Casopis lekaru ceskych最新文献_第3页

Young adult cancer patients in the Czech Republic: Is there a need for national guidelines? 捷克共和国的年轻成年癌症患者：是否需要制定国家指南？

Casopis lekaru ceskych Pub Date : 2025-01-01

Tomáš Sokop, David Dufek, Kristýna Polášková, Klára Nováková, Radek Lakomý, Katarína Petráková, Radka Lordick Obermannová

引用次数: 0

Modern approaches enhancing the efficiency of antibiotic therapy in hospital practice. 现代方法提高了医院抗生素治疗的效率。

Casopis lekaru ceskych Pub Date : 2025-01-01

Lukáš Bauer, Jan Cihlo

{"title":"Modern approaches enhancing the efficiency of antibiotic therapy in hospital practice.","authors":"Lukáš Bauer, Jan Cihlo","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"The current effective antibiotic therapy requires modern approaches focused on optimizing treatment and slowing the growth of antimicrobial resistance. A key tool in hospitals is the concept of antimicrobial stewardship, which relies on collaboration in multidisciplinary teams composed of infectious disease specialists, microbiologists, clinical pharmacists, and epidemiologists. These teams focus on the correct choice of antibiotic and its dosage, monitoring its effectiveness and minimising adverse effects. Expanding possibilities in the field of monitoring and interpretation of plasma concentrations of an increasing number of antibiotics enable effective and safe optimization of dosing and administration methods (prolonged and continuous infusions) adjusted for individual patients, thereby allowing a personalized approach to pharmacotherapy. The optimization of antibiotic dosing is further supported using modern administration tools. In the hospital setting, electronic parametric prescribing, centralized preparation and dispensing of anti-infectives by the hospital pharmacy also leads to improved safety. In outpatient care, possibilities are expanding with the concept of outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy, which reduces the risk of nosocomial infections and provides the comfort of a home environment for patients. However, its broader use is hindered mainly by the lack of official stability data for antibiotic preparations, as well as administrative and financial barriers associated with integrating this innovative concept into routine practice.","PeriodicalId":9645,"journal":{"name":"Casopis lekaru ceskych","volume":"164 1","pages":"3-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144858948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Comparison of performance between artificial intelligence and radiologists in detecting abnormalities on chest X-rays. 人工智能和放射科医生在检测胸部x光异常方面的表现比较。

Casopis lekaru ceskych Pub Date : 2025-01-01

Jakub Dandár, Tomáš Jindra, Daniel Kvak

{"title":"Comparison of performance between artificial intelligence and radiologists in detecting abnormalities on chest X-rays.","authors":"Jakub Dandár, Tomáš Jindra, Daniel Kvak","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial intelligence (AI) has been increasingly applied in radiology, where it offers the potential to improve the accuracy and efficiency of diagnosis, particularly in the evaluation of conventional imaging modalities such as chest X-rays. This study analyzes the performance of commercial software using machine learning and, respectively, artificial intelligence approaches (Carebot AI CXR; Carebot s.r.o.) in detecting abnormalities in chest radiographs compared with independent evaluations by 3 radiologists of different levels of experience. The study was conducted in collaboration with Hospital Tabor, which provided a dataset of 207 anonymised radiographs, out of which 196 were assessed as relevant. The sensitivity and specificity of AI were compared with human assessment in 5 categories of abnormalities: atelectasis (ATE), consolidation (CON), cardiac shadow enlargement (CMG), pleural effusion (EFF) and pulmonary lesions (LES). Carebot AI CXR software achieved high sensitivity in all evaluated categories (e.g., ATE: 0.909, CMG: 0.889, EFF: 0.951), and its performance was consistent across all findings. In contrast, AI specificity was lower in some categories (e.g., EFF: 0.792, CON: 0.895), while radiologists achieved performance values approaching 1.000 in most cases (e.g., RAD 1 and RAD 2 EFF: 1.000). AI demonstrated consistently higher sensitivity than less experienced radiologists (e.g., RAD 1 ATE: 0.087, CMG: 0.327) and in some cases than more experienced assessors, but at a modest decrease in specificity. The study also includes case reports, including false-positive and false-negative findings, which contribute to a deeper understanding of AI performance in clinical practice. The results suggest that AI can effectively complement the work of radiologists, especially for less experienced doctors, and improve the sensitivity of diagnosis on chest radiographs.","PeriodicalId":9645,"journal":{"name":"Casopis lekaru ceskych","volume":"164 3","pages":"125-140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144858958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Opinion of an international panel of experts on the clinical use of microbiome testing. 国际专家小组对微生物组检测临床应用的意见。

Casopis lekaru ceskych Pub Date : 2025-01-01

Monika Cahová, Lucie Najmanová

引用次数: 0

Dyslipidemias as rare diseases. 血脂异常是罕见病。

Casopis lekaru ceskych Pub Date : 2025-01-01

Šárka Tesařová, Richard Češka

{"title":"Dyslipidemias as rare diseases.","authors":"Šárka Tesařová, Richard Češka","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"Dyslipidemias are mostly considered to be diseases with mass incidence. However, there are also several dyslipidemias that occur within the framework of rare diseases. Most of them are genetically determined. In this review, we have focused on three selected diseases for which new therapy is available and significantly change prognosis of the patients. Homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia is associated with extreme elevation of LDL cholesterol, leading to premature manifestation of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in the first decade of life. Thanks to new hypolipidemic drugs such as evinacumab and lomitapide, patients today have a much better prognosis than in the past. Lipodystrophies are a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by progressive loss of adipose tissue leading to metabolic abnormalities. Due to new causal metreleptine therapy, we can help patients with managing these metabolic complications significantly. Familial chylomicronemia is not associated with an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, but it is accompanied by extremely high levels of triglycerides, leading to frequent attacks of acute pancreatitis, which can be potentially fatal. Therapy with volanesorsen leads to a reduction of hypertriglyceridemia, thereby reducing the risk of developing acute pancreatitis. Although these diseases are rare, it is necessary to think about them and diagnose them early. Interdisciplinary cooperation is essential during search and treatment of these patients.","PeriodicalId":9645,"journal":{"name":"Casopis lekaru ceskych","volume":"164 3","pages":"100-104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144858960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Utilization of telemedicine in the care of children with obesity. 远程医疗在肥胖症儿童护理中的应用。

