Recent advances in drug delivery and formulation最新文献

{"title":"Polymeric Vehicles for Nucleic Acid Delivery: Enhancing the Therapeutic Efficacy and Cellular Uptake.","authors":"Parul Gupta, Anjali Sharma, Vishnu Mittal","doi":"10.2174/0126673878324536240805060143","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0126673878324536240805060143","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Therapeutic gene delivery may be facilitated by the use of polymeric carriers. When combined with nucleic acids to form nanoparticles or polyplexes, a variety of polymers may shield the cargo from in vivo breakdown and clearance while also making it easier for it to enter intracellular compartments.</p><p><strong>Aim and objectives: </strong>Polymer synthesis design choices result in a wide variety of compounds and vehicle compositions. Depending on the application, these characteristics may be changed to provide enhanced endosomal escape, longer-lasting distribution, or stronger connection with nucleic acid cargo and cells. Here, we outline current methods for delivering genes in preclinical and clinical settings using polymers.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>Significant therapeutic outcomes have previously been attained using genetic material- delivering polymer vehicles in both in-vitro and animal models. When combined with nucleic acids to form nanoparticles or polyplexes, a variety of polymers may shield the cargo from in vivo breakdown and clearance while also making it easier for it to enter intracellular compartments. Many innovative diagnoses for nucleic acids have been investigated and put through clinical assessment in the past 20 years.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Polymer-based carriers have additional delivery issues due to their changes in method and place of biological action, as well as variances in biophysical characteristics. We cover recent custom polymeric carrier architectures that were tuned for nucleic acid payloads such genomemodifying nucleic acids, siRNA, microRNA, and plasmid DNA.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In conclusion, the development of polymeric carriers for gene delivery holds promise for therapeutic applications. Through careful design and optimization, these carriers can overcome various challenges associated with nucleic acid delivery, offering new avenues for treating a wide range of diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":94352,"journal":{"name":"Recent advances in drug delivery and formulation","volume":"18 4","pages":"276-293"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142362675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation, Optimization and <i>In Vitro</i> Characterization of Fluticasoneloaded Mixed Micelles Based on Stearic Acid-g-chitosan as a Pulmonary Delivery System.","authors":"Shima Tasharoie, Seyed Naser Ostad, Mohsen Amini, Reyhaneh Sabourian, Kambiz Gilani","doi":"10.2174/0126673878262764240208054140","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0126673878262764240208054140","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The primary objective of this study was to optimize formulation variables and investigate the <i>in vitro</i> characteristics of fluticasone propionate (FP)-loaded mixed polymeric micelles, which were composed of depolymerized chitosan-stearic acid copolymer (DC-SA) in combination with either tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate or dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine for pulmonary drug delivery.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A D-optimal design was employed for the optimization procedure, considering lipid/ polymer ratio, polymer concentration, drug/ polymer ratio, and lipid type as independent variables. Dependent variables included particle size, polydispersion index, zeta potential, drug encapsulation efficiency, and loading efficiency of the polymeric micelles. Additionally, the nebulization efficacy and cell viability of the optimal FP-loaded DC-SA micellar formulations were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mixed polymeric micelles were successfully prepared with properties falling within the desired ranges, resulting in four optimized formulations. The release of FP from the optimal systems exhibited a sustained release profile over 72 hours, with 70% of the drug still retained within the core of the micelles. The nebulization efficiency of these optimal formulations reached up to 63%, and the fine particle fraction (FPF) ranged from 41% to 48%. Cellular viability assays demonstrated that FP-loaded DC-SA polymeric micelles exhibited lower cytotoxicity than the free drug but were slightly more cytotoxic than empty mixed micelles.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In conclusion, this study suggests that DC-SA/ lipid mixed micelles have the potential to serve as effective carriers for nebulizing poorly soluble FP.</p>","PeriodicalId":94352,"journal":{"name":"Recent advances in drug delivery and formulation","volume":" ","pages":"61-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139743044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Choc-Tadalafil Fusion: Unlocking Solubility and Taste Harmony with β-CD-Infused Medicated Chocolate.","authors":"Chetna Modi, Manobika Sinha, Vaishali Thakkar, Hardik Rana, Dipika Chavda","doi":"10.2174/0126673878280254240312053406","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0126673878280254240312053406","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The primary limitations of tadalafil in treating erectile dysfunction are its low solubility and unpleasant bitter taste, which ultimately result in inadequate patient adherence. The present study aimed to develop and characterize a medicated chocolate formulation containing Tadalafil and β-CD (solubility enhancer) employing the concept of Design of Experiment (DoE) using chocolate as a user-friendly excipient.