Recent advances in drug delivery and formulation最新文献

{"title":"A Comprehensive Review on Potential Chemical and Herbal Permeation Enhancers Used in Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems.","authors":"Rajat Singh Raghav, Sushma Verma, Monika","doi":"10.2174/0126673878272043240114123908","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0126673878272043240114123908","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Using skin patches to deliver drugs is dependable and doesn't have the same issues as permeation enhancers, which help drugs get through the skin but struggle because of the skin's natural barrier. Strategies are required to increase topical bioavailability to enhance drug absorption. Natural compounds offer a promising solution by temporarily reducing skin barrier resistance and improving drug absorption. Natural substances allow a wider variety of medications to be distributed through the stratum corneum, offering a dependable approach to enhancing transdermal drug delivery. Natural substances have distinct advantages as permeability enhancers. They are pharmacologically effective and safe, inactive, non-allergenic, and non-irritating. These characteristics ensure their suitability for use without causing adverse effects. Natural compounds are readily available and well tolerated by the body. Studies investigating the structure-activity relationship of natural chemicals have demonstrated significant enhancer effects. By understanding the connection between chemical composition and enhancer activity, researchers can identify effective natural compounds for improving drug penetration. In conclusion, current research focuses on utilizing natural compounds as permeability enhancers in transdermal therapy systems. These substances offer safety, non-toxicity, pharmacological inactivity, and non-irritation. Through structure-activity relationship investigations, promising advancements have been made in enhancing drug delivery. Using natural compounds holds enormous potential for improving the penetration of trans-dermally delivered medications.</p>","PeriodicalId":94352,"journal":{"name":"Recent advances in drug delivery and formulation","volume":" ","pages":"21-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139521903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design, Development and <i>In-Vitro</i> Characterization of Insulin Loaded Topical Pluronic-Lecithin Based Organogel Formulation for the Management of Diabetic Wound.","authors":"Sunita Chauhan, Vikas Jhawat, Rahul Pratap Singh, Abhishek Yadav, Vandana Garg","doi":"10.2174/0126673878279693231227081931","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0126673878279693231227081931","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To develop and characterize the topical insulin-loaded organogel formulation for the management of diabetic wounds.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To formulate and evaluate organogel of insulin that can serve as a topical administration for promoting enhanced wound healing in diabetic patients by providing sustained and localized delivery of drug to the wound site.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>The insulin organogel formulated by the micro-emulsion method involves mixing the \"aqueous and oil phases\" at high shear. Physical and chemical properties, as well as an in vitro study with a Franz diffusion chamber, were used to evaluate the prepared organogel.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All formulations proved to be off-white, homogeneous, washable, and had a pH between 6 and 6.5; moreover, they were non-irritating and skin-compatible. Formulations F1-F6 had viscosity ranging from 2058 to 3168 cps, spreadability ranges of 0.35 to 0.52 g*cm/s, and gel transition ranges of 28.33 to 35.33 °C. In formulations F1-F3, the concentration of lecithin was gradually increased, and in formulations F4-F6, the concentration of PF-127 was increased, resulting in a decrease in gel transition temperature, an increase in viscosity, and a gradual change in spreadability. The higher-viscosity formulations were much more stable and had better drug release. All formulations were fitted to a kinetic model belonging to first-order kinetics. However, after examining the parameter evaluation, it was found that the formulations F2 and F6 were better suited to the kinetic model and were consistent with the first-order and Higuchi models in Korsmeyer-Peppas F2 (r2 = 0.9544 and n = 1.0412); F6 (r2 = 0.9019 and n = 1.0822), which was a confirmation of the sustainability of the release system with matrix diffusion and drug delivery mechanisms that were based on the Super-Case II transport.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Further research and clinical trials are needed to validate its efficacy, optimize the formulation, and establish its long-term safety. Topical insulin organogel has the potential to revolutionize diabetic wound management by improving healing outcomes, reducing complications, and raising the standard of living for those who have diabetes.</p>","PeriodicalId":94352,"journal":{"name":"Recent advances in drug delivery and formulation","volume":" ","pages":"50-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139571788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ion-activated <i>In Situ</i> Gel of Gellan Gum Containing Chrysin for Nasal Administration in Parkinson's Disease.","authors":"Khushboo Lavania, Anuj Garg","doi":"10.2174/0126673878279656231204103855","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0126673878279656231204103855","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This study focused on creating an innovative treatment approach for Parkinson's disease (PD), a progressive neurodegenerative condition characterized by the loss of specific neurons in the brain.