Recent advances in drug delivery and formulation最新文献

{"title":"A Comprehensive Review on Nanosphere-Based Drug Delivery System for the Identification and Prevention of Cancerous Cells.","authors":"Amit Singh, Raj Kumar Tiwari, Kamal Kant Ravi, Robin Singh, Bhupesh Kumar, Divya Pathak","doi":"10.2174/0126673878488093261002175038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126673878488093261002175038","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nanospheres are sub-micron-sized solid colloidal particles, typically ranging from 10 to 200 nm in diameter, that have emerged as highly effective carriers for targeted drug delivery and diagnostic applications. Owing to their unique physicochemical properties, including high surface area, tunable particle size, controlled drug release, and excellent biocompatibility, nanospheres have gained considerable attention in pharmaceutical research. These nanocarriers can encapsulate, adsorb, or conjugate therapeutic agents within a polymeric matrix, thereby protecting drugs from premature enzymatic and chemical degradation and enhancing their stability, bioavailability, and therapeutic efficacy. Researchers have used various biodegradable and biocompatible materials, such as albumin, gelatin, starch, polylactic acid, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), and dextran-based polymers, to fabricate nanospheres. Surface modification strategies, including polymer coating and ligand conjugation, have been extensively explored to overcome the challenges associated with opsonization and rapid clearance by the reticuloendothelial system, thereby prolonging systemic circulation and improving site-specific drug accumulation. Advanced nanosphere platforms, including magnetic, immunological, and immunomagnetic nanospheres, show strong potential in precision medicine by enabling targeted delivery, enhanced cellular uptake, and real-time monitoring of therapeutic responses. In oncology, nanosphere-based delivery systems have revolutionized cancer diagnosis and treatment by selectively transporting anticancer agents to tumor tissues while minimizing off-target toxicity and adverse effects on healthy cells. Furthermore, nanosphere-assisted biosensing technologies have shown significant promise for early cancer detection by identifying tumor- associated biomarkers, circulating tumor cells, nucleic acids, and specific proteins. These multifunctional nanoplatforms integrate diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities, paving the way for personalized, theranostic approaches to cancer management. This review comprehensively discusses the classification, preparation methods, physicochemical characteristics, and biomedical applications of nanospheres, with a particular focus on their emerging roles in cancer diagnosis, targeted drug delivery, and precision therapeutics. It also critically examines current challenges, recent technological advances, and future perspectives on the clinical translation of nanosphere-based systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":94352,"journal":{"name":"Recent advances in drug delivery and formulation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149187266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flurbiprofen for Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Review of Colon-Targeted Formulations.","authors":"Ankit Kumar Chaurasia, Ritesh Kumar Tiwari, Shashi Verma, Amit Kumar Sharma","doi":"10.2174/0126673878478166260924052533","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126673878478166260924052533","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are both classified as forms of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). Strategies that reduce overall systemic exposure while delivering antiinflammatory drug directly to the inflamed colon are necessary for treating IBD. Flurbiprofen is an effective Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID) with potential utility in IBD because it inhibits cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2, thereby reducing the synthesis of proinflammatory prostaglandins. However, its clinical use for IBD may be limited by gastrointestinal toxicity and the inadequate delivery of conventional oral formulations to the inflamed colonic mucosa. These limitations may result in insufficient drug concentrations at the target site while increasing systemic exposure and the risk of adverse effects. Consequently, colon-targeted flurbiprofen delivery systems are being explored to enhance local therapeutic efficacy and minimize gastrointestinal and systemic toxicity. The current status of colon-targeted drug delivery has improved recently. Flurbiprofen may be locally delivered using techniques such as pH-sensitive coatings, timed release systems, hydrogels, polysaccharide-based matrices, nanoparticles, and microbially triggered platforms. The improvement in both therapeutic efficacy and drug safety in the management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) with flurbiprofen will depend on integrating preclinical and clinical evidence. Key considerations include current formulation approaches, colon-targeting strategies, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variables, interspecies differences in intestinal microbiota, stability concerns, and the challenges of translating preclinical findings to humans. Future research should focus on customized delivery systems and hybrid nanocarriers for targeted flurbiprofen delivery, thereby enhancing therapeutic efficacy while minimizing systemic adverse effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":94352,"journal":{"name":"Recent advances in drug delivery and formulation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149170665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Advances in Stimuli Responsive In-Situ Gelling System for the Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis.","authors":"Parveen S, Ubaidulla Uthumansha","doi":"10.2174/0126673878482717260912102007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126673878482717260912102007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease known as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is marked by irreparable joint damage, increasing cartilage loss, immune cell infiltration, and persistent synovial inflammation. Approximately 0.24% of people worldwide suffer from RA, with a higher frequency among women than men. Even though there are many different therapeutic options available today, such as biologic agents, synthetic drugs, and conventional disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), their clinical efficacy is frequently constrained by frequent dosing requirements, short biological half-lives, non-specific drug distribution, and systemic adverse effects. As a result, maintaining treatment efficacy while reducing toxicity continues to be a significant management problem for RA. Stimuli-responsive in situ gelling systems have been recently developed as promising localized drug delivery methods for the treatment of RA. These smart systems have sol-gel transition in response to physiological stimuli, including temperature, pH, ionic concentration, enzymes, or inflammatory mediators present in the diseased joint environment. This responsiveness allows for prolonged retention at the target site, controlled drug release, increased therapeutic efficacy, and reduced systemic exposure. This review summarizes the recent progress in stimuli-responsive in-situ gelling systems for RA therapy, with an emphasis on design principles, gelation mechanisms, formulation strategies, evaluation methods, and therapeutic applications. Special emphasis is placed on thermosensitive, pH-responsive, and ion-sensitive hydrogels and their advantages, limitations, and translational potential. Overall, these intelligent in-situ gelling platforms offer significant opportunities for improving targeted drug delivery, patient compliance, and long-term treatment outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis.</p>","PeriodicalId":94352,"journal":{"name":"Recent advances in drug delivery and formulation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149140158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integration of Artificial Intelligence in the Pharmaceutical Sector: From Drug Discovery, Clinical Care, Manufacturing, to Market Delivery-A Review.","authors":"Sukanta Satapathy, Ganesh Patro, Santanu Shaw","doi":"10.2174/0126673878481318260908095126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126673878481318260908095126","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Artificial Intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing the pharmaceutical industry by enhancing efficiency, precision, and personalization in drug discovery, development, and patient care. This review explores the diverse applications of AI in pharmacy, including drug discovery, formulation development, target identification, hit discovery, and lead optimization. The review explains the clinical trial design and predictive modeling in the crucial implementation of AI. Clinical care for diagnosis, medical image analysis, and early disease detection with sharp clinical decisions are the new directives of AI, as explained. Personalized medicine and pharmacovigilance also include AI to improve outcomes. Community and hospital pharmacies use AI to check treatment plans and drug interactions, as highlighted. Pharma manufacturing uses AI for process optimization, quality management, and supply chain management, resulting in better output. Pharma marketing also uses AI to predict trends and analyze the market. Sales forecasting and compliance monitoring are additional areas in which AI is increasingly being applied. Academic research has also benefited from AI applications. However, regulatory compliance and cultural barriers remain important challenges to AI adoption. Future research directions and emerging opportunities have the potential to further advance the pharmaceutical sector. The challenges associated with AI across these domains are discussed to provide a balanced perspective. This review provides an integrated overview of AI applications across the pharmaceutical sector and the associated challenges.</p>","PeriodicalId":94352,"journal":{"name":"Recent advances in drug delivery and formulation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149121648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Innovative Approaches for Topical and Transdermal Drug and Cosmeceutical Delivery.","authors":"Md Saddam, Ganesh Dane, Rahul Maurya, Suman Singh, Shashi Kant Singh, Gaurish Narayan Singh, Sudhanshu Mishra","doi":"10.2174/0126673878528239260911062350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126673878528239260911062350","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In recent years, non-invasive drug delivery methods have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional needle-based injections, with Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems (TDDS) gaining particular attention due to their reduced patient rejection rates, improved compliance, and ease of application. Beyond pharmaceuticals, TDDS is expanding its role in skincare and cosmetic formulations, enabling localized delivery while minimizing systemic exposure and off-target effects. Despite the advantages, the skin's complex physicochemical barrier properties continue to present major challenges for effective penetration. To address these limitations, nanotechnologybased strategies such as liposomes, niosomes, ethosomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, and polymeric nanocarriers have been widely investigated. These nanosystems enhance solubility, stability, and controlled release while improving dermal penetration and bioavailability. Encapsulation technologies, including nanoemulsions, nanogels, and biodegradable polymeric systems, provide protection of labile cosmetic actives, sustained delivery, and targeted action within specific skin layers. The chapter further highlights recent advancements in chemical penetration enhancers, biopolymers, and hybrid delivery vehicles such as gels, films, and emulsions designed to optimize cosmetic performance. With scientific progress, translating nanotechnology-driven TDDS into cosmetic applications requires careful consideration of regulatory frameworks, particularly for safety assessment, nanotoxicology, product labeling, and compliance with international guidelines (e.g., FDA, EMA, and EU Cosmetic Regulation). These aspects are critical for consumer safety, ethical marketing, and global acceptance of nanocosmeceuticals. This review provides an updated overview of topical and transdermal cosmetic formulations, emphasizing how nanotechnology and encapsulation strategies are redefining product efficacy and safety, while outlining the regulatory challenges that shape their future commercialization.