Pia Sjöberg, Tania Lala, Johan Wittgren, Ning Jin, Erik Hedström, Johannes Töger
{"title":"Image reconstruction impacts haemodynamic parameters derived from 4D flow magnetic resonance imaging with compressed sensing.","authors":"Pia Sjöberg, Tania Lala, Johan Wittgren, Ning Jin, Erik Hedström, Johannes Töger","doi":"10.1093/ehjimp/qyae137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjimp/qyae137","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>4D blood flow measurements by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) can be used to simplify blood flow assessment. Compressed sensing (CS) can provide better flow measurements than conventional parallel imaging (PI), but clinical validation is needed. This study aimed to validate stroke volume (SV) measurements by 4D-CS in healthy volunteers and patients while also investigating the influence of the CS image reconstruction parameter <i>λ</i> on haemodynamic parameters.</p><p><strong>Methods and results: </strong>Healthy participants (<i>n</i> = 9; 20-62 years) underwent CMR with 2D, 4D-CS, and 4D-PI flow. Patients (<i>n</i> = 30, 17 with congenital heart defect; 2-75 years) had 4D-CS added to their clinical examination. Impact of <i>λ</i> was assessed by reconstructing 4D-CS data for six different <i>λ</i> values. In healthy volunteers, 4D-CS and 4D-PI SV differed by 0.4 ± 6.5 mL [0.6 ± 9.1%; intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) 0.98], and 4D-CS and 2D flow by 0.9 ± 7.0 mL (0.9 ± 10.6%; ICC 0.98). In patients, 4D-CS and 2D flow differed by -1.3 ± 6.0 mL (-7.2 ± 20%; ICC 0.97). SV was not dependent on <i>λ</i> in patients (<i>P</i> = 0.75) but an increase in <i>λ</i> by 0.001 led to increased differences between 4D-CS and 4D-PI of -0.4% (<i>P</i> = 0.0021) in healthy participants. There were significant differences for ventricular kinetic energy (systole: <i>P</i> < 0.0001; diastole: <i>P</i> < 0.0001) and haemodynamic forces (systole: <i>P</i> < 0.0001; diastole: <i>P</i> < 0.0001), where error increased with increasing <i>λ</i> values in both healthy participants and patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>4D flow CMR with CS can be used clinically to assess SV in paediatric and adult patients. Ventricular kinetic energy and haemodynamic forces are however sensitive to the change in reconstruction parameter <i>λ</i>, and it is therefore important to validate advanced blood flow measurements before comparing data between scanners and centres.</p>","PeriodicalId":94317,"journal":{"name":"European heart journal. Imaging methods and practice","volume":"2 4","pages":"qyae137"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11705387/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142961075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Giuseppe Ciliberti, Paolo Compagnucci, Michela Casella, Francesco Schiavone, Monica De Gaspari, Stefania Rizzo, Cristina Basso, Andrea Giovagnoni, Federico Guerra, Giada Tortora, Antonio Dello Russo
{"title":"Advancing diagnosis in a cardiac arrest case and suspected MINOCA: the complementary roles of imaging, biopsy, and genetic testing.","authors":"Giuseppe Ciliberti, Paolo Compagnucci, Michela Casella, Francesco Schiavone, Monica De Gaspari, Stefania Rizzo, Cristina Basso, Andrea Giovagnoni, Federico Guerra, Giada Tortora, Antonio Dello Russo","doi":"10.1093/ehjimp/qyae135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjimp/qyae135","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":94317,"journal":{"name":"European heart journal. Imaging methods and practice","volume":"2 3","pages":"qyae135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11670353/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142901541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Advancements and applications of artificial intelligence in cardiovascular imaging: a comprehensive review.","authors":"Federico Fortuni, Giuseppe Ciliberti, Benedetta De Chiara, Edoardo Conte, Luca Franchin, Francesca Musella, Enrica Vitale, Francesco Piroli, Stefano Cangemi, Stefano Cornara, Michele Magnesa, Antonella Spinelli, Giovanna Geraci, Federico Nardi, Domenico Gabrielli, Furio Colivicchi, Massimo Grimaldi, Fabrizio Oliva","doi":"10.1093/ehjimp/qyae136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjimp/qyae136","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming cardiovascular imaging by offering advancements across multiple modalities, including echocardiography, cardiac computed tomography (CCT), cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR), interventional cardiology, nuclear medicine, and electrophysiology. This review explores the clinical applications of AI within each of these areas, highlighting its ability to improve patient selection, reduce image acquisition time, enhance image optimization, facilitate the integration of data from different imaging modality and clinical sources, improve diagnosis and risk stratification. Moreover, we illustrate both the advantages and the limitations of AI across these modalities, acknowledging that while AI can significantly aid in diagnosis, risk stratification, and workflow efficiency, it cannot replace the expertise of cardiologists. Instead, AI serves as a powerful tool to streamline routine tasks, allowing clinicians to focus on complex cases where human judgement remains essential. By accelerating image interpretation and improving diagnostic accuracy, AI holds great potential to improve patient care and clinical decision-making in cardiovascular imaging.