Drug Delivery Strategies for the Management of Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Case of Differentiated Product Development of Methylphenidate.

Abstract

ADHD is a common condition that affects many kids in the United States, about 2 to 18 percent of children between 6 and 17 years old. ADHD manifests as hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention, impacting various aspects of life. Effective management involves a combination of psychostimulant medication, such as methylphenidate, and behavioral therapy. Modified-release formulations, including chewable tablets, transdermal patches, and osmotic-controlled release tablets, offer improved treatment adherence and overall quality of life. Understanding the pathophysiology involves neuroimaging studies that reveal alterations in brain regions rich in dopamine receptors. Methylphenidate, a common ADHD medication, works by inhibiting dopamine reuptake, thereby increasing extracellular dopamine levels. Different drug delivery systems, such as extended-release chewable tablets, transdermal patches, and OROS formulations, provide diverse options for individual needs. The advent of innovative formulations like methylphenidate hydrochloride extendedrelease oral suspension (Quillivant ER) and methylphenidate hydrochloride multilayer extendedrelease capsules (Aptensio XR) addresses challenges in pediatric medication administration. Recent additions like the orally disintegrating tablet (Cotempla X-ODT) offer convenience and flexibility. Understanding the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and benefits of these formulations enhances the ability to tailor ADHD treatment to individual patient needs.