Caries Research最新文献

{"title":"Organization for Caries Research-European Federation of Conservative Dentistry Consensus Report on Clinical Recommendations for Caries Diagnosis Paper II: Caries Lesion Activity and Progression Assessment.","authors":"Klaus W Neuhaus, Jan Kühnisch, Avijit Banerjee, Stefania Martignon, David Ricketts, Falk Schwendicke, Monique H van der Veen, Sophie Doméjean, Margherita Fontana, Adrian Lussi, Anahita Jablonski-Momeni, Fausto Medeiros Mendes, Gail Douglas, Gottfried Schmalz, Guglielmo Campus, Johan Aps, Keith Horner, Niek Opdam, Marie-Charlotte Huysmans, Christian H Splieth","doi":"10.1159/000538619","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000538619","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This consensus paper provides recommendations for oral health professionals on why and how to assess caries activity and progression with special respect to the site of a lesion.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An expert panel was nominated by the executive councils of the European Organization for Caries Research (ORCA) and the European Federation of Conservative Dentistry (EFCD). The steering committee built three working groups that were asked to provide recommendations on (1) caries detection and diagnostic methods, (2) caries activity and progression assessment, and (3) obtain individualized caries diagnoses. The experts of work group 2 phrased and agreed on provisional general and specific recommendations on caries lesion activity and progression, based on a review of the current literature. These recommendations were then discussed and refined in a consensus workshop followed by an anonymous Delphi survey to determine the agreement on each recommendation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The expert panel agreed on general (n = 7) and specific recommendations (n = 6). The specific recommendations cover coronal caries on pits and fissures, smooth surfaces, proximal surfaces, as well as root caries and secondary caries/caries adjacent to restorations and sealants. 3/13 recommendations yielded perfect agreement.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The most suitable method for lesion activity assessment is the visual-tactile method. No single clinical characteristic is indicative of lesion activity; instead, lesion activity assessment is based on assessing and weighing several clinical signs. The recall intervals for visual and radiographic examination need to be adjusted to the presence of active caries lesions and recent caries progression rates. Modifications should be based on individual patient characteristics.</p>","PeriodicalId":9620,"journal":{"name":"Caries Research","volume":" ","pages":"511-520"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11446318/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140848190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Enzymatic Treatment with Mutanase, Beta-Glucanase, and DNase on a Saliva-Derived Biofilm Model.","authors":"Pernille Dukanovic Rikvold, Lea Benedicte Skov Hansen, Rikke Louise Meyer, Mette Rose Jørgensen, Manish K Tiwari, Sebastian Schlafer","doi":"10.1159/000535980","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000535980","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The dental biofilm matrix is an important determinant of virulence for caries development and comprises a variety of extracellular polymeric substances that contribute to biofilm stability. Enzymes that break down matrix components may be a promising approach to caries control, and in light of the compositional complexity of the dental biofilm matrix, treatment with multiple enzymes may enhance the reduction of biofilm formation compared to single enzyme therapy. The present study investigated the effect of the three matrix-degrading enzymes mutanase, beta-glucanase, and DNase, applied separately or in combinations, on biofilm prevention and removal in a saliva-derived in vitro-grown model.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Biofilms were treated during growth to assess biofilm prevention or after 24 h of growth to assess biofilm removal by the enzymes. Biofilms were quantified by crystal violet staining and impedance-based real-time cell analysis, and the biofilm structure was visualized by confocal microscopy and staining of extracellular DNA (eDNA) and polysaccharides.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The in vitro model was dominated by Streptococcus spp., as determined by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. All tested enzymes and combinations had a significant effect on biofilm prevention, with reductions of &gt;90% for mutanase and all combinations including mutanase. Combined application of DNase and beta-glucanase resulted in an additive effect (81.0% ± 1.3% SD vs. 36.9% ± 21.9% SD and 48.2% ± 14.9% SD). For biofilm removal, significant reductions of up to 73.2% ± 5.5% SD were achieved for combinations including mutanase, whereas treatment with DNase had no effect. Glucans, but not eDNA decreased in abundance upon treatment with all three enzymes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Multi-enzyme treatment is a promising approach to dental biofilm control that needs to be validated in more diverse biofilms.</p>","PeriodicalId":9620,"journal":{"name":"Caries Research","volume":" ","pages":"68-76"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10997270/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139058141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acquired Pellicle and Biofilm Engineering by Rinsing with Hemoglobin Solution.","authors":"Tamara T Araujo, Thamyris S Carvalho, Aline Dionizio, Chelsea Maria V B F Rodrigues, Flavio Henrique-Silva, Marcos Chiaratti, Angélica Santos, Lindomar Alves, Milene Ferro, Marília A R Buzalaf","doi":"10.1159/000537976","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000537976","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The identification of acid-resistant proteins, including hemoglobin (Hb), within the acquired enamel pellicle (AEP) led to the proposition of the \"acquired pellicle engineering\" concept, which involves the modification of the AEP by incorporating specific proteins, presenting a novel strategy to prevent dental demineralization.