</p>","PeriodicalId":94317,"journal":{"name":"European heart journal. Imaging methods and practice","volume":"2 4","pages":"qyae136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11705385/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142961073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nicasius S Tjahjadi, Taeouk Kim, Prabhvir S Marway, Carlos Alberto Campello Jorge, Timothy J Baker, Constantijn Hazenberg, Joost A van Herwaarden, Himanshu J Patel, C Alberto Figueroa, Nicholas S Burris
{"title":"Three-dimensional assessment of ascending aortic stiffness, motion, and growth in ascending thoracic aortic aneurysm.","authors":"Nicasius S Tjahjadi, Taeouk Kim, Prabhvir S Marway, Carlos Alberto Campello Jorge, Timothy J Baker, Constantijn Hazenberg, Joost A van Herwaarden, Himanshu J Patel, C Alberto Figueroa, Nicholas S Burris","doi":"10.1093/ehjimp/qyae133","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ehjimp/qyae133","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>Aortic wall stiffening in ascending thoracic aortic aneurysm (aTAA) is common. However, the spatial and temporal relationships between stiffness, aortic size, and growth in aTAA remain unclear.</p><p><strong>Methods and results: </strong>In this single-centre retrospective study, we utilized vascular deformation mapping to extract multi-directional aortic motion, aortic distensibility, and aortic growth in a multi-planar fashion from multi-phasic ECG-gated computed tomography angiograms. Aortic displacement and stiffness metrics were compared between patients with sporadic ascending aortic dilation (Dilated), individuals without thoracic aortic dilation, and patients with Marfan syndrome. A total of 96 patients were included. Total and axial aortic root motion was significantly decreased in the Dilated group (<i>n</i> = 49) compared with the Non-dilated group (<i>n</i> = 38) and Marfan group (<i>n</i> = 16). Aortic distensibility was significantly lower in the Dilated group compared with the Non-dilated group and exhibited a more diffuse pattern of stiffening compared with the Marfan group in which stiffening was localized to the root. In Dilated group, aortic distensibility was moderately and positively associated with aortic growth rate (<i>R</i> = 0.34, <i>P</i> = 0.02). The moderate-to-strong association between age and aortic stiffness in non-dilated segments was either significantly blunted or absent in dilated segments.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Vascular deformation mapping provides multi-level stiffness assessments of the ascending aorta using multi-phasic computed tomography angiography. Ascending aortic stiffening is a spatially heterogeneous process with stiffening tending to increase with degree of regional dilation and age, whereas lower stiffness was associated with faster growth of the mid-ascending aorta in those with sporadic aTAA.</p>","PeriodicalId":94317,"journal":{"name":"European heart journal. Imaging methods and practice","volume":"3 1","pages":"qyae133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11726698/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142985952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Laura De Michieli, Giulio Sinigiani, Stefano Nistri, Alberto Cipriani
{"title":"Echocardiographic red flags in transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy: all that glitters is not gold.","authors":"Laura De Michieli, Giulio Sinigiani, Stefano Nistri, Alberto Cipriani","doi":"10.1093/ehjimp/qyae114","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ehjimp/qyae114","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":94317,"journal":{"name":"European heart journal. Imaging methods and practice","volume":"2 3","pages":"qyae114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11645158/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142831632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amanda Roby, Lindsey Harmon, Kelly Sander, Linh Bui, Danai Kitkungvan, Monica Patel, Jagat Narula, Nils P Johnson, K Lance Gould
