Plant signaling & behavior最新文献

{"title":"Melatonin-iron oxide nanoparticles synergy enhances salt tolerance in <i>Mentha × piperita</i> L.","authors":"Tauseef Anwar, Huma Qureshi, Hira Ayub, Hossam S El-Beltagi, Salohiddinjon Yunusov, Shuqurillo Ziyadov, Muydinjon M Muminov, Gamal Awad El-Shaboury, Dilbar Bazarbayeva, Ibtisam M Alsudays, Khalid H Alamer, Munisa Bekmukhamedova, Bakhrom Jobborov, Mohd Asif Shah","doi":"10.1080/15592324.2026.2657091","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15592324.2026.2657091","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Iron is an essential micronutrient involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis, redox metabolism, and antioxidant enzyme function, and its availability becomes particularly important under salinity stress. This study evaluated the individual and combined effects of green-synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) and melatonin on the salt stress response of <i>Mentha × piperita</i> L. A controlled greenhouse experiment was conducted using a three-factor factorial design with melatonin (0 and 0.1 g L^-1), IONPs (0 and 0.5 g L^-1), and NaCl (0 and 100  mM). Treatments were applied as foliar sprays for four weeks, and plant growth traits, photosynthetic pigments, oxidative damage markers, membrane stability, and antioxidant enzyme activities were assessed. Salinity markedly reduced leaf, shoot, and root growth, decreased the chlorophyll content, and increased hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, and electrolyte leakage. In contrast, melatonin and IONPs alleviated these adverse effects, with the combined treatment producing the strongest response. Under saline conditions, the combined application of IONPs and melatonin increased shoot and root growth, improved chlorophyll retention, reduced oxidative damage, and enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase relative to NaCl-treated plants. These results indicate that the combined treatment improved salt tolerance by strengthening antioxidant defense, preserving membrane integrity, and sustaining photosynthetic performance. These findings suggest that biogenic iron oxide nanoparticles, particularly when integrated with melatonin, may serve as effective nano-biostimulant tools for improving peppermint resilience under salinity stress. This study provides a physiological and biochemical basis for the use of iron-based nanomaterials and plant bioregulators in the management of salt-affected cultivation systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":94172,"journal":{"name":"Plant signaling & behavior","volume":"21 1","pages":"2657091"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13089926/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147701365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>TdNF-YA2A-1</i>transcription factor confers salt and osmotic stress tolerance in tobacco through regulation of the antioxidant defense system.","authors":"Yosra Chouaibi, Walid Ben Romdhane, Alina Wiszniewska, Narjes Baazaoui, Mohamed Taieb Bouteraa, Nawress Gamas, Olfa Jrad, Miroslava Kačániová, Maciej Ireneusz Kluz, Anis Ben Hsouna, Rania Ben Saad","doi":"10.1080/15592324.2025.2608488","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15592324.2025.2608488","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>NF-YA1 (nuclear factor Y, subunit A1) is a key transcription factor that participates in the regulation of plant growth and stress responses. In plants, NF-YA proteins are encoded by multigene families and play crucial roles in controlling gene expression related to development, metabolism, and adaptation to environmental constraints. Therefore, <i>NF-YA</i> transcription factors are considered promising targets for improving plant tolerance to abiotic stress. In our previous study, we demonstrated that <i>TdNF-YA2A-1</i> transcripts from durum wheat are induced by various abiotic stressors, and that heterologous expression of this gene enhances stress tolerance in yeast. Herein, we functionally investigated its role in transgenic tobacco. RT-qPCR analysis demonstrated that <i>TdNF-YA2A-1</i> expression was differentially regulated in durum wheat tissues subjected to salt (150  mM NaCl), osmotic (10% PEG 8000), and oxidative (10 µM H₂O₂) stresses. Transgenic <i>TdNFY-YA2A-1</i>-overexpressing tobacco lines exhibited enhanced tolerance to both salt and osmotic stress relative with non-transgenic (NT) plants. This enhanced tolerance was correlated with a reduction in oxidative damage and the upregulation of several stress-responsive genes involved in antioxidant defense and stress signaling. Taken together, our results suggest that <i>TdNF-YA2A-1</i> is a promising candidate gene for developing crops with improved tolerance to salt and osmotic stresses.