Cancer and Metastasis Reviews最新文献

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Novel immunotherapy for gastric cancer: targeting the CD47-SIRPα axis. 靶向CD47-SIRPα轴的新型胃癌免疫疗法
IF 7.7 2区 医学
Cancer and Metastasis Reviews Pub Date : 2025-05-29 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-025-10269-z
Akira Ooki, Hiroki Osumi, Keitaro Shimozaki, Kensei Yamaguchi
{"title":"Novel immunotherapy for gastric cancer: targeting the CD47-SIRPα axis.","authors":"Akira Ooki, Hiroki Osumi, Keitaro Shimozaki, Kensei Yamaguchi","doi":"10.1007/s10555-025-10269-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10555-025-10269-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gastric cancer (GC) represents a significant global health challenge, with limited therapeutic options and poor outcomes. Although cancer immunotherapies targeting adaptive immune checkpoints, such as programmed death-1, have transformed the landscape of cancer treatment, their efficacy in GC is limited to a small subset of patients, emphasizing the unmet clinical need for novel therapeutic strategies. Cluster of differentiation 47 (CD47), referred to as the \"don't eat me\" signal, enables tumor cells to evade phagocytosis by binding to signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRPα) on myeloid cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells. This interaction inhibits the innate immune response, thereby facilitating tumor progression and resistance to existing therapies. Targeting the CD47-SIRPα axis may be a potent strategy to enhance macrophage-mediated phagocytosis and activate antitumor adaptive immunity. However, on-target off-tumor toxicity and heterogeneity of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment remain substantial challenges, which pose significant barriers to effective treatment. Recently, the impressive results of a phase II ASPEN-06 trial provide proof-of-concept, indicating CD47-SIRPα blockade as a promising approach for patients with GC. This review comprehensively elucidates the CD47-SIRPα signaling pathway, highlighting its role in tumor immune evasion and the current advancements in therapeutic strategies targeting this axis. Drawing on insights from recent clinical trials and preclinical studies, we discuss potential approaches for developing effective CD47-SIRPα-targeted therapies in GC.</p>","PeriodicalId":9489,"journal":{"name":"Cancer and Metastasis Reviews","volume":"44 2","pages":"52"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144172962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Nanomaterials in cancer starvation therapy: pioneering advances, therapeutic potential, and clinical challenges. 纳米材料在癌症饥饿治疗中的应用:开拓性进展、治疗潜力和临床挑战。
IF 7.7 2区 医学
Cancer and Metastasis Reviews Pub Date : 2025-05-10 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-025-10267-1
Nam Anh Tran, Shehzahdi S Moonshi, Alfred K Lam, Cu Tai Lu, Cong Quang Vu, Satoshi Arai, Hang Thu Ta
{"title":"Nanomaterials in cancer starvation therapy: pioneering advances, therapeutic potential, and clinical challenges.","authors":"Nam Anh Tran, Shehzahdi S Moonshi, Alfred K Lam, Cu Tai Lu, Cong Quang Vu, Satoshi Arai, Hang Thu Ta","doi":"10.1007/s10555-025-10267-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10555-025-10267-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gaining significant attention in recent years, starvation therapy based on the blocking nutrients supply to cancer cells via blood occlusion and metabolic interventions is a promisingly novel approach in cancer treatment. However, there are many crucial obstacles to overcome to achieve effective treatment, for example, poor-targeting delivery, cellular hypoxia, adverse effects, and ineffective monotherapy. The starvation-based multitherapy based on multifunctional nanomaterials can narrow these gaps and pave a promising way for future clinical translation. This review focuses on the progression in nanomaterials-mediated muti-therapeutic modalities based on starvation therapy in recent years and therapeutic limitations that prevent their clinical applications. Moreover, unlike previous reviews that focused on a single aspect of the field, this comprehensive review presents a broader perspective on starvation therapy by summarising advancements across its various therapeutic strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":9489,"journal":{"name":"Cancer and Metastasis Reviews","volume":"44 2","pages":"51"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12065774/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143973219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Molecular mechanisms of metastatic peritoneal dissemination in gastric adenocarcinoma. 胃腺癌腹膜转移播散的分子机制。
IF 7.7 2区 医学
Cancer and Metastasis Reviews Pub Date : 2025-05-03 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-025-10265-3
Deanna Ng, David Cyr, Shawn Khan, Fahima Dossa, Carol Swallow, Karineh Kazazian