Casopis lekaru ceskych Pub Date : 2025-01-01

Lenka Veselá, Irena Aldhoon Hainerová

{"title":"Utilization of telemedicine in the care of children with obesity.","authors":"Lenka Veselá, Irena Aldhoon Hainerová","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"Obesity is a chronic, relapsing, and progressive disease with increasing prevalence, that significantly impacts health and quality of life, even in children. It is associated with an increased risk of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Additionally, obesity can lead to the development of sleep apnea syndrome, orthopedic issues, and psychological complications. The cornerstone of the care is educating the whole family about a healthy lifestyle; however, this may often be challenging due to obstacles such as time constraints, limited access to specialists, and low long-term adherence of families. Telemedicine offers an innovative approach to improving obesity treatment in children through digital tools, online consultations, smart applications, and wearable technologies. It enables more effective monitoring of dietary and physical activity habits, supports mental health, and reduces time and financial burdens for families. Studies indicate that combining in-person and remote support, along with active involvement of family members, leads to higher success rates in weight reduction and a healthy lifestyle maintenance. This article focuses on the use of telemedicine in the treatment of obesity in children, providing an overview of the methods applied in this field and their effectiveness in the context of current scientific knowledge.","PeriodicalId":9645,"journal":{"name":"Casopis lekaru ceskych","volume":"164 2","pages":"63-67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144858956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Physical activity in spas - the key to prevention and health promotion. 在水疗中心进行体育活动——预防和促进健康的关键。

Casopis lekaru ceskych Pub Date : 2025-01-01

Marek Maráček

引用次数: 0

Smoking in cars - unhealthy and hazardous. 在车里吸烟——既不健康又危险。

Casopis lekaru ceskych Pub Date : 2025-01-01

Eva Králíková

引用次数: 0

The benefits of the MEDEVAC project for the Czech healthcare system. 医疗后送项目对捷克医疗系统的好处。

Casopis lekaru ceskych Pub Date : 2025-01-01

Jan Bříza

{"title":"The benefits of the MEDEVAC project for the Czech healthcare system.","authors":"Jan Bříza","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"The MEDEVAC Permanent Medical Humanitarian Program of the Czech Republic focuses on providing medical care to vulnerable groups of the population in regions affected by migration, burdened by many refugees or in places where specialized medical care is not available. Treatment is provided free of charge and exclusively to civilians who are in a serious health condition or whose health condition does not allow them to lead a dignified life. The program started in 1993 in Bosnia and Herzegovina, continued in Kosovo and has gradually been extended to several other countries. At present, MEDEVAC is a program of the Government of the Czech Republic coordinated by the Department of Asylum and Migration Policy of the Ministry of the Interior of the Czech Republic in cooperation with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Defense and the Army of the Czech Republic. The MEDEVAC program is of fundamental educational importance. Participants expand their practical experience with situations typical of conflict and natural disaster areas and become acquainted with the organizational specifics of care in crisis areas. The experience gained in crisis areas is a significant contribution to the preparedness of our health care system, especially traumatology and related fields. The General University Hospital in Prague has been involved in several of its departments since 2011, in addition to the First Surgical Clinic, the Department of Ophthalmology, the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and the Department of Gynaecology, Obstetrics and Neonatology.","PeriodicalId":9645,"journal":{"name":"Casopis lekaru ceskych","volume":"164 3","pages":"84-86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144858964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Strategy for prevention of thromboembolic disease in urology. 泌尿外科血栓栓塞性疾病的预防策略。

Casopis lekaru ceskych Pub Date : 2025-01-01

Tereza Medková, Marek Jurok, Katarína Revészová, Zbygniew Kičerka, Miroslav Záleský, Irena Murínová

{"title":"Strategy for prevention of thromboembolic disease in urology.","authors":"Tereza Medková, Marek Jurok, Katarína Revészová, Zbygniew Kičerka, Miroslav Záleský, Irena Murínová","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"Venous thromboembolism, which includes deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Surgical procedures are a significant risk factor for the development of venous thromboembolism. Preventing venous thromboembolism must be personalized for each patient, based on their individual risk factors and the specific nature of the surgical procedure, considering the types of surgeries performed. In urology, elderly patients are the most frequent recipients of pharmacological venous thromboembolism prevention. With the growing challenge of an aging population, it is increasingly important to customize drug regimens in older adults to ensure safe pharmacotherapy. This article outlines the venous thromboembolism prevention system at the Urology Clinic of the First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, and the Military University Hospital Prague. The strategy has been integrated into application software for ease of use in daily practice. The implementation of this system has led to more rational anticoagulant pharmacotherapy. It serves as an example of interdisciplinary collaboration between physicians and clinical pharmacists, which is key to improving patient care.","PeriodicalId":9645,"journal":{"name":"Casopis lekaru ceskych","volume":"163 7-8","pages":"304-308"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144858943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0