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>Combining in vivo and in vitro proof-of-concept protocols, we sought to reveal the impact of AEP engineering with Hb protein on the biofilm microbiome and enamel demineralization.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In the in vivo studies, 10 volunteers, in 2 independent experiments, rinsed (10 mL,1 min) with deionized water-negative control or 1.0 mg/mL Hb. The AEP and biofilm formed along 2 or 3 h, respectively, were collected. AEP was analyzed by quantitative shotgun-label-free proteomics and biofilm by 16S-rRNA next-generation sequencing (NGS). In in vitro study, a microcosm biofilm protocol was employed. Seventy-two bovine enamel specimens were treated with (1) phosphate-buffered solution (PBS), (2) 0.12% chlorhexidine, (3) 500 ppm NaF, (4) 1.0 mg/mL Hb, (5) 2.0 mg/mL Hb, and (6) 4.0 mg/mL Hb. The biofilm was cultivated for 5 days. Resazurin, colony forming units (CFU), and transversal microradiography were performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Proteomics and NGS analysis revealed that Hb increased proteins with antioxidant, antimicrobial, acid-resistance, hydroxyapatite-affinity, calcium-binding properties and showed a reduction in oral pathogenic bacteria. In vitro experiments demonstrated that the lowest Hb concentration was the most effective in reducing bacterial activity, CFU, and enamel demineralization compared to PBS.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings suggest that Hb could be incorporated into anticaries dental products to modify the oral microbiome and control caries, highlighting its potential for AEP and biofilm microbiome engineering.</p>","PeriodicalId":9620,"journal":{"name":"Caries Research","volume":" ","pages":"162-172"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140020987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tooth Brushing Learning Methods: Differential or Conventional? - A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.","authors":"Loay Leghrouz, Manasi R Khole, Christian H Splieth, Julian Schmoeckel","doi":"10.1159/000538226","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000538226","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Proper tooth brushing is a complicated process for children. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of differential learning to improve tooth brushing in children.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this prospective, controlled, single-blinded, randomized clinical trial, 58 children between 3 and 8 years of age (mean: 5.7 ± 1.5 years; 29 female) were randomly assigned to test or control group through the child's self-drawing of an unlabeled envelope from a box. All children received oral hygiene instructions and information in these sealed envelopes and were asked to follow the corresponding instructions at home for 28 days. Children in the test group received instructions with exercises using the differential learning method, whereas the children in the control group received the usual tooth brushing instructions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At baseline and planned follow-ups after 4 and 12 weeks, plaque and gingival indices (QHI, PBI) were recorded in both groups by 2 calibrated and blinded investigators. At baseline, there were no significant differences between the test and control groups regarding plaque and gingival indices (QHI: 4.1 ± 0.5 vs. 4.1 ± 0.4; p = 0.7; PBI: 0.6 ± 0.3 vs. 0.6 ± 0.3; p = 0.7). At the 1st and 2nd follow-up, both groups showed improved oral health indices, but there was an overall better improvement in the test group. While the difference in gingival indices was statistically significant in the 1st recall (PBI/test: 0.1 ± 0.2 vs. control: 0.3 ± 0.2; p &lt; 0.001), the difference in plaque indices was not (QHI/test: 2.1 ± 0.9; control: 2.6 ± 0.9; p = 0.07). At the 2nd recall (mean week = 19.5 weeks), the test group showed statistically significant and clinically relevant better oral health indices than the control group (2nd recall, QHI/test: 2.1 ± 0.9 vs. control: 3.2 ± 1; p &lt; 0.001; PBI/test: 0.1 ± 0.2 vs. control: 0.5 ± 0.2; p &lt; 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In conclusion, differential learning leads to oral hygiene improvement in children with high caries risk and initially poor oral hygiene, which was superior to the conventional learning method through repetition in the medium term.</p>","PeriodicalId":9620,"journal":{"name":"Caries Research","volume":" ","pages":"399-406"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11313045/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140048862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"European Organisation for Caries Research and the European Federation of Conservative Dentistry Consensus Report on Clinical Recommendations for Caries Diagnosis: Paper III - Caries Diagnosis at the Individual Level.","authors":"Marie-Charlotte Huysmans, Margherita Fontana, Adrian Lussi, Anahita Jablonski-Momeni, Avijit Banerjee, David Ricketts, Falk Schwendicke, Fausto Medeiros Mendes, Gail Douglas, Gottfried Schmalz, Guglielmo Campus, Johan Aps, Keith Horner, Klaus W Neuhaus, Monique Harriët van der Veen, Niek Opdam, Sophie Doméjean, Stefania Martignon, Jan Kühnisch, Christian H Splieth","doi":"10.1159/000539427","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000539427","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The aim of the present consensus paper was to provide recommendations for clinical practice on the individual etiological and modifying factors to be assessed in the individual diagnosis of caries, and the methods for their assessment, supporting personalized treatment decisions.