Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie最新文献

{"title":"Comparative efficacy of aflibercept, bevacizumab, and ranibizumab on hard exudate resolution in diabetic macular edema.","authors":"Kangyeun Pak, Changki Yoon, Srinivas R Sadda","doi":"10.1016/j.jcjo.2025.07.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcjo.2025.07.009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To compare the efficacy of aflibercept, bevacizumab, and ranibizumab for resolution of diabetic macular edema-associated hard exudates (HEs).</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Post hoc analysis of the Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network Protocol T trial.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>Two hundred and forty-eight subjects with 84 eyes were treated with aflibercept, 71 eyes were treated with bevacizumab, and 93 eyes were treated with ranibizumab.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The volume of HEs was measured by automatically quantifying hyperreflective foci on optical coherence tomography volume scans using a deep-learning algorithm. HEs were quantified within the total macula (6 × 6 mm scan area), as well as separately within the central subfield (CSF), inner ring (IR), and outer ring (OR) of the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study grid at baseline, 4, 12, 24, and 52 weeks (w) after treatment. The extent of HEs at baseline and the change over time were compared among the groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Baseline HEs in the total macula were 0.0211 ± 0.0275, 0.0215 ± 0.0266, and 0.0223 ± 0.0272 mm³ for the aflibercept, bevacizumab, and ranibizumab groups, respectively. At 1 year, HEs significantly decreased with aflibercept and ranibizumab in the total macula and in all subregions (CSF, OR, and IR), but they only decreased with evacizumab in the CSF. Over 1 year, the reduction in HEs was greater for aflibercept and ranibizumab than for bevacizumab within the total macular region, and anibizumab was superior to bevacizumab for the IR as well.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>HEs decreased significantly with aflibercept and ranibizumab treatment over 1 year in all regions, but not with bevacizumab, highlighting the differential efficacy among agents in resolving HEs.</p>","PeriodicalId":9606,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144834075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying the repeatability and reproducibility of Dr. Noon CVD, AI software as medical device for cardiovascular risk assessment via retinal imaging.","authors":"Rim Kyung Hong, Moonsu Kim, Eun Hee Hong, Min Ho Kang, Yong Un Shin, Hwan-Cheol Park, Sunjin Hwang","doi":"10.1016/j.jcjo.2025.07.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcjo.2025.07.008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the repeatability and reproducibility of the Dr.Noon CVD, an artificial intelligence software as a medical device that assesses cardiovascular risk from retinal photographs by providing risk scores and classifying patients into three categories: category 0 (low risk), category 1 (intermediate risk), and category 2 (high risk).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this prospective, single-center study, participants underwent nonmydriatic fundus photography. For repeatability assessment, one examiner captured 3 consecutive images per eye. For reproducibility, a second examiner independently acquired 1 image per eye. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), within-subject standard deviations, and coefficients of variation were calculated. Differences by risk category and lens status were assessed using ANOVA and independent t tests.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, Dr.Noon CVD demonstrated excellent reliability, with a repeatability ICC of 0.997 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.996-0.998) and a reproducibility ICC of 0.999 (95% CI: 0.998-0.999). When analyzed by risk categories, repeatability, and reproducibility ICCs were 0.985 (95% CI: 0.974-0.997) and 0.995 (95% CI: 0.990-0.997) for category 0, 0.960 (95% CI: 0.918-0.983) and 0.969 (95% CI: 0.921-0.988) for category 1, and 0.965 (95% CI: 0.943-0.980) and 0.984 (95% CI: 0.971-0.992) for category 2. In terms of lens status, phakic eyes showed repeatability and reproducibility ICCs of 0.998 (95% CI: 0.996-0.998) and 0.999 (95% CI: 0.998-0.999), respectively, while pseudophakic eyes showed slightly lower but still excellent values of 0.989 (95% CI: 0.980-0.995) and 0.994 (95% CI: 0.988-0.997).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Dr.Noon CVD demonstrated high precision with excellent repeatability and reproducibility across all risk levels and lens statuses, supporting its reliability for cardiovascular risk screening using retinal images.