Bulletin of the World Health Organization最新文献

{"title":"Contemporary demographic challenges and population policies.","authors":"Stuart Gietel-Basten","doi":"10.2471/BLT.24.291641","DOIUrl":"10.2471/BLT.24.291641","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9465,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10976865/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140334840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three decades of progress and setbacks since the first international conference on population and development.","authors":"Manjulaa Narasimhan, Lale Say, Pascale Allotey","doi":"10.2471/BLT.24.291654","DOIUrl":"10.2471/BLT.24.291654","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9465,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10976866/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140334852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum.","authors":"","doi":"10.2471/BLT.24.110424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.24.110424","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This corrects the article on p. 152 in vol. 102, PMID: 38434183.].</p>","PeriodicalId":9465,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10976876/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140334843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Target product profiles: leprosy diagnostics.","authors":"Petra Kukkaro, Sundeep Chaitanya Vedithi, David J Blok, Wim H van Brakel, Annemieke Geluk, Aparna Srikantam, David Scollard, Linda B Adams, Mathias Duck, Sunil Anand, Andie Tucker, Israel Cruz, Vrr Pemmaraju, Daniel Argaw Dagne, Kingsley Asiedu, Christopher Hanna","doi":"10.2471/BLT.23.290881","DOIUrl":"10.2471/BLT.23.290881","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The World Health Organization (WHO) aims to reduce new leprosy cases by 70% by 2030, necessitating advancements in leprosy diagnostics. Here we discuss the development of two WHO's target product profiles for such diagnostics. These profiles define criteria for product use, design, performance, configuration and distribution, with a focus on accessibility and affordability. The first target product profile outlines requirements for tests to confirm diagnosis of leprosy in individuals with clinical signs and symptoms, to guide multidrug treatment initiation. The second target product profile outlines requirements for tests to detect <i>Mycobacterium leprae</i> or <i>M. lepromatosis</i> infection among asymptomatic contacts of leprosy patients, aiding prophylactic interventions and prevention. Statistical modelling was used to assess sensitivity and specificity requirements for these diagnostic tests. The paper highlights challenges in achieving high specificity, given the varying endemicity of <i>M. leprae,</i> and identifying target analytes with robust performance across leprosy phenotypes. We conclude that diagnostics with appropriate product design and performance characteristics are crucial for early detection and preventive intervention, advocating for the transition from leprosy management to prevention.</p>","PeriodicalId":9465,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10976862/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140334851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"De Wet Swanepoel: using digital technologies to improve access to hearing health.","authors":"","doi":"10.2471/BLT.24.030424","DOIUrl":"10.2471/BLT.24.030424","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>De Wet Swanepoel talks to Gary Humphreys about leveraging the power of digital health technologies to improve access to hearing health care.</p>","PeriodicalId":9465,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10976872/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140334845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An mRNA technology transfer programme and economic sustainability in health care.","authors":"Devika Dutt, Mariana Mazzucato, Els Torreele","doi":"10.2471/blt.24.291388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2471/blt.24.291388","url":null,"abstract":"The World Health Organization (WHO) set up the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) technology transfer programme in June 2021 with a development hub in South Africa and 15 partner vaccine producers in middle-income countries. The goal was to support the sustainable development of and access to life-saving vaccines for people in these countries as a means to enhance epidemic preparedness and global public health. This initiative aims to build resilience and strengthen local vaccine research, and development and manufacturing capacity in different regions of the world, especially those areas that could not access coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines in a timely way. This paper outlines the current global vaccine market and summarizes the findings of a case study on the mRNA technology transfer programme conducted from November 2022 to May 2023. The study was guided by the vision of the WHO Council on the Economics of Health for All to build an economy for health using its four work streams of value, finance, innovation and capacity. Based on the findings of the study, we offer a mission-oriented policy framework to support the mRNA technology transfer programme as a pilot for transformative change towards an ecosystem for health innovation for the common good. Parts of this vision have already been incorporated into the governance of the mRNA technology transfer programme, while other aspects, especially the common good approach, still need to be applied to achieve the goals of the programme.","PeriodicalId":9465,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140811281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysing governments' progress on the right to health.","authors":"Alicia Ely Yamin, Luciano Bottini Filho, Camila Gianella Malca","doi":"10.2471/blt.23.290184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2471/blt.23.290184","url":null,"abstract":"To examine the influence of varying articulations of the right to health under domestic constitutions, legislation and jurisprudence on the scope of legal protection for health.","PeriodicalId":9465,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140811278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A proposal to recognize investment in breastfeeding as a carbon offset.","authors":"Julie Patricia Smith, Phillip Baker, Roger Mathisen, Aoife Long, Nigel Rollins, Marilyn Waring","doi":"10.2471/blt.23.290210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2471/blt.23.290210","url":null,"abstract":"Policy-makers need to rethink the connections between the economy and health. The World Health Organization