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>The executive councils of the European Organisation for Caries Research (ORCA) and the European Federation of Conservative Dentistry (EFCD) nominated ten experts each to join the expert panel. The steering committee formed three work groups which were asked to provide recommendations on (1) caries detection and diagnostic methods, (2) caries activity assessment, and (3) forming individualized caries diagnoses. The experts responsible for \"individualised caries diagnosis\" searched and evaluated the relevant literature, drafted this manuscript and made provisional consensus recommendations. These recommendations were discussed and refined during the structured process in the whole work group. Finally, the agreement for each recommendation was determined using an anonymous eDelphi survey. The threshold for approval of recommendations was determined at 70% agreement.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Ten recommendations were approved and agreed by the whole expert panel, covering medical history, caries experience, plaque, diet, fluoride, and saliva. While the level of evidence was low, the level of agreement was typically very high, except for one recommendation on salivary flow measurement, where 70% agreed.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>It is recommended that all aspects of caries lesion progression and activity, recent caries experience, medical conditions and medications, plaque, diet, fluoride and saliva should be synthesized to arrive at an individual diagnosis.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>The expert panel merged evidence from existing guidelines and scientific literature with practical considerations and provided recommendations for their use in daily dental practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":9620,"journal":{"name":"Caries Research","volume":" ","pages":"521-532"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141080970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlation between Matrix Metalloproteinase Presence and Caries Surface Appearance.","authors":"Lamis El Sharkasi, Lynne Bingle, Nicolas Martin, Samiya Subka, Chris Deery","doi":"10.1159/000539580","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000539580","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Cariogenic bacterial acids dissolve the inorganic elements in dentine, leaving the dentine matrix exposed. Host-derived matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an essential role in caries progression as they are significant regulators of extracellular matrix turnover and can degrade exposed collagen. This paper investigates the expression of MMP2 and MMP9 across various stages of caries in primary human teeth and relate this with a diagnosis recorded by the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty-four sections (150 μm in thickness) from extracted teeth, clinically diagnosed using ICDAS, were immunohistochemically treated with monoclonal anti-MMP2 and anti-MMP9 antibodies. Positive staining was visualised by immunofluorescence using a VectorFluor Duet Double Labeling Kit. Images from triplicate samples for each ICDAS score were analysed using ImageJ software. Collagen degradation in caries lesions was detected using a hydroxyproline assay.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>MMPs were weakly detected in caries with ICDAS 1-2 scores, and an insignificant increase was detected in ICDAS 3. However, a significant increase in MMP expression was seen in caries with an ICDAS score of 4-6. There was a strong positive correlation between the ICDAS score and MMP2 (r [6] = 0.86, p = 0.002) and between ICDAS and MMP9 (r [6] = 0.82, p = 0.004). Data were analysed using two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey multiple comparison test (*p < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The use of ICDAS to assess the severity of caries lesions and how this correlates with the presence of MMP in these lesions validates the modern approach to caries management with a minimally invasive concept.</p>","PeriodicalId":9620,"journal":{"name":"Caries Research","volume":" ","pages":"562-572"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141178883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural Relationships between Asthma and Dental Caries in Children: A Birth Cohort Study in Southern Brazil.","authors":"Bernardo A Agostini, Rafael Sarkis-Onofre, Fernanda R Ortiz, Marcos B Correa, Marco A Peres, Karen G Peres, Iná S Santos, Alícia Matijasevich, Fernando C L F Barros, Flávio F Demarco","doi":"10.1159/000535953","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000535953","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>There is an inconclusive causal association between asthma symptoms and dental caries in the primary dentition. This study aimed to investigate, using SEM (structural equation modeling), a possible causal relation between asthma and dental caries in the primary dentition.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using data from the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort Study, a sub-sample of 1,303 individuals was selected. Dental caries was clinically evaluated at 5 years old based on decayed, missing, and filled tooth (dmft) index criteria. Asthma-related symptoms (wheezing and shortness of breath) at 1- and 4-year-olds composed a latent variable and were the main exposures to caries occurrence. SEM was used to identify possible direct, indirect, and mediated effects of asthma in primary dentition dental caries.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The general prevalence of caries at age 5 was 1.95 (SD: 3.56). When comparing the dmft values for children with asthma symptoms and those without, they presented similar values in both periods where asthma symptoms were evaluated (1- and 4-year-old). SEM analysis showed that asthma was neither directly nor indirectly related to dental caries.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Asthma, using a latent variable constructed based on asthma symptoms, showed no causal effect on dental caries occurrence in the primary dentition.