</p>","PeriodicalId":9606,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144834078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of oral belzutifan on retinal hemangioblastomas in von Hippel-Lindau syndrome.","authors":"Kirk A J Stephenson, Jennifer Y M Ling, Olubayo U Kolawole, Melanie O'Loughlin, Lica Chui, Cheryl Y Gregory-Evans, Kevin Gregory-Evans, Maryam Soleimani, Patrick E Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.jcjo.2025.08.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcjo.2025.08.011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To assess the effect of belzutifan, a first-in-class oral hypoxia-inducible factor 2α inhibitor, on retinal hemangioblastoma (RH) outcomes.</p><p><strong>Subjects/methods: </strong>This is a single-centre retrospective cohort study of patients with confirmed von Hippel-Lindau syndrome (VHLS) and RH. Subjects were taking oral belzutifan for renal cell carcinoma, central nervous system hemangioblastoma, or pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours. Patients were assessed for ophthalmic structural, functional, and therapeutic outcomes for >11 months. Patient demographics, VHL genotype, visual function, behaviour of pre-existing RH, number of new lesions, systemic features, and drug-related adverse events were recorded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Sixteen patients (30 eyes) taking oral belzutifan were identified. The mean age was 37 ± 9 years. The proportion of type 1 VHLS was 87.5%, with large (≥1 exon) VHL deletions (81.3%) being the most common. No new RHs developed during the treatment period. The mean final visual acuity was 0.4 ± 1.0 logMAR, with 80% retaining a visual acuity of 0.3 logMAR or better in at least 1 eye (81.3% bilateral).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In patients with VHLS, oral belzutifan resulted in stability of pre-existing RH and no new RH developed during the treatment period. Early use of belzutifan may be a therapeutic avenue to prevent RH development and blindness in patients with VHLS when compared with destructive/ablative alternatives, particularly for posterior or juxtapapillary lesions.</p>","PeriodicalId":9606,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145008163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Causes and incidental neuroimaging findings in pharmacologically confirmed Horner syndrome: a retrospective cohort study of 134 cases.","authors":"Samira Jafari, Edward Margolin, Jonathan A Micieli","doi":"10.1016/j.jcjo.2025.08.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcjo.2025.08.006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine the prevalence of structural causes in pharmacologically confirmed Horner syndrome (HS) and assess the clinical significance of incidental neuroimaging findings.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>A retrospective cohort study.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>A total of 134 patients with pharmacologically confirmed HS who underwent neuroimaging at a tertiary neuro-ophthalmology clinic between July 2018 and June 2024.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Neuroimaging findings were reviewed and categorized as either structural causes of HS or incidental. Incidental findings were further classified on the basis of their clinical relevance and need for follow-up. Cases were stratified by symptom duration into acute (<21 days), subacute (21 days to 3 months), and chronic (>3 months).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A structural cause for HS was identified in 14.9% (n = 20) of patients, with higher detection rates in acute (26.0%) and subacute (21.4%) presentations compared to chronic cases (6.5%). The most common causes were internal carotid artery (ICA) dissection (3.0%) and ICA aneurysm (2.2%). Incidental findings were observed in 35.6% (n = 47) of patients, most commonly microangiopathic changes (10%), sinus/mucosal changes (3%), and thyroid nodules (3%). While 18.2% (n = 24) of patients required routine follow-up, only 1.5% (n = 2) needed urgent follow-up, and none required emergency intervention.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Structural causes of HS are more frequently identified in acute and subacute presentations, supporting early imaging, especially to rule out ICA dissection. In chronic HS, selective imaging may be appropriate due to lower diagnostic yield. The high rate of incidental findings underscores the need for careful interpretation to optimize resource use and avoid unnecessary investigations.</p>","PeriodicalId":9606,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144944011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intracameral lidocaine reduces pain in cataract surgery, but only a little bit.","authors":"Natalia M Binczyk, Heather Burnett, Christopher J Rudnisky","doi":"10.1016/j.jcjo.2025.08.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcjo.2025.08.007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To assess the effectiveness of intracameral lidocaine during routine cataract surgery.