{"title":"Molecular mechanisms of metastatic peritoneal dissemination in gastric adenocarcinoma.","authors":"Deanna Ng, David Cyr, Shawn Khan, Fahima Dossa, Carol Swallow, Karineh Kazazian","doi":"10.1007/s10555-025-10265-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10555-025-10265-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Peritoneal dissemination portends a dismal prognosis in patients with gastric adenocarcinoma in the context of limited effective treatments. The underlying cellular processes that drive gastric peritoneal carcinomatosis remain unclear, limiting the application of novel targeted therapies. In this comprehensive review, we aimed to identify and summarize all existing context-dependent molecular mechanisms that have been implicated in peritoneal dissemination and peritoneal carcinomatosis establishment from primary gastric adenocarcinoma. We applied a multilevel examination including data from in vivo murine models using human gastric cancer cell lines, in vitro technique-based studies, ex vivo models, and genomic/proteomic and molecular profiling analyses to report on various aspects of gastric cancer peritoneal metastasis biology. Mechanisms promoting peritoneal dissemination were grouped into three main functional categories: (1) intrinsic cancer cell biology, (2) cancer cell-peritoneal surface adhesion, and (3) peritoneal tumor microenvironment. We identified significant overlap among the three categories, indicating a complex interplay between multiple molecular mechanisms. By interrupting these pathways, peritoneal-directed therapies have the potential to improve quality and length of life in patients with high-risk primary gastric cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":9489,"journal":{"name":"Cancer and Metastasis Reviews","volume":"44 2","pages":"50"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12049340/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143959469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Metal-modulated T cell antitumor immunity and emerging metalloimmunotherapy. 金属调节的T细胞抗肿瘤免疫和新兴的金属免疫疗法。
IF 7.7 2区 医学
Cancer and Metastasis Reviews Pub Date : 2025-04-29 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-025-10266-2
Peiyun Liao, Ying Zhou, Yingqi Qiu, Rong Hu, Hongyan Li, Hongzhe Sun, Yuhua Li
{"title":"Metal-modulated T cell antitumor immunity and emerging metalloimmunotherapy.","authors":"Peiyun Liao, Ying Zhou, Yingqi Qiu, Rong Hu, Hongyan Li, Hongzhe Sun, Yuhua Li","doi":"10.1007/s10555-025-10266-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10555-025-10266-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In recent years, increasing evidence has shown that metals play important roles in both innate and adaptive immunity. An emerging concept of metalloimmunotherapy has been proposed, which may accelerate the development of immunotherapy for cancers. Here, we discuss how metals affect T cell function through different signaling pathways. Metals impact the fate of T cells, including their activation, proliferation, cytotoxicity, and differentiation. Most importantly, metals also participate in mitochondrial operation by regulating energy production and reactive oxygen species homeostasis in T cells. We also identified the metal-based mutual effects between tumor cells and T cells in the tumor microenvironment. Overall, the antitumor effect of T cells can be improved by targeting metal metabolism and metalloimmunotherapy, which will be a step forward in the treatment of cancers.</p>","PeriodicalId":9489,"journal":{"name":"Cancer and Metastasis Reviews","volume":"44 2","pages":"49"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143954185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Lactate metabolism and lactylation in breast cancer: mechanisms and implications. 乳腺癌中的乳酸代谢和乳酸化:机制和意义。
IF 7.7 2区 医学
Cancer and Metastasis Reviews Pub Date : 2025-04-28 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-025-10264-4
Yifan Qiao, Yijia Liu, Ran Ran, Yan Zhou, Jin Gong, Lijuan Liu, Yusi Zhang, Hui Wang, Yuan Fan, Yihan Fan, Gengrui Nan, Peng Zhang, Jin Yang
{"title":"Lactate metabolism and lactylation in breast cancer: mechanisms and implications.","authors":"Yifan Qiao, Yijia Liu, Ran Ran, Yan Zhou, Jin Gong, Lijuan Liu, Yusi Zhang, Hui Wang, Yuan Fan, Yihan Fan, Gengrui Nan, Peng Zhang, Jin Yang","doi":"10.1007/s10555-025-10264-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10555-025-10264-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As the end-product of glycolysis, lactate serves as a regulator of protein lactylation in addition to being an energy substrate, metabolite, and signaling molecule in cancer. The reprogramming of glucose metabolism and the Warburg effect in breast cancer results in extensive lactate production and accumulation, making it likely that lactylation in tumor tissue is also abnormal. This review summarizes evidence on lactylation derived from studies of lactate metabolism and disease, highlighting the role of lactate in the tumor microenvironment of breast cancer and detailing the levels of lactylation and cancer-promoting mechanisms across various tumors. The roles of lactate and lactylation, along with potential intervention mechanisms, are presented and discussed, offering valuable insights for future research on the role of lactylation in tumors.</p>","PeriodicalId":9489,"journal":{"name":"Cancer and Metastasis Reviews","volume":"44 2","pages":"48"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12037681/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143966261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