</p>","PeriodicalId":94352,"journal":{"name":"Recent advances in drug delivery and formulation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149121623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Targeted Delivery of RNA-based Therapeutics by Lipid Nanoparticles.","authors":"Shayeri Chatterjee Ganguly, Priya Manna, Satadeep Bandyapadhyay, Dipanjan Karati, Niladri Sekhar Roy, Swarupananda Mukherjee, Dhrubajyoti Sarkar, Tathagata Dey, Rajesh Kesarla, Bikash Banerjee","doi":"10.2174/0126673878497824260910063724","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126673878497824260910063724","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lipid Nanoparticles (LNPs) have emerged as adaptable and effective delivery systems for RNA-based therapies, transforming contemporary medicine. This article covers the design, processes, and therapeutic potential of LNPs for RNA delivery. LNPs improve RNA encapsulation, stability, and targeted cellular delivery. Lipid nanoparticles protect RNA molecules from enzymatic degradation, enable endosomal escape, and allow cytoplasmic release for gene control or functional translation. Various RNA types are delivered using LNPs for specific therapeutic applications, such as mRNA for vaccines and protein replacement, siRNA for gene silencing in diverse genetic and oncological conditions, miRNA for gene expression modulation, and CRISPR/Cas9 components for targeted gene editing. LNP-mediated RNA therapies have demonstrated efficacy across a diverse array of diseases. The design and optimization of LNPs depend on several factors. In vivo studies and preclinical models have confirmed their safety and efficacy, leading to successful clinical trials and FDA-approved RNAbased therapies. However, challenges encompass immunogenicity, limited tissue selectivity, substantial production requirements, and longer safety duration. Recent advancements in ionizable lipid chemistry, microfluidic formulation, and targeted delivery techniques are broadening the therapeutic potential of LNPs, reinforcing their significance as essential carriers in the forthcoming era of precision RNA medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":94352,"journal":{"name":"Recent advances in drug delivery and formulation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149121650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emerging Perspectives Bio-Flexi Film Nanocarriers: A Novel Approach for Brain Drug Delivery through the Trans-Vermilion Route.","authors":"Avinash, Prevesh Kumar, Diksha, Navneet Verma, Abhay Pratap Yadav","doi":"10.2174/0126673878470511260908043051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126673878470511260908043051","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Therapeutic drugs often cannot effectively cross the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) because of its protective properties. The use of conventional treatment methods, such as oral and injectable routes, is limited by poor permeability, enzymatic degradation, systemic toxicity, and efflux transporter- mediated clearance. Advanced nanotechnology-based carriers have improved blood-brain barrier penetration; however, issues related to toxicity, scalability, and invasiveness remain. A new approach that is gaining attention is the trans-vermilion route, which delivers drugs through the vermilion border of the mouth. This site offers efficient systemic access due to its rich vascularity, thin epithelium, and reduced keratinization, thereby avoiding first-pass hepatic metabolism and gastric degradation. Bio-flexible films and nanoformulations provide an effective platform that improves mucoadhesion, controlled release, potential brain targeting, and ease of application. Bioflexible films improve the stability, penetration, and sustained delivery of drugs when combined with nanocarriers such as liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, or polymeric nanoparticles, thereby demonstrating significant promise for the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders. This study examines recent advances in bio-flexible film-based nanoformulations for brain targeting, highlighting their application via the trans-vermilion route. It also addresses existing limitations, evaluation methodologies, therapeutic applications, and future prospects for developing personalized, non-invasive, and patient-compliant brain-targeted therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":94352,"journal":{"name":"Recent advances in drug delivery and formulation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149083352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lectins as Adjuvants and Vaccine Delivery Systems: A Mini-Review.","authors":"Guilherme Feijo de Sousa, Chrystian Nunes Goncalves, Danillo de Oliveira Della Senta, Luciano da Silva Pinto","doi":"10.2174/0126673878465675260827101211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126673878465675260827101211","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins that have emerged as promising candidates for vaccine development due to their dual roles as immunomodulatory agents and antigen delivery systems. Through specific interactions with glycans expressed on immune and epithelial cells, lectins can enhance antigen uptake, processing, and presentation, modulating innate and adaptive immune responses. Several lectins have been shown to activate antigen-presenting cells, stimulate cytokine production, and promote Th1- or Th2-biased immune responses by