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Prospective, single-blinded, randomized, controlled trial.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>Adult patients undergoing routine phacoemulsification cataract extraction in a chartered surgical facility in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, were enrolled in the study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Patients were randomized to receive intracameral lidocaine or control (intracameral balanced salt solution). Patients rated their pain at the time of intracameral injection and at the conclusion of the surgery, on a scale from 0 to 10.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study included 106 eyes from 82 patients. The overall pain score was lower (p = 0.004) in the lidocaine group (0.43 ± 0.94/10) than in the control group (0.72 ± 2.79/10). Pain was higher (p = 0.002) in more myopic (1.80 ± 4.04/10) than less myopic patients (0.50 ± 1.67/10). There was no difference in pain experienced at the time of injection (p = 0.270). There was no difference in same-day postoperative logMAR visual acuity (p = 0.837).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Intracameral lidocaine reduces pain during cataract surgery, but the effect is small; it is most effective in myopic patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":9606,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145005991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations in Canada: systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Keean Nanji, Michele Zaman, Felicia Tai, Caberry W Yu, David Mikhail, Jane Jomy, Mark Phillips, Dena Zeraatkar, Yih Chung Tham, Tien Yin Wong, Sobha Sivaprasad, Charles C Wykoff, Varun Chaudhary","doi":"10.1016/j.jcjo.2025.08.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcjo.2025.08.001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To estimate the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in Canada and to explore possible differences between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Canadians with diabetes.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Systematic review and meta-analysis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science Databases were searched. The prevalence of (i) DR, (ii) diabetic macular edema (DME), (iii) proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), (iv) vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy (VTDR), and (v) PDR complications was estimated. Meta-analyses were performed using Freeman Tukey double arcsine transformations and random-effects modelling. Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) guidelines informed the certainty of evidence.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Sixteen studies (17,989 individuals) were included. In the Indigenous and non-Indigenous groups respectively, the pooled prevalence of DR is estimated to be 30.5% (95% CI: 16.7%, 46.4%; GRADE: low), and 32.8% (95% CI: 20.7%, 46.3%; GRADE: low), respectively. The prevalence of PDR is estimated to be 2.8% (95% CI: 0.9%, 5.7%; GRADE: moderate), and 1.9% (95% CI: 0.7%, 3.7%; GRADE: moderate), respectively. The prevalence of DME is estimated to be 3.8% (95% CI: 0.0%, 16.0%; GRADE: moderate) and 4.5% (95% CI: 2.5%, 7.0%; GRADE: moderate), respectively; and the prevalence of VTDR is estimated to be 13.6% (95% CI: 5.2%, 25.1%; GRADE: low) and 5.8% (95% CI: 2.5%, 10.4%; GRADE: low), respectively. High-quality evidence is lacking.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>There may be no difference in the prevalence of DR between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Canadians; however, Indigenous Canadians likely have a higher prevalence of VTDR. The uniformly high prevalence across both populations underscores the importance of delivering culturally appropriate diabetes care targeted at reducing risk factors and increasing DR screening in the Canadian community.</p>","PeriodicalId":9606,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144943997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk of corneal edema following glaucoma filtering surgery: a retrospective cohort study.","authors":"Veronica Pentland, Rachel A Martin, Robert J Campbell, Davin Johnson","doi":"10.1016/j.jcjo.2025.08.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcjo.2025.08.002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To compare the long-term risk of corneal edema after various glaucoma-filtering surgeries and to identify risk factors for its development.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>A retrospective cohort study.</p><p><strong>Population: </strong>Adults undergoing glaucoma-filtering surgery by a single surgeon at Kingston Health Sciences Centre over a 20-year period.