CAR T-cells for acute leukemias in children: current status, challenges, and future directions. CAR - t细胞治疗儿童急性白血病:现状、挑战和未来方向
IF 7.7 2区 医学
Cancer and Metastasis Reviews Pub Date : 2025-04-23 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-025-10261-7
Marie Emilie Dourthe, André Baruchel
{"title":"CAR T-cells for acute leukemias in children: current status, challenges, and future directions.","authors":"Marie Emilie Dourthe, André Baruchel","doi":"10.1007/s10555-025-10261-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10555-025-10261-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>CAR T-cells therapy is seen as one of the most promising immunotherapies for leukemias, since targeting CD19 has revolutionized the treatment of relapsed/refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) in children, adolescents, and young adults. Early phase clinical trials have shown a very high initial response rate confirmed by follow up and real-world studies. However, almost half of patients relapse with the available commercial product currently suggesting the need of a consolidative treatment after CAR T-cell infusion in well-defined cases, according to several pre- and post-CAR clinical and biological factors. This finding highlights that numerous challenges exist before the extension of CAR T-cell indications (first relapse and high-risk first line) in the field of B-ALL: to enhance persistence of CAR T-cells to avoid CD19-positive relapse and to avoid CD19-negative relapse by reducing tumor burden pre-CAR-T infusion and/or by multitargeting. Promising approaches with exciting early clinical data are emerging in the field of T-cell ALL. The use of CAR T-cells for acute myeloid leukemias remains challenging due to the lack of leukemia-specific antigens and to the immunosuppressive microenvironment.</p>","PeriodicalId":9489,"journal":{"name":"Cancer and Metastasis Reviews","volume":"44 2","pages":"47"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143962099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Tumor heterogeneity in retinoblastoma: a literature review. 视网膜母细胞瘤的肿瘤异质性:文献综述。
IF 7.7 2区 医学
Cancer and Metastasis Reviews Pub Date : 2025-04-22 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-025-10263-5
Rani Pallavi, Bihari Lal Soni, Gaurab Kumar Jha, Shalini Sanyal, Azima Fatima, Swathi Kaliki
{"title":"Tumor heterogeneity in retinoblastoma: a literature review.","authors":"Rani Pallavi, Bihari Lal Soni, Gaurab Kumar Jha, Shalini Sanyal, Azima Fatima, Swathi Kaliki","doi":"10.1007/s10555-025-10263-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10555-025-10263-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tumor heterogeneity, characterized by the presence of diverse cell populations within a tumor, is a key feature of the complex nature of cancer. This diversity arises from the emergence of cells with varying genomic, epigenetic, transcriptomic, and phenotypic profiles over the course of the disease. Host factors and the tumor microenvironment play crucial roles in driving both inter-patient and intra-patient heterogeneity. These diverse cell populations can exhibit different behaviors, such as varying rates of proliferation, responses to treatment, and potential for metastasis. Both inter-patient heterogeneity and intra-patient heterogeneity pose significant challenges to cancer therapeutics and management. In retinoblastoma, while heterogeneity at the clinical presentation level has been recognized for some time, recent attention has shifted towards understanding the underlying cellular heterogeneity. This review primarily focuses on retinoblastoma heterogeneity and its implications for therapeutic strategies and disease management, emphasizing the need for further research and exploration in this complex and challenging area.</p>","PeriodicalId":9489,"journal":{"name":"Cancer and Metastasis Reviews","volume":"44 2","pages":"46"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12011974/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143966180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
State-of-the-art of multidisciplinary approach of bone metastasis-directed therapy: review and challenging questions for preparation of a GEMO practice guidelines. 骨转移导向治疗的多学科方法的最新进展:GEMO实践指南准备的回顾和挑战问题。
IF 7.7 2区 医学
Cancer and Metastasis Reviews Pub Date : 2025-04-12 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-025-10262-6
Emmanuel Mesny, Nicolas Martz, Nicolas Stacoffe, Frédéric Clarençon, Matthias Louis, Nacer Mansouri, François Sirveaux, Sébastien Thureau, Jean-Christophe Faivre