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An inclusion complex was formulated by incorporating the drug into β-CD using the kneading method for solubility improvement and also as a taste masker for Tadalafil. The ratio of drug: β-CD inclusion complex was selected based on a phase solubility study. The inclusion complex was molded into a chocolate base and optimized using the DoE approach. Further, drug excipient interaction was evaluated by DSC and FTIR study.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Phase solubility study suggested a 1:1 ratio of Tadalafil: β-CD for better solubility. DSC spectra suggested the conversion of crystalline structure into an amorphous state which indicates improvement of the drug solubility. DSC and FTIR studies revealed that there was no significant interaction between drug and excipients. Next, %CDR (cumulative drug release) at 30 min revealed the immediate effect of Tadalafil from chocolate formulation and free drug analysis (an unbound drug with β-CD) proved reduced bitterness of the drug in the complex. Additionally, the medicated chocolate was found to be stable at room temperature as per stability study.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>β-CD was found to be a promising multifunctional excipient as a solubility enhancement carrier and taste masker for bitter-tasting drugs.</p>","PeriodicalId":94352,"journal":{"name":"Recent advances in drug delivery and formulation","volume":" ","pages":"110-119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140159873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revolutionizing Brain Drug Delivery: Buccal Transferosomes on the Verge of a Breakthrough.","authors":"Pavuluri Chandrasekhar, Rajaganapathy Kaliyaperumal","doi":"10.2174/0126673878312336240802113811","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0126673878312336240802113811","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The buccal cavity, also known as the oral cavity, is a complex anatomical structure that plays a crucial role in various physiological processes. It serves as a gateway to the digestive system and facilitates the initial stages of food digestion and absorption. However, its significance extends beyond mere digestion as it presents a promising route for drug delivery, particularly to the brain. Transferosomes are lipid-based vesicles that have gained significant attention in the field of drug delivery due to their unique structure and properties. These vesicles are composed of phospholipids that form bilayer structures capable of encapsulating both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs. Strategies for the development of buccal transferosomes for brain delivery have emerged as promising avenues for pharmaceutical research. This review aims to explore the various approaches and challenges associated with harnessing the potential of buccal transferosomes as a means of enhancing drug delivery to the brain. By understanding the structure and function of both buccal tissue and transferosomes, researchers can develop effective formulation methods and characterization techniques to optimize drug delivery. Furthermore, strategic approaches and success stories in buccal transferosome development are highlighted, showcasing inspiring examples that demonstrate their potential to revolutionize brain delivery.</p>","PeriodicalId":94352,"journal":{"name":"Recent advances in drug delivery and formulation","volume":"18 4","pages":"262-275"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142362676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Technical Considerations, Applications, and Benefits of Organogels in Topical Drug Delivery Systems.","authors":"Abhishek Yadav, Vikas Jhawat, Rahul Pratap Singh, Sunita Chauhan, Rohit Dutt, Rajesh Goyal, Deependra Singh","doi":"10.2174/0126673878277455240214110033","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0126673878277455240214110033","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Organogels represent semi-solid systems where an organic liquid phase is entrapped within a three-dimensional network formed by self-assembled, crosslinked, or entangled gelator fibers. These versatile materials find applications in a wide range of fields, including chemistry, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, biotechnology, and food technology. Notably, in pharmacology, they serve as valuable platforms for drug and vaccine delivery, facilitating the transport of active ingredients through various routes such as transdermal, oral, and parenteral. However, their previous utility as drug delivery systems was hindered by the toxicity associated with the organic solvents used. The pharmacokinetics of medications delivered <i>via</i> organogels are primarily influenced by the distinctive properties of these materials, specifically their \"high permeability and poor aqueous solubility,\" which can impact the bioavailability of the drugs. Organogels can be employed topically or for the controlled release of medications through cutaneous administration and percutaneous absorption, expanding their scope of application beyond conventional drug delivery methods. Organogels hold significant promise as drug delivery vehicles due to their biocompatibility, non-irritating properties, and thermoremanent characteristics. They enable the formulation of diverse drug delivery systems by incorporating both hydrophilic and hydrophobic bioactive compounds within the gel matrix. This comprehensive review offers an overview of organogels, encompassing their nature, synthesis, characterization, and properties. Special attention is directed towards cutting-edge technologies employed in designing organogels as potential controlled delivery systems, with a focus on their emerging therapeutic applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":94352,"journal":{"name":"Recent advances in drug delivery and formulation","volume":" ","pages":"12-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139935023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comprehensive Review on Potential Chemical and Herbal Permeation Enhancers Used in Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems.","authors":"Rajat Singh Raghav, Sushma Verma, Monika","doi":"10.2174/0126673878272043240114123908","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0126673878272043240114123908","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Using