Recent advances in drug delivery and formulation最新文献

{"title":"Development and Evaluation of Aminated Tamarind Gum-based Mucoadhesive Nanoparticulate System for Nasal Drug Delivery.","authors":"Hemant Kumar Singh Yadav, Raghad Housam Eddin, Phei Er Kee, Kai Bin Liew, Sunil Kumar","doi":"10.2174/0126673878428217260515093248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126673878428217260515093248","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>High drug has been a major issue resulting in low bioavailability. This approach may enhance the drug's availability by employing mucoadhesive polymers, such as tamarind gum, to improve the formulation's mucoadhesion. Additionally, the nanoparticles' tiny diameter permits transcellular transfer via olfactory neurons. Several related patents and recent studies on tamarind gum, mucoadhesive nanoparticles, and nasal drug delivery systems provided the background for this study. This study aimed to formulate and evaluate mucoadhesive nanoparticles using aminated tamarind gum for enhanced nasal delivery of Rosuvastatin, with improved bioavailability, mucoadhesion, and permeation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The aminated tamarind gum solution was mixed with Rosuvastatin and stabiliser solution under high-speed homogenization to form nanoparticles. FTIR, DSC, drug encapsulation, ex vivo permeation tests, in vitro drug release testing, mucoadhesive studies, stability studies, and particle size and zeta potential were used to evaluate the produced nanoparticles.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The DSC and FTIR studies indicated that Rosuvastatin and the polymer are not interacting. In addition, the DSC and FTIR studies also confirmed the modification of tamarind gum into aminated tamarind gum.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, drug content, and mucoadhesive potential were among the pharmacological properties and drug release profiles that all of the produced mucoadhesive nanoparticles demonstrated. By adjusting the amounts of tamarind gum, crosslinker, and stabilizer, the drug release, mucoadhesion, and penetration of the produced mucoadhesive nanoparticles can be altered.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The use of aminated tamarind gum for preparing mucoadhesive nanoparticles is a promising new approach for delivering poorly soluble drugs, such as Rosuvastatin, via the nasal route.</p>","PeriodicalId":94352,"journal":{"name":"Recent advances in drug delivery and formulation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148809696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Advances in Endogenous Gas-Responsive Drug Delivery Systems.","authors":"Minal Narkhede, Vaishnavi Kale","doi":"10.2174/0126673878465553260730051347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126673878465553260730051347","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent advances in Drug Delivery Systems (DDS) have focused on minimizing systemic side effects while enhancing therapeutic precision. Endogenous gas-responsive DDS represent a promising approach that utilizes biologically active gasotransmitters, including carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxide (NO), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S), as internal triggers for targeted drug release. These gases play crucial roles in physiological processes such as tissue repair, vasodilation, and the regulation of inflammation, underscoring their significance in biological systems. However, their therapeutic application is limited due to their high reactivity, dose-dependent toxicity, and rapid degradation. To overcome these challenges, advanced engineering strategies have been developed to design intelligent delivery platforms, including hydrogels, metal-organic frameworks, and gasresponsive polymers, which can respond selectively to disease-specific microenvironmental signals such as pH, hypoxia, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). CO-Releasing Molecules (CORMs) and H2S-releasing systems have been extensively explored as drug delivery platforms with anticancer and anti-inflammatory potential. In contrast, NO-responsive nanoparticles show significant promise in wound healing and cardiovascular tissue repair. Additionally, novel polymeric materials that undergo structural or solubility changes upon interaction with endogenous gases have demonstrated effectiveness in controlled drug delivery. This review highlights emerging concepts and recent advances in endogenous gas-responsive drug delivery systems and discusses future perspectives for their biomedical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":94352,"journal":{"name":"Recent advances in drug delivery and formulation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148809630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comprehensive Review of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles in Drug Formulation: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications.","authors":"Ahmad Ainurofiq, Yoga Prasetya Ramadhana, Salma Aqilah Rachmadani, Zanuba Arifatul Nur Afidah, Shinta Septiana, Distya Nur Rohmah","doi":"10.2174/0126673878392679251115060713","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126673878392679251115060713","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The development of efficient and targeted drug delivery systems remains a significant challenge, particularly for active pharmaceutical ingredients with poor aqueous solubility. Among various nanocarrier systems, Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles (MSNs) have emerged as promising candidates due to their high surface area, tunable pore size (2-50 nm), thermal stability, and chemical modifiability. This review comprehensively discusses the