</p>","PeriodicalId":9620,"journal":{"name":"Caries Research","volume":" ","pages":"59-67"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139401945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Polyphenols on the Ultrastructure of the Dentin Pellicle and Subsequent Erosion.","authors":"Anton Schestakow, Wadim Rasputnis, Matthias Hannig","doi":"10.1159/000536199","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000536199","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Erosive tooth wear is a highly prevalent dental condition that is modified by the ever-present salivary pellicle. The aim of the present in situ study was to investigate the effect of polyphenols on the ultrastructure of the pellicle formed on dentin in situ and a subsequent erosive challenge.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The pellicle was formed on bovine dentin specimens for 3 min or 2 h in 3 subjects. After subjects rinsed with sterile water (negative control), 1% tannic acid, 1% hop extract, or tin/fluoride solution containing 800 ppm tin and 500 ppm fluoride (positive control), specimens were removed from the oral cavity. The erosive challenge was performed on half of the specimens with 1% citric acid, and all specimens were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. Incorporation of tannic acid in the pellicle was investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Compared to the negative control, ultrastructural analyses reveal a thicker and electron-denser pellicle after application of polyphenols, in which, according to spectroscopy, tannic acid is also incorporated. Application of citric acid resulted in demineralization of dentin, but to a lesser degree when the pellicle was pretreated with a tin/fluoride solution. The pellicle was more acid-resistant than the negative control when modified with polyphenols or tin/fluoride solution.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Polyphenols can have a substantial impact on the ultrastructure and acid resistance of the dentin pellicle, while the tin/fluoride solution showed explicit protection against erosive demineralization.</p>","PeriodicalId":9620,"journal":{"name":"Caries Research","volume":" ","pages":"77-85"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10997275/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139416458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the Correlation between Salivary Spinnbarkeit and Caries Scores.","authors":"Mouri R J Faruque, Kawtar Taidouch, Floris J Bikker, Antoon J M Ligtenberg","doi":"10.1159/000536402","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000536402","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>In this study, the relationship between the spinnbarkeit, i.e., the stretchability of saliva, and dental caries was investigated.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Dentistry students were divided into a group with more than 2 decayed, missed, and filled teeth (DMFT ≥2, n = 30) and caries-free group (DMFT = 0, n = 36).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Unstimulated saliva flow rate, pH, and spinnbarkeit were determined. Salivary spinnbarkeit was significantly lower in the caries-prone group compared to the caries-free group (5.4 ± 3.9 mm vs. 13.5 ± 7.6 mm, respectively, p &lt; 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This suggests that saliva with high spinnbarkeit protects better against dental caries.</p>","PeriodicalId":9620,"journal":{"name":"Caries Research","volume":" ","pages":"111-116"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10997273/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139511990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of a Novel TiF4 Inclusion Complex and in vitro Evaluation of Its Effect on Inhibiting Enamel Demineralization.","authors":"Elham Farhadi, Ladan Ranjbar Omrani, Khosrou Abdi, Niyousha Rafeie, Zohreh Moradi","doi":"10.1159/000536640","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000536640","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Titanium tetrafluoride (TiF4) is an anticariogenic agent with high remineralizing potential. However, the acidic pH of TiF4 solution can limit its clinical application. The present study aimed to prepare and characterize a new TiF4-dendrimer inclusion complex and evaluate its ability to inhibit enamel demineralization under pH cycling conditions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>PEG-citrate dendrimer and TiF4-dendrimer inclusion complex were synthesized and their molecular structures were evaluated using Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Hydrogen Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (HNMR), and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) tests. Forty-eight enamel samples were prepared and randomly divided into four groups: distilled water (negative control), TiF4 solution (T), dendrimer solution (D), and TiF4-dendrimer solution (TD). The microhardness of the samples was measured initially. Next, the samples underwent pH cycling, were exposed to the solutions, the microhardness was measured again, and microhardness loss was calculated. EDX analysis was performed on the surface and cross-sectional segments of the samples.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The microhardness loss was significantly higher in control (-65.1 ± 6.0) compared to other groups. No significant difference was observed between T (-47.9 ± 5.6) and D (-41.7 ± 12.0) and also D and TD (-40.5 ± 9.4) in this regard. Microhardness loss was significantly higher in T compared to TD group. The TD samples showed similar fluoride and titanium content in both surface and subsurface regions, while the T group had higher concentrations in the surface region. Moreover, the TD solution had a higher pH of 3.4 compared to the T solution's pH of 1.1.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>No significant difference was observed between the efficacy of TiF4-dendrimer and TiF4 solution in inhibiting demineralization while TiF4-dendrimer solution had the added advantage of having a higher pH.</p>","PeriodicalId":9620,"journal":{"name":"Caries Research","volume":" ","pages":"387-398"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139706158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}