skin patches to deliver drugs is dependable and doesn't have the same issues as permeation enhancers, which help drugs get through the skin but struggle because of the skin's natural barrier. Strategies are required to increase topical bioavailability to enhance drug absorption. Natural compounds offer a promising solution by temporarily reducing skin barrier resistance and improving drug absorption. Natural substances allow a wider variety of medications to be distributed through the stratum corneum, offering a dependable approach to enhancing transdermal drug delivery. Natural substances have distinct advantages as permeability enhancers. They are pharmacologically effective and safe, inactive, non-allergenic, and non-irritating. These characteristics ensure their suitability for use without causing adverse effects. Natural compounds are readily available and well tolerated by the body. Studies investigating the structure-activity relationship of natural chemicals have demonstrated significant enhancer effects. By understanding the connection between chemical composition and enhancer activity, researchers can identify effective natural compounds for improving drug penetration. In conclusion, current research focuses on utilizing natural compounds as permeability enhancers in transdermal therapy systems. These substances offer safety, non-toxicity, pharmacological inactivity, and non-irritation. Through structure-activity relationship investigations, promising advancements have been made in enhancing drug delivery. Using natural compounds holds enormous potential for improving the penetration of trans-dermally delivered medications.</p>","PeriodicalId":94352,"journal":{"name":"Recent advances in drug delivery and formulation","volume":" ","pages":"21-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139521903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design, Development and <i>In-Vitro</i> Characterization of Insulin Loaded Topical Pluronic-Lecithin Based Organogel Formulation for the Management of Diabetic Wound.","authors":"Sunita Chauhan, Vikas Jhawat, Rahul Pratap Singh, Abhishek Yadav, Vandana Garg","doi":"10.2174/0126673878279693231227081931","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0126673878279693231227081931","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To develop and characterize the topical insulin-loaded organogel formulation for the management of diabetic wounds.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To formulate and evaluate organogel of insulin that can serve as a topical administration for promoting enhanced wound healing in diabetic patients by providing sustained and localized delivery of drug to the wound site.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>The insulin organogel formulated by the micro-emulsion method involves mixing the \"aqueous and oil phases\" at high shear. Physical and chemical properties, as well as an in vitro study with a Franz diffusion chamber, were used to evaluate the prepared organogel.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All formulations proved to be off-white, homogeneous, washable, and had a pH between 6 and 6.5; moreover, they were non-irritating and skin-compatible. Formulations F1-F6 had viscosity ranging from 2058 to 3168 cps, spreadability ranges of 0.35 to 0.52 g*cm/s, and gel transition ranges of 28.33 to 35.33 °C. In formulations F1-F3, the concentration of lecithin was gradually increased, and in formulations F4-F6, the concentration of PF-127 was increased, resulting in a decrease in gel transition temperature, an increase in viscosity, and a gradual change in spreadability. The higher-viscosity formulations were much more stable and had better drug release. All formulations were fitted to a kinetic model belonging to first-order kinetics. However, after examining the parameter evaluation, it was found that the formulations F2 and F6 were better suited to the kinetic model and were consistent with the first-order and Higuchi models in Korsmeyer-Peppas F2 (r2 = 0.9544 and n = 1.0412); F6 (r2 = 0.9019 and n = 1.0822), which was a confirmation of the sustainability of the release system with matrix diffusion and drug delivery mechanisms that were based on the Super-Case II transport.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Further research and clinical trials are needed to validate its efficacy, optimize the formulation, and establish its long-term safety. Topical insulin organogel has the potential to revolutionize diabetic wound management by improving healing outcomes, reducing complications, and raising the standard of living for those who have diabetes.</p>","PeriodicalId":94352,"journal":{"name":"Recent advances in drug delivery and formulation","volume":" ","pages":"50-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139571788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ion-activated <i>In Situ</i> Gel of Gellan Gum Containing Chrysin for Nasal Administration in Parkinson's Disease.","authors":"Khushboo Lavania, Anuj Garg","doi":"10.2174/0126673878279656231204103855","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0126673878279656231204103855","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This study focused on creating an innovative treatment approach for Parkinson's disease (PD), a progressive neurodegenerative condition characterized by the loss of specific neurons in the brain.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>The research aimed to develop a nasal gel using gellan gum containing a complex of chrysin with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) to enhance the drug's solubility and stability.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The formulation process involved utilizing central composite design (CCD) to optimize the concentrations of gellan gum and HPMC E5, with viscosity and mucoadhesive strength as key factors. The resulting optimized <i>In Situ</i> gel comprised 0.7% w/v gellan gum and 0.6% w/v HPMC E5, exhibiting desirable viscosity levels for both sol and gel states, along with robust mucoadhesive properties. The formulated gel underwent comprehensive evaluation, including assessments for gelation, drug content, <i>in vitro</i> drug release, <i>ex vivo</i> permeation, and histopathology.