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>The research aimed to develop a nasal gel using gellan gum containing a complex of chrysin with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) to enhance the drug's solubility and stability.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The formulation process involved utilizing central composite design (CCD) to optimize the concentrations of gellan gum and HPMC E5, with viscosity and mucoadhesive strength as key factors. The resulting optimized <i>In Situ</i> gel comprised 0.7% w/v gellan gum and 0.6% w/v HPMC E5, exhibiting desirable viscosity levels for both sol and gel states, along with robust mucoadhesive properties. The formulated gel underwent comprehensive evaluation, including assessments for gelation, drug content, <i>in vitro</i> drug release, <i>ex vivo</i> permeation, and histopathology.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>The findings demonstrated superior drug release from the <i>In Situ</i> gel compared to standalone chrysin. <i>Ex vivo</i> studies revealed effective drug permeation through nasal mucosa without causing harm. Moreover, experiments on neuronal cells exposed to oxidative stress (H₂O₂- induced) showcased significant neuroprotection conferred by chrysin and its formulations. These treatments exhibited notable enhancements in cell viability and reduced instances of apoptosis and necrosis, compared to the control group. The formulations exhibited neuroprotective properties by mitigating oxidative damage through mechanisms, like free radical scavenging and restoration of antioxidant enzyme activity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In conclusion, this developed <i>In situ</i> gel formulation presents a promising novel nasal delivery system for PD therapy. By addressing challenges related to drug properties and administration route, it holds the potential to enhance treatment outcomes and improve the quality of life for individuals with Parkinson's disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":94352,"journal":{"name":"Recent advances in drug delivery and formulation","volume":" ","pages":"35-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138500661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Robotic Pills as Innovative Personalized Medicine Tools: A Mini Review","authors":"Komal Rane, Garima Kukreja, Siddhi Deshmukh, Urmisha Kakad, Pranali Jadhav, Vinita Pawar","doi":"10.2174/0126673878265457231205114925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126673878265457231205114925","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000The most common route for drug administration is the oral route due to the various advantages offered by this route, such as ease of administration, controlled and sustained drug delivery, convenience, and non-invasiveness. In spite of this, oral drug absorption faces challenges due\u0000to various issues related to its stability, permeability and solubility in the GI tract. Biologic drugs\u0000generally face problems when administered by oral route as they are readily degradable and thus required to be injected. To overcome these issues in oral absorption, different approaches like novel\u0000drug delivery systems and newer pharmaceutical technologies have been adopted. With a combined\u0000knowledge of drug delivery and pharmaceutical technology, robotic pills can be designed and used\u0000successfully to enhance the adhesion and permeation of drugs through the mucus membrane of the\u0000GI tract to achieve drug delivery at the target site. The potential application of robotic pills in diagnosis and drug dispensing is also discussed. The review highlights recent developments in robotic\u0000pill drug-device technology and discusses its potential applications to solve the problems and challenges in oral drug delivery.\u0000","PeriodicalId":94352,"journal":{"name":"Recent advances in drug delivery and formulation","volume":"21 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138999246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Niosomal Vesicles Loaded Mometasone Furoate Gel for Transdermal Delivery and its Evaluation.","authors":"Bhushan R Rane, Pushkar Y Chavan, Nidhi S Kate, Ashish S Jain","doi":"10.2174/0126673878259437231031114907","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0126673878259437231031114907","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Mometasone Furoate (MF) is a corticosteroid (glucocorticoid) used to treat eczema, psoriasis, allergies, and rash on the skin; also used to reduce itching, redness, and swelling (inflammation). It has been reported that the bioavailability of MF is less than 11% when given via the nasal route. Encapsulating the drug in niosomes can improve the active pharmaceutical ingredient's bioavailability by enhancing both physical and biological stability.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The goal of the study is to develop, a non-ionic surfactant-based vesicular system, by loading mometasone furoate, and introducing it into a gel-based formulation by utilizing an appropriate gelling agent, and performing its evaluation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The niosome vesicle was prepared by vacuum rotary evaporation method (Thin film hydration method). Gel was prepared using the dispersion method and in-vitro drug diffusion studies using Franz-diffusion cells.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>According to the results of the experiments conducted for the study, Mometasone Furoate niosomal gel was prepared utilizing Mometasone Furoate niosomes that were made using the thin film hydration process, Cholesterol, and Span 60, and loaded in various amounts of Carbopol as a geling agent. The niosomes' zeta potential was found to be -24 mV, showing that the formulation is stable. The polydispersity index (PDI) was found to be 0.409 and the average size of niosomes to be 252.7 nm. The performance of the gel of the optimized formulations containing 2% Carbopol showed in vitro diffusion for 7 hours and an increased flux rate as compared to the plain MF.