</p>","PeriodicalId":94172,"journal":{"name":"Plant signaling & behavior","volume":"21 1","pages":"2608488"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12758211/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145859852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of light intensity on growth and leaf functional trait plasticity of <i>Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis</i>.","authors":"Guicai Zi, Qinghua Li, Yingtian Leng, Jiamo Hu","doi":"10.1080/15592324.2026.2709892","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15592324.2026.2709892","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To elucidate the light adaptation mechanism and optimal cultivation light regime for <i>Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis</i>, a two-year continuous field positioning trial was conducted with five light gradients (20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% natural light, PAR = 300-2200 μmol·m^-2·s^-1). We systematically investigated the regulatory effects of light intensity on leaf phenotypic traits, anatomical and physiological functions, photosynthetic performance, vegetative growth and rhizome biomass accumulation. Significant differences in plant growth, leaf morphology and all functional trait indices were detected among the treatments (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The plants cultivated under 40%-60% natural light (PAR = 700-1400 μmol·m^-2·s^-1) exhibited balanced leaf anatomy, maximum photosynthetic efficiency and the highest rhizome fresh biomass. Compared with CK (100% natural light), plants under 40%-60% natural light showed 164.8% greater plant height, 35.5% thicker stem diameter, 50.0% larger rhizome diameter and 124.4% higher rhizome fresh weight. In contrast, 20% natural light induced excessive elongation, slender stems and underdeveloped mechanical tissues, with rhizome fresh weight, length and diameter decreasing by 52.2%, 61.4%, and 62.1%, respectively, relative to CK. Treatments of 80%-100% natural light triggered severe high-light stress, causing leaf scorch, chlorosis and suppressed stomatal development, with most assimilates allocated to antioxidant defense and thermal dissipation rather than rhizome carbon partitioning. In conclusion, <i>P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis</i> exhibits a clear light adaptation threshold with distinct gradient-specific responses: 80%-100% natural light induces photoinhibition and suppresses stomatal development; 20% natural light causes excessive elongation, slender stems and reduced rhizome biomass; while 40%-60% natural light optimizes leaf morphology, photosynthetic physiology and biomass allocation, resulting in the highest rhizome fresh weight (63.54-64.4  g) and overall growth performance. The 40%-60% natural light regime (PAR 700-1400 μmol·m^-2·s^-1) coordinates leaf morphogenesis, photosynthetic carbon fixation and dry matter accumulation, and is therefore identified as the optimal light condition for high-yield and high-quality medicinal production. This study provides quantitative light regulation parameters (PAR thresholds and corresponding growth responses) for understory bionic cultivation and precise light environment management in facility cultivation of this medicinal herb.</p>","PeriodicalId":94172,"journal":{"name":"Plant signaling & behavior","volume":"21 1","pages":"2709892"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13456502/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148690624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Light wavelength-specific regulation of hypersensitive response dynamics in tobacco plants during non-host interaction with <i>Pseudomonas syringae</i> pv. <i>tomato</i>.","authors":"Shamjetsabam Gangarani Devi, Nguyen Van Khanh, Yong Hoon Lee","doi":"10.1080/15592324.2026.2733228","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15592324.2026.2733228","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Light quality is a key environmental signal that integrates plant immune pathways, yet how specific wavelengths regulate the execution, timing, and efficiency of the hypersensitive response (HR) remains incompletely resolved. This study investigated how light spectral composition modulates HR dynamics and resistance outcomes during a non-host interaction. Tobacco leaves were inoculated with <i>Pseudomonas syringae</i> pv. <i>tomato</i> DC3000 (PstDC3000) and incubated under red (RL), green (GL), blue (BL), white light (WL), or darkness. Monochromatic light treatments distinctly reshaped HR progression. BL and WL induced rapid HR characterized by early accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), accelerated electrolyte leakage, and pronounced callose deposition. RL and GL delayed visible HR while effectively restricting bacterial proliferation by moderating ROS production, delaying membrane disruption, and sustaining cell wall reinforcement. In darkness, ROS accumulation was dysregulated, tissue collapse was uncontrolled, and pathogen growth was not effectively constrained. These results demonstrate that light wavelength fine-tunes HR kinetics and qualitatively distinct defense outcomes, with RL and GL favoring controlled immune responses over rapid cell death. By identifying GL as a key modulator of regulated immunity, this study provides a