recognizing glycosylated receptors, including Toll-like receptors. These properties make lectins attractive alternatives or complements to conventional vaccine adjuvants. This mini-review summarizes recent advances in the application of lectins as vaccine adjuvants and delivery platforms. We discuss their mechanisms of action, their contribution to innate and mucosal immunity, and their ability to target antigens to specialized cells, such as dendritic cells and intestinal M cells. Special emphasis is placed on mucosal vaccination strategies, where lectins exhibit unique advantages due to their resistance to gastrointestinal degradation, mucoadhesive properties, and ability to facilitate transepithelial transport of antigens. We also highlight potential uses of lectin-functionalized Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles, which combine antigenic protection, targeted delivery, and immunostimulatory activity. In addition, emerging approaches employing lectin-based surface display systems in microorganisms are discussed as innovative platforms for antigen presentation and vaccine development. Although several challenges remain regarding safety, standardization, and clinical translation, the accumulating evidence indicates that lectins represent versatile tools for increasing vaccine efficacy. A deeper understanding of lectinglycan interactions may support the development of next-generation vaccines capable of inducing robust, targeted, and long-lasting protective immune responses.</p>","PeriodicalId":94352,"journal":{"name":"Recent advances in drug delivery and formulation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149043134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nano-Carriers in Biofilm-Associated Infections: Clinical Challenges, Regulatory Hurdles, and Translational Perspectives.","authors":"Avinash Verma, Shaweta Sharma","doi":"10.2174/0126673878496546260903102828","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126673878496546260903102828","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Biofilms are structured communities of microorganisms encapsulated by an Extracellular Polymeric Substance (EPS) matrix, which plays a crucial role in recurrent and chronic infections caused by implanted medical devices. The natural resistance of biofilms to antimicrobials and the difficulty in diagnosing them pose a challenge in the fight against infections. The biofilm life cycle, consisting of attachment, maturation, and dispersion stages, further complicates this issue. Nanocarriers have increasingly been proposed to overcome the challenges posed by biofilms because of their small size, large surface area-to-volume ratio, and physicochemical properties. Due to the unique characteristics of nanocarriers, researchers have used them to facilitate antimicrobial delivery, enhance drug permeability into biofilms, and promote the effects of the administered drugs. Researchers have used various techniques such as quorum-sensing inhibition, EPS matrix breakdown, and targeted drug delivery to treat biofilm infections. Although considerable advancements have been made in treating biofilm infections through the use of nanocarriers, there are still several issues that need to be addressed before moving into clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":94352,"journal":{"name":"Recent advances in drug delivery and formulation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149043167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formulation and Physicochemical Characterization of Paliperidone- Loaded Niosomal Vesicles for Improved Transdermal Drug Delivery.","authors":"Ayam Ayad, Khalid Al-Kinani","doi":"10.2174/0126673878505831260904095016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126673878505831260904095016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction/objective: </strong>Niosomes are nonionic surfactant-based vesicular systems. Paliperidone, which is an atypical antipsychotic used in the management of schizophrenia, exhibits poor aqueous solubility and limited oral bioavailability, which could limit its therapeutic effectiveness. This study aimed to develop and optimize paliperidone (PAL)-loaded niosomal formulations for enhance transdermal delivery and improve drug release.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>PAL-loaded niosomes were prepared using the thin-film hydration method using different non-ionic surfactants (Span 20, Span 60, Span 65, and Span 80) at varying cholesterol/surfactant ratios. The formulations were characterized for PS, PDI, ZP, DC, and (EE%). In vitro drug release, release kinetics, and ex vivo permeation studies were performed. Structural and physicochemical characterization of the optimized formulation was conducted using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The optimized formulation (F16), composed of Span 80 and cholesterol at a ratio of (1:4), exhibited a particle size of 129.1 ± 6.6 nm, PDI of 0.26 ± 0.015, zeta potential of -15.69 ± 1.11 mV, and entrapment efficiency of 78.2 ± 1.7%. The formulation demonstrated sustained drug release, with approximately 56% released over 6 hours. Ex vivo permeation studies showed a significant enhancement in drug permeation relative to the pure drug, with higher cumulative permeation and flux.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The novel niosomal formulation F16 was chosen as the optimal formula, with an optimal cholesterol-to-surfactant ratio, due to its superior physicochemical properties and delivery efficiency, including release and skin permeation, compared with other formulas and the pure drug, making it a candidate for a patented drug delivery system.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The developed PAL-loaded niosomes represent a promising transdermal drug delivery system, offering improved drug release and permeation, potentially enhancing therapeutic outcomes in schizophrenia management.</p>","PeriodicalId":94352,"journal":{"name":"Recent advances in drug delivery and formulation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149043169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}