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The experiments carried out during the study led to the conclusion that the thin-film hydration method was suitable for the formation of the MF-niosomes by using Span 60 and Cholesterol (2:1). The gel formulation containing 2% Carbopol indicated better in vitro diffusion following the Higuchi model across all niosomal gel formulations. Niosomal gel can be regarded as the best vesicular carrier for the efficient distribution of mometasone furoate via the transdermal route.</p>","PeriodicalId":94352,"journal":{"name":"Recent advances in drug delivery and formulation","volume":" ","pages":"300-313"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136400946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmaceutical Suspensions: An Updated Patent Review on Novel Suspending Agents and Recent Advancement.","authors":"Prince Kumar, Madhu Verma","doi":"10.2174/0126673878246149231010085610","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0126673878246149231010085610","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A wide variety of dosage forms are used for the oral administration of drugs to humans and animals. Apart from solid dosage forms, it also includes liquid dosage forms, such as solutions, suspensions, and emulsions. The selection is based on the physiochemical attributes of the therapeutically active ingredient. Suspensions are classified as dispersed systems that are heterogeneous in nature and consist of two phases. One phase is the continuous phase, the dispersion medium, or the external phase, which is either liquid or semisolid; the other is a solid particle dispersed in the external phase and called an internal or dispersed phase. They have several advantages over other dosage forms, such as effectively delivering hydrophobic drugs, avoiding the need for cosolvents, masking unpleasant tastes, and providing resistance to degradation and easy swallowing for young or elderly patients. They also attain higher drug concentrations compared to solution forms. This review article aims to study and explore the advantages, novel suspending agents, patent preference, and innovations of pharmaceutical suspension. It was targeted to scrutinize the literature floating in the internet domain regarding pharmaceutical suspension for delivery of drugs by oral route. The literature survey is targeted at the novel herbal suspending agents used, their patents involved, and innovations in the dosage form. Further, the study gives an insight into various aspects of suspension, such as classification of suspension, theories of suspension, various components used in suspension formulation, formulation aspect of suspension, evaluation parameters of suspension, patents, innovations, and regulatory status.</p>","PeriodicalId":94352,"journal":{"name":"Recent advances in drug delivery and formulation","volume":"17 3","pages":"193-209"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138483669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gum-based Nanoparticles Targeting for Colon Rectal Cancer: Latest Research and Patents.","authors":"Shilpi Shakya, Ritesh Kumar Tiwari, Arti Gupta","doi":"10.2174/0126673878242191231017095804","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0126673878242191231017095804","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Colorectal disease is the third most prevelant cancer in both men and women, with an expected 106,180 new cases of colon cancer and 44,850 new cases of rectal cancer as per American Cancer Society. Targeted medicine delivery is vital in the treatment of colon disorders because it delivers long-term therapeutic results with little side effects. Natural polymer is biocompatible and biodegradable, which enables safety, improves storage, and physiological stability, it is utilized as drug delivery vehicles and has made great strides in recent years. Chitosan, alginate, pectin, guar gum, dextran, hyaluronic acid, and arabinoxylan are examples of natural polysaccharides that are utilized to create nanoparticles. Natural gums serve two purposes: first, they shield the medicine from stomach and intestinal conditions, allowing it to only be released in the colon. In this review, we introduce the different gum particularly used in nanoparticles formulation, and then discuss recent research and the latest patent in the development of gum-based nanoparticles for the treatment of colon rectal cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":94352,"journal":{"name":"Recent advances in drug delivery and formulation","volume":" ","pages":"255-263"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71430784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current Strategy of Monoclonal Antibody: Development, Cloning, Formulation and Drug Delivery.","authors":"Rajaganapathy Kaliyaperumal, Srinivasan Ranganathan, Masilamani Krishnamoorthy, Vasanth Kumar Mohan, Senthilnathan Balaraman, Gowri Rajapandian, Ramalingam Sathiyasundar, Saravanan Ravindran","doi":"10.2174/0126673878260516231017165459","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0126673878260516231017165459","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The development of Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has also allowed researchers to understand the complexity of diseases better and find new treatments for difficult-to-treat conditions. Using mAbs, researchers can identify and target specific molecules in the body involved in the disease process. This has allowed for a more targeted treatment approach, which has resulted in improved outcomes for many patients. This hypothesis has been the basis for the development of mAbs that can target an array of illnesses. In the past two decades, therapeutic mAbs have been developed to treat cancer, autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic diseases. For instance, using mAbs has improved outcomes in treating rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and Crohn's disease. However, delivering mAbs in biological systems remains a significant challenge in drug delivery. This is due to their large size, low stability in circulation, and difficulties in achieving their desired action in the target cells. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are an essential tool in biological systems, as they can be used to deliver drugs to specific cell types or tissues. Cloning methods of monoclonal antibody production have been developed to produce mAbs with therapeutic potential. Hence, the present review focused on the development and drug delivery of Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in biological systems, which includes cloning methods, various drug delivery technologies, formulation production technology, and its applications in multiple diseases were focused for this review.</p>","PeriodicalId":94352,"journal":{"name":"Recent advances in drug delivery and formulation","volume":" ","pages":"264-285"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71430782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glycerosomes: Novel Nano-Vesicles for Efficient Delivery of Therapeutics.","authors":"Divya Sharma, Anjna Rani, Veena Devi Singh, Pranav Shah, Sakshi Sharma, Sunil Kumar","doi":"10.2174/0126673878245185230919101148","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0126673878245185230919101148","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The topical drug delivery system has gained more attention in recent years as compared to oral and parenteral drug delivery. However, owing to the barrier function of the skin's topmost layer, only a few drug molecules can be administered by this route. Therefore, encapsulating the drugs in glycerosomes is one potential solution to this problem. Glycerosomes are vesicular drug delivery systems primarily made up of large concentrations of glycerol, phospholipid, water, and other active ingredients.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The main aim of this review is to summarize the most recent information on the encapsulated vesicular system used in cosmetic preparations, specifically glycerosomes made from both synthetic and naturally occurring plant bioactive substances.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Glycerosomes offer many benefits, including increased efficacy, better stability, improve absorption, drug targeting at specific sites, and delivering the same at a predetermined rate.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The mechanism behind the penetration of glycerosomes is the hydration and lipid fluidization of skin, fabricated by glycerol.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>Numerous methods have been reported for the formulation of glycerosomes, including the thin film hydration method, reverse-phase evaporation, solvent spherule, detergent removal method, and so on.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Researchers are currently investigating the potential of glycerosomes as nanocarriers for natural bioactive and synthetic drugs. This review describes the structure of glycerosomes, preparation techniques, applications, distinctions from liposomes, and benefits of glycerosomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":94352,"journal":{"name":"Recent advances in drug delivery and formulation","volume":" ","pages":"173-182"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71430783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Novel Spray-dried Microparticles to Treat Cystic Fibrosis: A Tri-drug Approach.","authors":"Vinayak D Kabra, Swaroop R Lahoti, Vrashabh V Sugandhi","doi":"10.2174/0126673878245506231031124020","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0126673878245506231031124020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cystic fibrosis is the predominant autosomal recessive disorder known to reduce life expectancy. Research findings indicate that around 60 to 70% of adult individuals with this condition carry infections of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The ongoing research investigates the potential synergy of merging ivacaftor and ciprofloxacin to address bacterial infections.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The two drugs were spray-dried into microparticles, which were then coated with Lsalbutamol and were to be delivered by a dry powder inhaler. Microparticles were generated by applying the spray drying method, utilizing bovine serum albumin and L-leucine in their preparation. Additionally, L-salbutamol was mixed and adsorbed onto the surface of the spray-dried microparticles, and it acted as a bronchodilator.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The microparticles produced via spray drying exhibited a particle size measuring 1.6 ± 0.04 μm, along with a polydispersity ratio of 0.33. Their zeta potential measured -27.3 ± 1.1 mV, while the mass median aerodynamic diameter of these microparticles was 3.74 ± 0.08 μm. SEM, XRD, and FTIR studies confirmed the entrapment of ivacaftor and ciprofloxacin. The morphology was observed by SEM and TEM scans. Antibacterial synergy was confirmed through the agar broth and dilution method, and the formulation's safety was established based on the outcomes of the MTT assay.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Using spray-dried microparticles containing ciprofloxacin, ivacaftor, and L-salbutamol presents a novel approach to the treatment of cystic fibrosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":94352,"journal":{"name":"Recent advances in drug delivery and formulation","volume":" ","pages":"286-299"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138453447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}