{"title":"State-of-the-art of multidisciplinary approach of bone metastasis-directed therapy: review and challenging questions for preparation of a GEMO practice guidelines.","authors":"Emmanuel Mesny, Nicolas Martz, Nicolas Stacoffe, Frédéric Clarençon, Matthias Louis, Nacer Mansouri, François Sirveaux, Sébastien Thureau, Jean-Christophe Faivre","doi":"10.1007/s10555-025-10262-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10555-025-10262-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bone is a common secondary site of dissemination during the course of cancer. Bone metastases (BM) can be associated with skeletal-related events (SRE) such as disabling pain, hypercalcemia, and bone instability that leads to pathological fractures or spinal cord compression. SRE contribute to high morbidity as well as, mortality, and have a negative economic impact. Modern management of BM integrates focal treatments (such as radiotherapy, surgery, and interventional radiology), orthoses, and antiresorptive and systemic oncological treatment. The choice of a metastasis-directed therapy depends on the objective of the treatment, the patient characteristics, and the complete assessment of the bone lesion (pain, neurological risk, and instability). In the narrative review present herein, we aim to provide an updated summary of the literature, with description of the advantages and disadvantages of current and emerging strategies in the multimodal treatment of BM and, based on these data, an updated algorithm for the management of BM.</p>","PeriodicalId":9489,"journal":{"name":"Cancer and Metastasis Reviews","volume":"44 2","pages":"45"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11993453/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143954872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Microenvironment matters: insights from the FOSTER consortium on microenvironment-driven approaches to osteosarcoma therapy. 微环境问题:来自FOSTER联盟关于微环境驱动的骨肉瘤治疗方法的见解。
IF 7.7 2区 医学
Cancer and Metastasis Reviews Pub Date : 2025-04-10 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-025-10257-3
Aurelie Dutour, Michela Pasello, Luke Farrow, Mahetab H Amer, Natacha Entz-Werlé, Michaela Nathrath, Katia Scotlandi, Sibylle Mittnacht, Anne Gomez-Mascard
{"title":"Microenvironment matters: insights from the FOSTER consortium on microenvironment-driven approaches to osteosarcoma therapy.","authors":"Aurelie Dutour, Michela Pasello, Luke Farrow, Mahetab H Amer, Natacha Entz-Werlé, Michaela Nathrath, Katia Scotlandi, Sibylle Mittnacht, Anne Gomez-Mascard","doi":"10.1007/s10555-025-10257-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10555-025-10257-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Osteosarcoma (OS), a prevalent malignant bone tumor, has seen limited progress in treatment efficacy and patient outcomes over decades. Recent insights into the tumor microenvironment (TME) have revealed its crucial role in tumor progression and therapeutic resistance, particularly in OS. This review offers a comprehensive exploration of the OS microenvironment, meticulously dissecting its crucial components: the mesenchymal stromal TME, the immune microenvironment, hypoxia-induced adaptations, and the impact of the physical microenvironment. By demonstrating how these elements collectively drive tumor proliferation, immune evasion, and invasion, this review explores the intricate molecular and cellular dynamics at play. Furthermore, innovative approaches targeting the OS microenvironment, such as immunotherapies, are presented. This review highlights the importance of the TME in OS progression and its potential as a source of novel therapeutic strategies, offering new hope for improved patient outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":9489,"journal":{"name":"Cancer and Metastasis Reviews","volume":"44 2","pages":"44"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11985652/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143954643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Lessons learned from a decade of immune checkpoint inhibition: The good, the bad, and the ugly. 从免疫检查点抑制的十年中吸取的教训:好的,坏的和丑陋的。
IF 7.7 2区 医学
Cancer and Metastasis Reviews Pub Date : 2025-04-04 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-025-10260-8
Jacob J Adashek, Jillian A Moran, Dung T Le, Razelle Kurzrock
{"title":"Lessons learned from a decade of immune checkpoint inhibition: The good, the bad, and the ugly.","authors":"Jacob J Adashek, Jillian A Moran, Dung T Le, Razelle Kurzrock","doi":"10.1007/s10555-025-10260-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10555-025-10260-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Discovering the brakes/checkpoints that cancer places on the immune system to prevent being eradicated led to the 2018 Nobel Prize and the development of multiple Food and Drug Administration-approved immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). ICIs have transformed the treatment of numerous cancer types and, remarkably, some patients with end-stage metastatic disease can achieve durable, complete remissions - cures. Still, ICIs cause significant immune-related toxicities, and most tumors are resistant. Unusual progression patterns such as pseudo-progression and hyper-progression (accelerated progression) can occur. Biomarkers for ICI response/resistance include microsatellite instability, high tumor mutational burden, and PD-L1 immunohistochemistry positivity; but they are imperfect, perhaps because of immune system complexity. Herein, we explore the good, the bad, and the ugly of ICIs in cancer treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":9489,"journal":{"name":"Cancer and Metastasis Reviews","volume":"44 2","pages":"43"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11971148/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143779247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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