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>The findings demonstrated superior drug release from the <i>In Situ</i> gel compared to standalone chrysin. <i>Ex vivo</i> studies revealed effective drug permeation through nasal mucosa without causing harm. Moreover, experiments on neuronal cells exposed to oxidative stress (H₂O₂- induced) showcased significant neuroprotection conferred by chrysin and its formulations. These treatments exhibited notable enhancements in cell viability and reduced instances of apoptosis and necrosis, compared to the control group. The formulations exhibited neuroprotective properties by mitigating oxidative damage through mechanisms, like free radical scavenging and restoration of antioxidant enzyme activity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In conclusion, this developed <i>In situ</i> gel formulation presents a promising novel nasal delivery system for PD therapy. By addressing challenges related to drug properties and administration route, it holds the potential to enhance treatment outcomes and improve the quality of life for individuals with Parkinson's disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":94352,"journal":{"name":"Recent advances in drug delivery and formulation","volume":" ","pages":"35-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138500661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Robotic Pills as Innovative Personalized Medicine Tools: A Mini Review","authors":"Komal Rane, Garima Kukreja, Siddhi Deshmukh, Urmisha Kakad, Pranali Jadhav, Vinita Pawar","doi":"10.2174/0126673878265457231205114925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126673878265457231205114925","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000The most common route for drug administration is the oral route due to the various advantages offered by this route, such as ease of administration, controlled and sustained drug delivery, convenience, and non-invasiveness. In spite of this, oral drug absorption faces challenges due\u0000to various issues related to its stability, permeability and solubility in the GI tract. Biologic drugs\u0000generally face problems when administered by oral route as they are readily degradable and thus required to be injected. To overcome these issues in oral absorption, different approaches like novel\u0000drug delivery systems and newer pharmaceutical technologies have been adopted. With a combined\u0000knowledge of drug delivery and pharmaceutical technology, robotic pills can be designed and used\u0000successfully to enhance the adhesion and permeation of drugs through the mucus membrane of the\u0000GI tract to achieve drug delivery at the target site. The potential application of robotic pills in diagnosis and drug dispensing is also discussed. The review highlights recent developments in robotic\u0000pill drug-device technology and discusses its potential applications to solve the problems and challenges in oral drug delivery.\u0000","PeriodicalId":94352,"journal":{"name":"Recent advances in drug delivery and formulation","volume":"21 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138999246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Niosomal Vesicles Loaded Mometasone Furoate Gel for Transdermal Delivery and its Evaluation.","authors":"Bhushan R Rane, Pushkar Y Chavan, Nidhi S Kate, Ashish S Jain","doi":"10.2174/0126673878259437231031114907","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0126673878259437231031114907","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Mometasone Furoate (MF) is a corticosteroid (glucocorticoid) used to treat eczema, psoriasis, allergies, and rash on the skin; also used to reduce itching, redness, and swelling (inflammation). It has been reported that the bioavailability of MF is less than 11% when given via the nasal route. Encapsulating the drug in niosomes can improve the active pharmaceutical ingredient's bioavailability by enhancing both physical and biological stability.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The goal of the study is to develop, a non-ionic surfactant-based vesicular system, by loading mometasone furoate, and introducing it into a gel-based formulation by utilizing an appropriate gelling agent, and performing its evaluation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The niosome vesicle was prepared by vacuum rotary evaporation method (Thin film hydration method). Gel was prepared using the dispersion method and in-vitro drug diffusion studies using Franz-diffusion cells.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>According to the results of the experiments conducted for the study, Mometasone Furoate niosomal gel was prepared utilizing Mometasone Furoate niosomes that were made using the thin film hydration process, Cholesterol, and Span 60, and loaded in various amounts of Carbopol as a geling agent. The niosomes' zeta potential was found to be -24 mV, showing that the formulation is stable. The polydispersity index (PDI) was found to be 0.409 and the average size of niosomes to be 252.7 nm. The performance of the gel of the optimized formulations containing 2% Carbopol showed in vitro diffusion for 7 hours and an increased flux rate as compared to the plain MF.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The experiments carried out during the study led to the conclusion that the thin-film hydration method was suitable for the formation of the MF-niosomes by using Span 60 and Cholesterol (2:1). The gel formulation containing 2% Carbopol indicated better in vitro diffusion following the Higuchi model across all niosomal gel formulations. Niosomal gel can be regarded as the best vesicular carrier for the efficient distribution of mometasone furoate via the transdermal route.</p>","PeriodicalId":94352,"journal":{"name":"Recent advances in drug delivery and formulation","volume":" ","pages":"300-313"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136400946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}