Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz最新文献

{"title":"[Cost effectiveness of vaccinations: on the complexity of health economic analyses of influenza, SARS-CoV-2 and RSV vaccination].","authors":"Peter Klimek","doi":"10.1007/s00103-025-04022-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00103-025-04022-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The question of the cost effectiveness of medical interventions is one of the central issues in health economics. This narrative review examines the cost effectiveness of vaccination against influenza, SARS-CoV‑2 and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) considering current health economic analyses. The annual influenza vaccination and the booster vaccination against SARS-CoV‑2 in 2023 and 2024 are proving to be cost effective and in some cases even cost saving, especially in high-risk groups. The cost effectiveness of the RSV vaccination, which was approved in 2023, is less clear. It strongly depends on the age group and the willingness to pay for a quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained. The analysis shows that the evaluation of vaccinations requires a considerable amount of data. In addition to direct protective effects, model calculations on vaccinations must also consider indirect effects, such as the reduction of transmission in the population with higher vaccination rates. Sensitivity analyses make it clear that factors such as vaccine costs, effectiveness and disease incidence can have a decisive influence on cost effectiveness. One of the biggest challenges in health economic analyses is the fragmentation of health data in many countries, which makes comprehensive and precise assessments difficult. Initiatives such as the European Health Data Space could help and support evidence-based decision making in health policy. Overall, the cost effectiveness of vaccinations remains dependent on numerous factors, with SARS-CoV‑2 and influenza vaccinations receiving a positive assessment in the scenarios analysed.</p>","PeriodicalId":9562,"journal":{"name":"Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz","volume":" ","pages":"451-457"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11950121/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143540157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[HPV school vaccination program: How can this be implemented successfully? : A report from the Bremen Health Office].","authors":"Josefine Renken, Imke Hübotter, Christiane Piepel","doi":"10.1007/s00103-025-04023-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00103-025-04023-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are known to cause different types of cancer. Despite the Standing Committee on Vaccination (STIKO) recommending HPV vaccination for all adolescents, gaps remain in coverage. The vaccination rates in Germany have been below the target set by the World Health Organization (WHO). School vaccination programs are an effective way to ensure higher vaccination coverage among adolescents, especially within socially disadvantaged families. The Bremen Health Office has been administering HPV vaccinations in schools for over a decade and the experiences highlight the importance of collaboration with school authorities and teachers as well as overcoming language barriers. Additionally, challenges in creating clear, legally compliant educational materials are noted. The HPV vaccines are safe and can be effectively administered in schools without medical concerns. The school program's preparation, the procedure in the schools, and the follow-up are described in detail in this article. They can provide support to other public health authorities with the implementation of an HPV school vaccination program.</p>","PeriodicalId":9562,"journal":{"name":"Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz","volume":" ","pages":"426-431"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143540158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Pneumococcal vaccination in people aged 60 and over: relationships between vaccination intention, knowledge, and psychological reasons for the vaccination decision].","authors":"Hannah Nordmann, Sarah Anna Katharina Uthoff, Anna Zinkevich, Julia Iwen, Marc Biedermann, Lena Ansmann","doi":"10.1007/s00103-025-04012-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00103-025-04012-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Worldwide, pneumococci are the most common cause of morbidity and mortality from lower respiratory tract infections. Despite recommendations of the Standing Committee on Vaccination (STIKO), the vaccination rate against pneumococci in over 60-year-olds in Germany remains low. This study therefore investigates the associations between psychological reasons for (non-) vaccination, knowledge about pneumococci, age and gender, previous vaccination decisions, and pneumococcal vaccination intention in over 60-year-olds.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The analysis is based on data from the study \"ALtersspezifische Impfinanspruchnahme VErbessern,\" in which 1117 patients aged 60 and over were surveyed in 2022. In addition to the descriptive evaluation of the cross-sectional data, a Spearman correlation analysis was carried out. Predictive variables were also identified in a linear regression analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Confidence in the safety of vaccination (β = 0.514, p < 0.001) and receiving the influenza vaccination (β = 0.153, p < 0.001) in the last season are the strongest predictors of pneumococcal vaccination intention. In addition, the perceived risk of pneumococcal infection (β = 0.086, p = 0.002) showed a significant positive correlation with vaccination intention. The regression analysis performed was able to explain 48.8% of the variance in vaccination intention (R² = 0.488).</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Confidence and risk perception appear to be decisive factors in the decision to get vaccinated. Measures that address these aspects could increase vaccination intention. A joint administration of the influenza and pneumococcal vaccination could be useful, as receiving an influenza vaccination in the previous season showed a positive effect on the intention to get the pneumococcal vaccination.