offer guidance for future cross passage excavations and related engineering designs.","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"100 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142858276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lubin Wang, Weize Wang, Jiangling Wan, Junhao Wang, Yangguang Liu
{"title":"Probability analysis and reliability evaluation of thermal barrier coating under thermal cycling load using probabilistic statistical method","authors":"Lubin Wang, Weize Wang, Jiangling Wan, Junhao Wang, Yangguang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2024.105660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2024.105660","url":null,"abstract":"Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs), commonly used in industrial gas turbines and aero-engines, have become a vital technology for prolonging their lifespan. However, the spalling of TBCs from the substrates during service could compromise the safety and reliability of the equipment. This study presents a methodology for assessing the risk of interfacial spalling induced by thermal stress mismatches between TBCs and their underlying substrates. A life forecasting technique that integrates critical failure probability, probabilistic statistics, and finite element analysis (FEA) was employed in this approach. Initially, FEA was used to establish the relationship between residual stress and thermal cycle. Subsequently, a comprehensive analysis of the failure-related characteristics is conducted to formulate the failure criterion. Then, the probability of failure was computed. The prediction was made for the thermal cycles experienced by the thermal barrier coating (TBC) on disc specimens with varying thermally grown oxide (TGO) thicknesses. The theoretically predicted lifespan was compared to experimental results, indicating the overall life is higher than the predicted value, with a maximum deviation of 16.8 %. Finally, an extensive evaluation was performed to identify the factors that influence the reliability of the TBCs. The investigation revealed that the TGO thickness had the most significant influence on the failure probability of TBCs, while fracture strength is the next important factor. These results have direct guidance for predicting the service life of TBCs and ensuring the service safety of its application components.","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142858277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A simulation study of thermal and hydraulic characteristics mini-channel circular heat sink: Effect of L-shaped multi-channel arrangement on flow maldistribution","authors":"Haider Ali Hussein","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2024.105655","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2024.105655","url":null,"abstract":"Mini channel cooling represents a highly effective methodology for the dissipation of thermal energy in electronic systems. The employment of a circular heat sink, characterized by novel configurations that incorporate various arrangements of innovative L-channel passages, facilitates the enhancement of thermal performance in circular mini channel heat sinks by mitigating the incidence of non-uniform coolant distribution. In this investigation, six distinct circular mini channel heat sinks were subjected to testing. Computational simulations were employed to assess their efficacy. The simulation results indicated that the innovative L-shaped channel passages exhibited superior heat transfer capabilities when compared to traditional (rectangular) channels. An increase in the Reynolds number from 491 to 983 corresponds with an enhancement in the performance index and a reduction in the maximum hotspot temperature, thereby leading to a decrease in the maximum thermal resistance. The L-channel passages for design (JMMLCCHS) demonstrated the most significant efficacy in diminishing coolant misdistribution and enhancing the performance index by a factor of 1.194 relative to the conventional design. The JMMLCCHS configuration recorded the most pronounced reduction in maximum thermal resistance, yielding a value of 0.33136 °C/W in contrast to 0.40587 °C/W for the traditional rectangular channel (TMMRCCHS). Moreover, the JMMLCCHS design exhibited the most substantial decrease in hotspot temperature, achieving an 8 °C reduction compared to the conventional design (TMMRCCHS) at a Reynolds number of 983.","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"263 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142858278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}