{"title":"Reproducibility of quantitative myocardial perfusion and coronary flow capacity by positron emission tomography: 3D digital silicon photomultiplier solid state vs. legacy 2D analogue systems for clinical practice and trials.","authors":"Amanda Roby, Lindsey Harmon, Kelly Sander, Linh Bui, Danai Kitkungvan, Monica Patel, Jagat Narula, Nils P Johnson, K Lance Gould","doi":"10.1093/ehjimp/qyae115","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ehjimp/qyae115","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>Quantitative rest-stress myocardial perfusion in millilitres per minute per gram among multiple 2D and 3D positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) scanners is essential for personalized cardiac management and clinical trials. Accordingly, this study reports the accuracy and precision of quantitative rest-stress millilitres per minute per gram and coronary flow capacity among 2D and two different digital 3D silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) PET-CT scanners for quantifying the severity of coronary pathophysiology for clinical trials or guiding interventions vs. medical treatment.</p><p><strong>Methods and results: </strong>One hundred seventy-one participants underwent 748 paired serial rest or stress PET perfusion imaging in the same person on 'same day' or 'different days' using rubidium-82 (Rb-82) pharmacologic stress on 2D and two different digital 3D SiPM PET-CT scanners for global myocardial perfusion in millilitres per minute per gram. For methodological variability of 66 'same-day' serial paired PETs in the same person by 2D and two different 3D SiPM PET-CT scanners, rest-stress global myocardial millilitres per minute per gram had no significant bias (<i>P</i> = 0.464, mean difference 0.014 ± 0.21 mL/min/g) with coefficient of variation (COV) of ±14%. For methodological plus biological variability of 154 'different-day' serial paired PETs, rest-stress global perfusion had no significant bias (<i>P</i> = 0.136), mean difference (0.028 ± 0.33), and COV of ±20%. Coronary flow reserve had a small bias of 0.095 ± 0.57 (<i>P</i> = 0.041) and COV of ±20%. Coronary flow capacity was not different by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (<i>P</i> = 0.99).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>For quantifying myocardial perfusion in the same person on 'same day' or 'different days' using Rb-82, 3D SiPM PET-CT is comparably reproducible to analogue 2D PET-CT with the HeartSee perfusion model as the basis for quantifying physiologic severity of coronary heart disease to guide clinical decision-making or randomized clinical trials confirming these outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":94317,"journal":{"name":"European heart journal. Imaging methods and practice","volume":"2 3","pages":"qyae115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11651154/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142848746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Usefulness of dynamic perfusion SPECT with quantitative assessment of myocardial perfusion reserve for the detection of myocardial ischaemia in patients with presumed new left bundle branch block.","authors":"Alain Manrique, Clément Guery, Damien Legallois, Pascal Richard, Vincent Roule, Denis Agostini","doi":"10.1093/ehjimp/qyae129","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ehjimp/qyae129","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the ability of dynamic SPECT with quantitative analysis of myocardial blood flow (MBF) and myocardial flow reserve (MFR) for the detection of coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients with presumed new left bundle branch block (LBBB).</p><p><strong>Methods and results: </strong>We evaluated the dynamic SPECT results from 174 consecutive patients with LBBB without a history of CAD from a single center. MBF was assessed at rest and during regadenoson (400 μg). Normal MFR was defined as ≥ 2.1. Left ventricular function and segmental perfusion were assessed from conventional gated SPECT. SPECT abnormalities were found in 17/174 (10%) patients including a reversible SPECT defect in 4 patients (2.3%), a fixed defect in 12 patients (7%), and both in 1 patient. Global left ventricular function was normal despite a significant impairment of septal wall motion. Stress and rest MBF was decreased in the septum and the inferior wall compared with other walls (<i>P</i> < 0.0001), resulting in similar MFR. A reduced MFR was associated with a fixed defect (<i>P</i> = 0.04). Only 18 patients (10%) presented with a decreased MFR. They were more often referred to subsequent coronary angiography (8/18, 44%) compared with patients with a normal MFR (9/156, 6%, χ<sup>2</sup> = 27.382, <i>P</i> < 0.0001). However, significant coronary lesions were finally found in only 4/174 patients (2%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Although a decreased MFR was associated with a fixed defect on conventional perfusion imaging, the low rate of CAD finally demonstrated in this study questions the relevance of routine screening for CAD in patients with presumed new LBBB.</p>","PeriodicalId":94317,"journal":{"name":"European heart journal. Imaging methods and practice","volume":"2 3","pages":"qyae129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11686439/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142916770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Krunoslav M Sveric, Roxana Botan, Anna Winkler, Zouhir Dindane, Ghatafan Alothman, Baris Cansiz, Jens Fassl, Michael Kaliske, Axel Linke