</p>","PeriodicalId":9562,"journal":{"name":"Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz","volume":" ","pages":"388-397"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11950118/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143514784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Digital learning methods in pharmacy].","authors":"Christoph Ritter","doi":"10.1007/s00103-025-04041-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-025-04041-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>With the outbreak of the SARS-CoV‑2 pandemic in March 2020 and the associated restrictions on teaching, digital learning methods were increasingly used at many universities. Digital learning methods generally include fully or partially digitized learning elements such as lecture recordings, open learning materials, or e‑portfolios. Fully or partially digitized learning formats include game-based learning, the inverted classroom, mobile learning, the use of social media, online peer and collaborative learning, and adaptive learning. Digitized realities are created in the context of simulation-based learning and in augmented and virtual reality. Online-based event formats and online degree programs are characterized by an almost exclusive proportion of internet-based learning phases.The extent to which digital learning methods are used in pharmacy courses in Germany is explained in this article using selected practical examples. The selected examples include the creation of an audio podcast to assess the performance of a clinical chemistry internship as a form of digital learning element, the use of a digital analysis tool to carry out medication analyses as an example of mobile learning, a blended learning concept to teach the basics of clinical pharmacy, an online concept of virtual bedside teaching, and a game-like simulation for dispensing medicines. The inclusion of artificial intelligence can be helpful in the development and implementation of digital learning offerings. However, a sufficiently high quality and critical approach must be guaranteed.</p>","PeriodicalId":9562,"journal":{"name":"Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143751266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Evaluation of the implementation of the measles and COVID-19 vaccination mandates by public health authorities and health facilities: 2 case studies].","authors":"Nora Schmid-Küpke, Leonard Kranz, Eva Rehfuess, Ole Wichmann, Julia Neufeind","doi":"10.1007/s00103-025-04027-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00103-025-04027-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In Germany, two vaccination mandates were introduced in response to measles outbreaks and stagnating COVID-19 vaccination rates. In March 2020, the Measles Protection Act came into effect, and in December 2021, a COVID-19 vaccination mandate for medical institutions was enacted. The aim of this study was to examine the implementation of both vaccination mandates and the associated challenges in public health authorities (PHAs) and other affected institutions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Thirty semi-structured expert interviews were conducted with PHAs and other institutions from federal states with both high and low vaccination rates. The online interviews took place in October and November 2022, were electronically recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using framework analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The implementation of the measles vaccination mandate was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic and postponed several times until after the end of the transition period. For the temporary COVID-19 vaccination mandate, lengthy administrative processes were a major aspect that hindered the implementation of measures and limited its effectiveness. Sanctions were rarely imposed in either case. Implementation was characterized by significant heterogeneity; PHAs reported legal uncertainties regarding practical implementation and a lack of clarity on who should report. The mandates also created conflicting aims between the mandate and concerns over potential personnel shortages or denied educational opportunities.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>This study identified key factors for the successful implementation of a vaccination mandate. Mandatory reporting, even in cases where no problems exist, standardized procedures, and legal support could facilitate implementation. However, it remains uncertain how to resolve conflicts of aims arising from vaccination mandates.</p>","PeriodicalId":9562,"journal":{"name":"Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz","volume":" ","pages":"432-443"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11950079/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143708717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Immunisation under conditions of scarcity-the standard and practice of vaccination in the German Democratic Republic from 1949 to 1970].","authors":"Anne Thordis Wanke, Florian Bruns","doi":"10.1007/s00103-025-04028-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00103-025-04028-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the German Democratic Republic (GDR), a tightly organised vaccination system was established in the 1950s and 1960s. In this context, the medical effort to stop the spread of infectious diseases in the post-war period was coupled with the political will to present itself as a responsible preventive state. Based on unpublished archival material, we will shed light on the everyday practice of vaccination in the early GDR. We can show that the vaccination targets were difficult to achieve due to material shortages, personnel shortages and a lack of foreign currency. Often, the politically set norms had to be adapted to everyday realities and pragmatic solutions had to be found. Strategies for dealing with scarce vaccination resources included delegating vaccinations to non-medical personnel and using intradermal application to save vaccine. Vaccination fatigue in the population was also an issue for the health authorities in the GDR. To achieve high vaccination rates, the GDR Ministry of Health introduced performance comparisons at the district and county level. In addition, admission to daycare centres and holiday camps was made contingent upon the presentation of the relevant vaccination certificates. Further sanctions, such as fines, were rarely imposed.