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Patients who underwent trabeculectomy, glaucoma drainage devices (GDD), Xen, and minimally invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS) were included. Kaplan-Meier survival curves, and Cox proportional hazard models were generated to assess outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 333 eyes from 245 patients were included. Mean follow-up was 4.7 years (range: 3 months-19.3 years), and mean age was 73.9 years. The mean time from initial surgery to corneal edema onset was 6.2 years. The proportion of eyes free from corneal edema at 5, 10, and 15 years was 94.2%, 79.5%, and 70.8%, respectively. GDDs were associated with a higher risk of corneal edema compared to trabeculectomy (hazard ratio [HR]: 3.07, 95% CI: 1.03-9.17; p = 0.045). Five-year survival without corneal edema was 98.4% for Xen and 93.8% for MIGS. In multivariate analysis, neither Xen nor MIGS differed significantly from trabeculectomy. The number of glaucoma surgeries was the strongest predictor of corneal edema (HR: 2.40, 95% CI: 1.48-3.93; p = 0.0005).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>GDDs increase the risk of corneal edema compared to trabeculectomy. Xen and MIGS offer lower-risk alternatives. The risk increases with multiple glaucoma surgeries.</p>","PeriodicalId":9606,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144944002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intraocular pressure changes following vitrectomy with and without phacoemulsification: an American Academy of Ophthalmology IRIS® registry analysis.","authors":"Sandra Hoyek, Joshua B Gilbert, Celine Chaaya, William Kearney, Connor Ross, Michael M Lin, Daniel M Vu, Adam L Rothman, Tobias Elze, Alice Lorch, Joan W Miller, Nimesh A Patel","doi":"10.1016/j.jcjo.2025.08.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjo.2025.08.008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To describe observed intraocular pressure (IOP) changes following vitrectomy (PPV) surgery and PPV combined with phacoemulsification in eyes with and without glaucoma.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 20,894 patients from the American Academy of Ophthalmology IRIS® Registry (Intelligent Research in Sight) who underwent vitrectomy surgery for epiretinal membrane or vitreous opacities from January 2016 to March 2023 were included. Mean IOPs from postoperative day 1, days 2-10, days 11-30, and then monthly through 6 months were compared to baseline. The IOP spike was defined as having an IOP >30 mm Hg and an increase >10 mm Hg from baseline.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>While IOP spikes were uncommon (<1%), a higher proportion of subjects demonstrated an IOP spike (0.8% vs 0.1%; p < 0.001) in the group with pre-existing glaucoma compared to the group without glaucoma, respectively. At 3 months post-surgery, the probability of an IOP spike was higher in this group (OR = 5.38, 95% CI [3.25 - 9.16]; p < 0.001). Eyes that underwent PPV only showed an increase in postoperative IOP, whereas those that underwent PPV combined with phacoemulsification showed a decrease in postoperative IOP. Longitudinal analysis of IOP showed an initial sharp decline in IOP on day 1, followed by an increase in IOP from week 1 through month 1 and a gradual decrease to postoperative month 3. Overall, eyes that underwent PPV combined with phacoemulsification showed a decrease in postoperative IOP relative to those with PPV alone.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>For the entire post-vitrectomy cohort, there was an initial decrease in IOP at postoperative day 1, followed by a transient rise near postoperative month 1, and subsequently a decline to near-baseline level by month 3. Overall, IOP spikes were more frequent and more severe (>40) in the glaucoma/suspect group compared to the group without glaucoma. Ninety-day IOP decreases slightly following vitrectomy surgery in eyes without pre-existing glaucoma, while it increases in eyes with glaucoma, with differences not clinically significant.</p>","PeriodicalId":9606,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145008145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel technique for removal of hard-to-find metallic foreign bodies in the posterior orbit.","authors":"Farnaz Javadian, Vladimir Kratky","doi":"10.1016/j.jcjo.2025.08.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcjo.2025.08.003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9606,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144944013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cystic caruncular oncocytoma.","authors":"Charles DeYoung, Rolika Bansal, Tatyana Milman, Carol L Shields","doi":"10.1016/j.jcjo.2025.07.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcjo.2025.07.011","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9606,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144944015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}