{"title":"The role of artificial intelligence in standardizing global longitudinal strain measurements in echocardiography.","authors":"Krunoslav M Sveric, Roxana Botan, Anna Winkler, Zouhir Dindane, Ghatafan Alothman, Baris Cansiz, Jens Fassl, Michael Kaliske, Axel Linke","doi":"10.1093/ehjimp/qyae130","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ehjimp/qyae130","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>To evaluate the accuracy and feasibility of artificial intelligence (AI) in left ventricular global longitudinal strain (GLS) analysis as compared to conventional (Manual) and semi-automated (SemiAuto) method in echocardiography (Echo).</p><p><strong>Methods and results: </strong>GLS validation was performed on 550 standard Echo exams by expert cardiologists. The performance of a beginner cardiologist without experience of GLS analysis was assessed on a subset of 90 exams. The AI employs fully automated view selection, classification, endocardial border tracing, and calculation of GLS from an entire Echo exam, while SemiAuto requires manual chamber view selection, and Manual involves full user input. Interobserver agreement was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for all three methods. Agreement of measures included Pearson's correlation (R) and Bland-Altman analysis [median bias; limits of agreement (LOA)]. With an 89% feasibility the AI showed good agreement with Manual (R = 0.92, bias = 0.7% and LOA: -3.5 to 4.8%) and with SemiAuto (r = 0.90, bias = 0.10% and LOA: -4.5 to 4%). ICCs for GLS were 1.0 for AI, 0.93 for SemiAuto, and 0.80 for Manual. After the 55th analysis, the beginner showed stable time performance with Manual (171 s), contrasting with the consistent performance of SemiAuto (85-69 s) from the beginning. The highest agreement between beginner and expert readers was achieved with AI (R = 1.00), followed by SemiAuto (R = 0.85) and Manual (R = 0.74).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Automated GLS analysis enhances efficiency and accuracy in cardiac diagnostics, particularly for novice users. Integration of automated solutions into routine clinical practice could yield more standardized results.</p>","PeriodicalId":94317,"journal":{"name":"European heart journal. Imaging methods and practice","volume":"2 4","pages":"qyae130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11660427/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142879233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Raluca Jumatate, Anna Werther-Evaldsson, Annika Ingvarsson, Göran Rådegran, Carl Cronstedt Meurling, Ellen Ostenfeld
{"title":"Right ventricular stroke work index from echocardiography in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension-the role in short-term follow-up assessment.","authors":"Raluca Jumatate, Anna Werther-Evaldsson, Annika Ingvarsson, Göran Rådegran, Carl Cronstedt Meurling, Ellen Ostenfeld","doi":"10.1093/ehjimp/qyae128","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ehjimp/qyae128","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>Right ventricular (RV) failure causes high mortality in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). RV stroke work index (RVSWi) poses as a potential predictor of outcome. We evaluated how RVSWi by echocardiography (ECHO) or right heart catheterization (RHC) is altered following PAH treatment and if RVSWi is an indicator of outcome in PAH.</p><p><strong>Methods and results: </strong>Fifty-four patients with PAH performed ECHO and RHC (median, 0 days between examinations) at baseline and treatment follow-up. RVSWi<sub>RHC</sub> was computed as (mPAP-mRAP)×SVi<sub>RHC</sub>, (mPAP, mean pulmonary arterial pressure; mRAP, mean right atrial pressure; SVi, stroke volume indexed to body surface area). ECHO-derived RVSWi was calculated as RVSWi<sub>ECHO-Mean</sub> = TR<sub>mean</sub>PG × SVi<sub>ECHO</sub> and RVSWi<sub>ECHO-Max</sub> = TR<sub>max</sub>PG × SVi<sub>ECHO</sub> (TR<sub>mean</sub>PG and TR<sub>max</sub>PG: tricuspid regurgitant mean and maximum pressure gradient). Invasive sPAP, mPAP, and pulmonary vascular resistance decreased and SVi increased from baseline to follow-up (<i>P</i> < 0.01 for all). RVSWi<sub>RHC</sub> and RVSWi<sub>ECHO</sub> (Mean and Max) did not differ from baseline to follow-up (<i>P</i> > 0.05). Forty patients died during 109 ± 24 months. In univariate Cox proportional hazard analysis, age > 65 years, 6-minute-walk test < 160 m, WHO class III-IV and indexed right atrial volume were associated with long-term mortality, but none of the RVSWi methods. In multivariate analysis with clinical parameters, both RVSWi<sub>ECHO</sub> methods were independently associated with mortality.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The RVSWi methods did not differ from baseline to short-term follow-up and were not associated with long-term outcomes in univariate analysis. However, baseline RVSWi<sub>ECHO</sub> was associated with mortality when adjusting for clinical parameters.</p>","PeriodicalId":94317,"journal":{"name":"European heart journal. Imaging methods and practice","volume":"2 3","pages":"qyae128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11682947/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142908167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}