</p>","PeriodicalId":9562,"journal":{"name":"Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz","volume":" ","pages":"444-450"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11950039/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143572134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Monitoring vaccination coverage in Germany-current status and trends].","authors":"Thorsten Rieck, Cornelius Rau, Elisa Wulkotte, Marcel Feig, Constantin Fischer, Ole Wichmann, Annika Steffen","doi":"10.1007/s00103-025-04020-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00103-025-04020-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Timely and reliable data on the vaccination status of the population are essential for the evaluation of vaccination programs. The analysis of school entry examination data and health claims data from the Associations of Statutory Health Insurance Physicians is the basis for monitoring the vaccination coverage in Germany. These two established and effective systems are supplemented by surveys among special target groups that can provide data on vaccination coverage, acceptance, and intention to be vaccinated.With the data from school entry examinations and health claims, vaccination coverage can only be reported with a delay of 1-2 years. Furthermore, the health claims data are incomplete due to the increasing diversification of vaccination service providers. The need for a complete and timely monitoring of the vaccination coverage during the COVID-19 pandemic revealed the limitations of these systems in an emergency situation. Therefore, the temporary Digital Immunization Monitoring (DIM) system for collecting COVID-19 vaccination data was established. With DIM, it was possible to collect COVID-19 vaccination data from all vaccination service providers on a daily basis.With the vision of timely and complete monitoring of vaccination coverage, the integration of vaccination data collection into the German Electronic Reporting and Information System for Infection Protection (DEMIS) is being developed as a uniform reporting infrastructure. In the future, DEMIS will be used to collect timely, pseudonymized, and individual-based vaccination data from all vaccination service providers. This will enable the evaluation of vaccination programs with little delay using complete and high-resolution data as well as the rapid adaptation of vaccination recommendations and communication strategies as needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":9562,"journal":{"name":"Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz","volume":" ","pages":"351-359"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11950009/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143448267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Vaccination: prevention of infectious diseases and their sequelae].","authors":"Maren Mylius, Joseph Kuhn","doi":"10.1007/s00103-025-04033-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00103-025-04033-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9562,"journal":{"name":"Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz","volume":"68 4","pages":"349-350"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11950083/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143717995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[German pharmacy degree course: an international comparison].","authors":"Anita Elaine Weidmann, Freyja Jónsdóttir","doi":"10.1007/s00103-025-04039-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-025-04039-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>While a pharmacy degree in Germany uses a state examination system, they are divided into three university education systems worldwide: Master of Science (MSc), Master of Pharmacy (MPharm), and Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD). The educational content of the German pharmacy degree and state examination is dictated by the \"Approbationsordnung für Apotheker\" (AAppO) and focuses on pharmaceutical sciences. Shaped by the Bologna Process, the MSc is an academic degree that focuses on advanced studies and research in a specific area of pharmaceutical sciences or related fields. The MPharm and PharmD degrees, which have become established in the Anglo-American region, offer primarily clinical training to prepare pharmacists for complex tasks in an interdisciplinary team. New technologies, scientific progress, and global challenges have an important influence on the content of pharmacist education, which is taken on board at very different speeds. While in many countries the subject-specific content and the achievement of uniformly defined competencies are ensured by accreditation bodies, the course content in countries like Germany does not allow any greater scope for redesign, which is due to rigid legal frameworks and educational policy fragmentation. Although the pharmacy degree is a highly qualifying process, there is an urgent need for European curricula to be more in line with the expectations of a modern pharmacist role profile. This narrative review examines the different university education systems and the driving factors for the further development of the pharmaceutical curriculum.</p>","PeriodicalId":9562,"journal":{"name":"Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143763058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Further education and training of German pharmacists].","authors":"Constanze Schäfer","doi":"10.1007/s00103-025-04038-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-025-04038-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The 2013 amending directive on the recognition of professional qualifications (2005/36/EC) calls on European countries to implement concepts for the continuing professional development of healthcare professionals. This article examines the development of continuing education and training of pharmacists in Germany and compares it with Austria, France, Switzerland and the UK.The development of a voluntary training certificate for pharmacists in Germany began in the early 2000s. The certificate requires proof of 150 continuing education points, which can be earned by attending lectures, seminars and other educational activities, to be submitted to the responsible chamber of pharmacists. With the introduction of pharmaceutical services and vaccinations in 2022, proof of specific qualification measures will be linked to the authorisation to provide certain services.Specialisation developed differently in the German Democratic Republic (GDR) and the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG). In the GDR, specialisation was possible from 1974 and in the FRG from 1979. Today, further training to become a specialist pharmacist is offered in 10 areas, and additional designations can be acquired in 8 areas. Many EU countries have mandatory continuing education requirements, which are usually monitored by a professional association. Austria introduced mandatory continuing education in 2024. In Switzerland, in addition to specialisation, regular proof of continuing education is also required to manage a community pharmacy. France and the UK have mandatory revalidation systems that go beyond this, with the UK having implemented continuous professional (competence) development most comprehensively. Germany has the opportunity to utilise the experience of other European countries in order to further develop its continuing education and specialisation in line with EU standards.</p>","PeriodicalId":9562,"journal":{"name":"Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143717969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}