rationale behind the utilization of MSN as drug delivery systems, focusing on how the type and concentration of surfactants, along with surface functionalization strategies, influence their physicochemical characteristics and pharmacokinetic performance. The synthesis of MSNs typically involves sol-gel processes using silica precursors (e.g., tetraethyl orthosilicate) and surfactants (e.g., cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, Pluronic F127), which dictate the morphology, particle size, and pore architecture of the resulting nanoparticles. Furthermore, surface modifications employing functional groups such as polyethylene glycol or pH-responsive polymers enhance biocompatibility, prolong systemic circulation, and enable controlled and site-specific drug release. Evidence from recent studies demonstrates that MSNs significantly improve drug loading efficiency, enhance solubility and bioavailability, and reduce off-target toxicity. Consequently, MSNs represent a highly versatile and modifiable platform with considerable potential for addressing the limitations of conventional drug delivery systems, particularly in oncology and the treatment of chronic diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":94352,"journal":{"name":"Recent advances in drug delivery and formulation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148809610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bilberry-Derived Nanoparticles in Glaucoma Therapy: Advances in Ocular Drug Delivery.","authors":"Kajal Goyal, Javed Khan, Akanksha Pandey, Bhanu P S Sagar","doi":"10.2174/0126673878429617260722105112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126673878429617260722105112","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This review focused on bilberry because recognition of the high concentration of anthocyanins, flavonoids, and polyphenols, which have potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective qualities, has made bilberries (Vaccinium myrtillus) the subject of much research. These phytoconstituents have been demonstrated to protect Retinal Ganglion Cells (RGCs), lower oxidative stress, and regulate inflammatory cytokines, all of which are important aspects of glaucoma pathophysiology. However, bilberry extract's low ocular bioavailability and poor stability when given via traditional methods are its drawbacks. Bilberry-derived substances have been incorporated into nanoparticle-based delivery systems to enhance eye penetration and therapeutic efficacy, thereby overcoming these challenges. In experimental models, bilberry anthocyanin nanoformulations have shown increased RGC protection, sustained drug release, and improved ocular permeability. Additionally, by sustaining antioxidant activity for extended periods, these formulations reduce ophthalmic oxidative damage associated with glaucoma development. Studies demonstrating better intraocular pressure regulation, less neuroinflammation, and preservation of optic nerve structure have added credence to the therapeutic promise of bilberry-based nano formulations. Nanoparticle- enhanced bilberry extracts provide better stability, targeted distribution, and more reliable therapeutic results than traditional herbal formulations. Because bilberry-focused nano-therapeutics can penetrate ocular barriers and deliver potent phytoconstituents directly to ocular tissues, they offer a promising natural approach to managing glaucoma.</p>","PeriodicalId":94352,"journal":{"name":"Recent advances in drug delivery and formulation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148709215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Harnessing Lemongrass Oil Emulgel for Advanced Topical Therapy: Innovations in Dermatology and Rheumatoid Arthritis Management.","authors":"Asha Raghav, Damini Yadav, Ekta Kumari, Nikita Kaushik, Jyoti Sinha","doi":"10.2174/0126673878426162260715060117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126673878426162260715060117","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Emulgel is gaining significant attention as a medication delivery technology for several antifungal agents, anti-inflammatories, anti-acne agents, antiseptics, analgesics, and cosmetics. It is a novel topical emulsion-based preparation formulated to address the challenges posed by highly hydrophobic drugs. Besides this, Emulgels are thixotropic, readily spreadable, greaseless, emollient, quickly removed, have a long shelf life, clear, nonstaining, bio-friendly, and have a great appearance, among other benefits in the field of dermatology. The spreading coefficient, stability, and effectiveness of emulgel are influenced by variables such as oil, emulsifiers, and gelling agent. The drug incorporated in this preparation has comparatively shown better controlled release with improved stability and bioavailability of the drug than the drugs incorporated in conventional topical products. This article aims to highlight the role of highly hydrophobic lemongrass oil formulated as an emulgel product. The article emphasis on lemongrass oil's ability to reduce inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis, the mechanism of action, formulation, clinical studies, patent reports of emulgel and lemongrass oil, etc. With an emphasis on current developments and potential future opportunities, a review of the use of emulgel-based systems as a drug delivery system is conducted.