Council on the Economics of Health for All has called for human and planetary health and well-being to be moved to the core of decision-making to build economies for health. Doing so involves valuing and measuring what matters, more and better health financing, innovation for the common good and rebuilding public sector capacity. We build on this thinking to argue that breastfeeding should be recognized in food and well-being statistics, while investments in breastfeeding should be considered a carbon offset in global financing arrangements for sustainable food, health and economic systems. Breastfeeding women nourish half the world's infants and young children with immense quantities of a highly valuable milk. This care work is not counted in gross domestic product or national food balance sheets, and yet ever-increasing commercial milk formula sales are counted. Achieving global nutrition targets for breastfeeding would realize far greater reductions in greenhouse gas emissions than decarbonizing commercial milk formula manufacturing. New metrics and financing mechanisms are needed to achieve the health, sustainability and equity gains from more optimal infant and young child feeding. Properly valuing crucial care and environmental resources in global and national measurement systems would redirect international financial resources away from expanding carbon-emitting activities, and towards what really matters, that is, health for all. Doing so should start with considering breastfeeding as the highest quality, local, sustainable first-food system for generations to come.","PeriodicalId":9465,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140811270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using adult care visits to diagnose HIV infection in children, Burkina Faso.","authors":"Souleymane Tassembédo, Isidore Tiandiogo Traoré, Makoura Traoré-Barro, Ismael Diallo, Daouda Maré, Fatimata Diallo-Barry, Camille Rajaonarivelo, Bethem Coulibaly, Amélie Nikiema, Armel Poda, Philippe Vande Perre, Nicolas Nagot","doi":"10.2471/BLT.23.289606","DOIUrl":"10.2471/BLT.23.289606","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To estimate the feasibility, positivity rate and cost of offering child testing for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to mothers living with HIV attending outpatient clinics in Burkina Faso.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted this implementation study in nine outpatient clinics between October 2021 and June 2022. We identified all women ≤ 45 years who were attending these clinics for their routine HIV care and who had at least one living child aged between 18 months and 5 years whose HIV status was not known. We offered these mothers an HIV test for their child at their next outpatient visit. We calculated intervention uptake, HIV positivity rate and costs.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>Of 799 eligible children, we tested 663 (83.0%) and identified 16 new HIV infections: 2.5% (95% confidence interval, CI: 1.5-4.1). Compared with HIV-negative children, significantly more HIV-infected children were breastfed beyond 12 months (<i>P</i>-value: 0.003) and they had not been tested before (<i>P</i>-value: 0.003). A significantly greater proportion of mothers of HIV-infected children were unaware of the availability of child testing at 18 months (<i>P</i>-value: < 0.001) and had more recently learnt their HIV status (<i>P</i>-value: 0.01) than mothers of HIV-negative children. The intervention cost 98.1 United States dollars for one child testing HIV-positive. Barriers to implementing this strategy included shortages of HIV tests, increased workload for health-care workers and difficulty accessing children not living with their mothers.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Testing HIV-exposed children through their mothers in outpatient clinics is feasible and effective in a low HIV-prevalence setting such as Burkina Faso. Implementation of this strategy to detect undiagnosed HIV-infected children is recommended.</p>","PeriodicalId":9465,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10898281/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139989411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of mosquito sampling strategies on molecular xenomonitoring prevalence for filariasis: a systematic review.","authors":"Lisa J Reimer, Joseph D Pryce","doi":"10.2471/BLT.23.290424","DOIUrl":"10.2471/BLT.23.290424","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To explore the impact of mosquito collection methods, sampling intensity and target genus on molecular xenomonitoring detection of parasites causing lymphatic filariasis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We systematically searched five databases for studies that used two or more collection strategies for sampling wild mosquitoes, and employed molecular methods to assess the molecular xenomonitoring prevalence of parasites responsible for lymphatic filariasis. We performed generic inverse variance meta-analyses and explored sources of heterogeneity using subgroup analyses. We assessed methodological quality and certainty of evidence.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>We identified 25 eligible studies, with 172 083 mosquitoes analysed. We observed significantly higher molecular xenomonitoring prevalence with collection methods that target bloodfed mosquitoes compared to methods that target unfed mosquitoes (prevalence ratio: 3.53; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.52-8.24), but no significant difference compared with gravid collection methods (prevalence ratio: 1.54; 95% CI: 0.46-5.16). Regarding genus, we observed significantly higher molecular xenomonitoring prevalence for anopheline mosquitoes compared to culicine mosquitoes in areas where <i>Anopheles</i> species are the primary vector (prevalence ratio: 6.91; 95% CI: 1.73-27.52). One study provided evidence that reducing the number of sampling sites did not significantly affect molecular xenomonitoring prevalence. Evidence of differences in molecular xenomonitoring prevalence between sampling strategies was considered to be of low certainty, due partly to inherent limitations of observational studies that were not explicitly designed for these comparisons.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The choice of sampling strategy can significantly affect molecular xenomonitoring results. Further research is needed to inform the optimum strategy in light of logistical constraints and epidemiological contexts.</p>","PeriodicalId":9465,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10898278/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139989409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}