</p>","PeriodicalId":94352,"journal":{"name":"Recent advances in drug delivery and formulation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148611511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in Microemulsion Drug Delivery: From Fundamentals to Therapeutic Applications.","authors":"Anmoy Nandi, Devid Chutia, Debasmita Das, Srijita Chakrabarti","doi":"10.2174/0126673878460307260618054029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126673878460307260618054029","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microemulsion-based drug delivery systems are increasingly attracting attention in the pharmaceutical field owing to their remarkable capacity to enhance solubility, stability, and bioavailability, as well as enable targeted drug delivery. These systems comprise clear, stable, isotropic blends of oil, water, and surfactant, often accompanied by a co-surfactant. Their appeal to pharmaceutical scientists lies in their versatility as effective drug-delivery vehicles, accommodating a diverse array of drug molecules. Microemulsions have demonstrated effectiveness in protecting fragile drugs, controlling drug release, enhancing solubility, increasing bioavailability, and reducing variation in patient response. Moreover, formulations suitable for various routes of administration have been successfully devised. Since their discovery, microemulsions have gained prominence, becoming increasingly vital in both academic research and industrial settings due to their distinct characteristics, such as reduced interfacial tension, extensive interfacial area, thermodynamic stability, and the ability to solubilize otherwise immiscible substances. Transparent appearance, low viscosity, and inherent thermodynamic stability set microemulsions apart from conventional emulsions. This review aims to elucidate the potential of microemulsions as delivery vehicles and to provide insights into their formation principles. Additionally, it comprehensively explores microemulsion-based drug delivery systems, encompassing oral, topical, transdermal, ocular, and parenteral delivery methods, with a focus on recent advancements, existing challenges, and future trajectories.</p>","PeriodicalId":94352,"journal":{"name":"Recent advances in drug delivery and formulation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148393246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical Trials on Formulations for the Treatment of Wound Healing - recent Perspectives.","authors":"Venkateshwaran Krishnaswami, Selvakumar Muruganantham, Jacob Raja","doi":"10.2174/0126673878442856260331195206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126673878442856260331195206","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Wounds can result from a variety of causes, including burns, traumas, surgeries, and long-term conditions like diabetes. The development of biofilms has detrimental consequences as well. Wound healing is also impacted by ageing, hypertrophic scarring, and recurrent injuries. With rising death rates and related costs, wound healing is a serious global concern. The severity of wound healing is caused by microbial infection, inflammation, and a lack of cell migration, proliferation, and angiogenesis. The many phases of wound healing include hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling to restore the integrity of the skin and subcutaneous tissue with its anti-microbial, anti-angiogenic, and anti-inflammatory effects. The development of biomaterials for wound dressings has reached a new benchmark and improved understanding. The extraordinary outcomes are caused by more recent discoveries and patents that concentrate on the wound microenvironments, such as pH, temperature, and reactive oxygen species. Because they can adjust to the current microenvironment at the injured surface, wound dressing materials that can function as theranostics also have significant advantages. The wound healing products should concentrate on cell-cell interactions, cell proliferation, cell signaling, and vascularization in order to make the therapy effective. The main advantages are also explained by the wound-healing material's penetrating effect. This review endeavored to throw light on different aspects of wounds and the latest advances in bioproducts effective for wound healing. Further, the clinical trials for wound healing products have been addressed.</p>","PeriodicalId":94352,"journal":{"name":"Recent advances in drug delivery and formulation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148364452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of Quality by Design (QbD) as Artificial Intelligence in Formulation for Diabetes: A Practical Review.","authors":"Gaurav Kumar Chaurasia, Ritesh Kumar Tiwari, Shashi Verma","doi":"10.2174/0126673878428147260531183116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126673878428147260531183116","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The increasing incidence of diabetes has made it essential to create more efficient, customized, and reproducible drug delivery systems. Quality by Design (QbD) is viewed as a science-driven, disciplined approach to drug development that relies more on ensuring consistent product quality through the determination of the Critical Quality Attributes (CQA), Critical Process Parameters (CPP), and development of a Design Space. Nonetheless, the sophistication of contemporary drugs and volumes of data involved tend to confine the independent effectiveness of QbD. Drug development has been transformed by Quality by Design (QbD), which has replaced reactive quality testing with proactive, scientifically based approaches. With its roots in ICH Q8-Q11 principles, QbD places a strong emphasis on defining Critical Quality Attributes (CQAs), creating Design Space, and incorporating risk management to improve the regulatory flexibility and resilience of products.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The review gives a regulatory perspective on QbD and covers important tools from AI such as artificial neural networks (ANN), support vector machines (SVM), and response surface methodology (RSM). In particular, these AI tools offer predictive modeling, pattern recognition, and optimization in support of formulation design. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect identified relevant articles focused on the use of AI and machine learning (ML) in diabetes care. Case studies are provided to demonstrate applications in practice, including oral insulin nanoparticles, extended-release metformin, and oral peptide formulations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>By integrating AI with QbD, an ideal environment is created, one that will enhance formulation accuracy, reduce development times, and increase the possibility of regulatory acceptance.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>This review investigates the convergence of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies and QbD principles in advanced diabetes therapy formulation development. It evaluates how AI tools improve the efficiency, precision, and regulatory acceptability of QbD-guided pharmaceutical design, especially for diabetes therapy.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Although challenges exist with data integrity, regulatory interpretation, and the necessity for a combination of scientific themes, the AI-QbD framework is a transformational journey toward intelligent, patient-focused drug design. Future directions include advances like real-time release testing (RTRT), AI-enabled personalized medicine, and the integration with digital health.</p>","PeriodicalId":94352,"journal":{"name":"Recent advances in drug delivery and formulation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148274405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emulsomes: Next-Generation Nanocarriers for Enhanced Drug Delivery and Therapeutic Applications.","authors":"Parina Gill, Aradhana Prajapati","doi":"10.2174/0126673878398493251130075500","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126673878398493251130075500","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The review focuses on emulsomes, lipid-based nanocarriers that combine characteristics of emulsions and liposomes. Structurally, emulsomes consist of a solid lipid core surrounded by phospholipid bilayers, enabling the encapsulation of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. This dual encapsulation capacity makes emulsomes particularly valuable for enhancing the solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs, especially those classified under the Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) Class II and IV. Key components of emulsomes, such as the solid lipid core, phospholipid layers, surfactants, and stabilizers like cholesterol, play crucial roles in determining their stability, drug-loading efficiency, and controlled-release capabilities. The review highlights various preparation methods, including sonication, high-pressure extrusion, and ethanol injection, each optimized to produce stable emulsomes with appropriate particle sizes and enhanced drug encapsulation. In terms of therapeutic applications, emulsomes have shown promise in delivering a wide range of drugs, including those for cancer therapy, anti-inflammatory treatments, antifungal medications, and antiviral agents. The ability of emulsomes to enhance drug targeting, retention, and sustained release makes them a versatile and effective drug-delivery platform. This review underscores the potential of emulsomes as a cutting-edge nanocarrier system, capable of advancing drug-delivery technologies and improving therapeutic outcomes across various medical fields.</p>","PeriodicalId":94352,"journal":{"name":"Recent advances in drug delivery and formulation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147984928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNPs): Advanced Potential Carriers for Targeting Antipsychotic Medications in the Treatment of Psychotic Disorders.","authors":"Vinay Kumar Rao Khadam, Himmat Singh Chawra, Ravindra Pal Singh","doi":"10.2174/0126673878378146251210075458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126673878378146251210075458","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNPs) are emerging as advanced nanocarriers that combine the advantages of conventional drug delivery systems with enhanced stability, Bioavailability (BA), and targeted delivery capabilities. These features make them highly promising for therapeutic applications for the treatment of psychotic conditions. This study explores the potential of SLNPs as cutting- edge carriers for antipsychotic drug targeting, emphasising their role in overcoming challenges associated with conventional therapies. A review was conducted using multiple electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, official websites, Google Scholar, Google Patent, and ResearchGate. Original research and review articles published between August 31, 2009, and August 31, 2024, were analyzed. From an initial pool of over 100 publications, 60 studies, and an additional 30 relevant articles were selected for review. These results highlight the versatility of SLNPs in addressing therapeutic challenges, particularly in neurological applications like antipsychotic drug targeting. SLNPs represent a cutting-edge advancement in nanotechnology, offering a transformative approach for antipsychotic drug targeting. To enhance drug bioavailability, enable controlled release, and improve blood-brain barrier penetration, SLNPs address critical limitations of conventional therapies. This review underscores the potential of SLNPs as an innovative solution in neuropharmacology, paving the way for future research and clinical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":94352,"journal":{"name":"Recent advances in drug delivery and formulation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147978041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}