conceptual framework for managing light environments to optimize plant disease resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":94172,"journal":{"name":"Plant signaling & behavior","volume":"21 1","pages":"2733228"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13644593/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149121274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>GNA</i> regulates rice spikelet formation via <i>DEP1</i>-enhanced repression of <i>OsCKX2</i> and cytokinin modulation.","authors":"Dong Yang, Ronghui Rao, Changlin Zheng, Yuanzhe Li","doi":"10.1080/15592324.2025.2604856","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15592324.2025.2604856","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rice yield is directly influenced by spikelet number, a trait governed by both genetic and hormonal regulatory pathways. In this study, we demonstrate that <i>GNA</i>, a <i>GRAS</i> family transcription factor, acts as a key positive regulator of spikelet development in rice. Through map-based cloning, transgenic manipulation, and molecular assays, we show that <i>GNA</i> enhances grain number per panicle by repressing <i>OsCKX2</i>, a cytokinin oxidase gene responsible for cytokinin degradation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation, luciferase activity assays, and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) confirm that <i>GNA</i> directly binds to the <i>OsCKX2</i> promoter, suppressing its transcription and thereby elevating endogenous cytokinin levels. Notably, <i>GNA</i> physically interacts with <i>DEP1/dep1</i>, and this interaction further enhances the <i>GNA</i>-mediated repression of <i>OsCKX2</i>. Overexpression of <i>GNA</i> significantly increases spikelet number, pedicel branching, and grain yield per plant, accompanied by the activation of cytokinin-responsive genes. These findings reveal a previously uncharacterized <i>DEP1-GNA-OsCKX2</i> regulatory module that links G-protein signaling with cytokinin signaling and panicle morphogenesis, providing a promising genetic target for rice yield improvement and molecular breeding.</p>","PeriodicalId":94172,"journal":{"name":"Plant signaling & behavior","volume":"21 1","pages":"2604856"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12724121/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145807038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metabolic reprogramming in plant defense: linking signaling networks to metabolomics-driven insights.","authors":"Shahrukh Khan, Zeenat Korai, Liting Yang, Shakal Khan Korai, Shengnan Li, Usman Zulfiqar, Mohammed S Alotaibi, Dilnozakhon Asadullaeva, Muydinjon Muminov, Mayank Anand Gururani, Xiaoshan Wang","doi":"10.1080/15592324.2026.2672221","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15592324.2026.2672221","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plants adapt to biotic and abiotic stresses through extensive metabolic reprogramming that reallocates cellular resources toward defense while maintaining metabolic homeostasis. This process is tightly regulated by interconnected signaling networks, in which phytohormones, including salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, ethylene, and abscisic acid, integrate stress perception with transcriptional and metabolic responses. Recent advances in metabolomics have enabled systems-level characterization of these dynamic processes, revealing how metabolic pathways are coordinately rewired during stress adaptation. In this review, we synthesize current understanding of the mechanistic links between early signaling events and downstream metabolic outcomes. We highlight how stress perception through pattern recognition receptors, Ca²⁺ influx, reactive oxygen species, and mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades is coupled to transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of both primary and specialized metabolisms. Key metabolic adjustments include reconfiguration of central carbon metabolism, maintenance of redox balance, and induction of defense-associated compounds such as phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and phytoalexins. We further examine the metabolic basis of the growth-defense trade-off, emphasizing the roles of TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (TOR) and SNF1-RELATED KINASE 1 (SnRK1) in coordinating energy allocation under stress conditions. Emerging approaches, including targeted and untargeted metabolomics, spatial and temporal profiling, stable isotope-assisted fluxomics, and multi-omics integration, are discussed as key tools for dissecting plant defense metabolism. Despite these advances, challenges remain in linking metabolic changes to causal defense functions and in resolving context-dependent responses under complex stress conditions. Collectively, this review provides a mechanistic and systems-level framework that connects signaling networks with metabolic reprogramming, offering new opportunities for improving crop resilience through metabolic engineering and precision breeding.</p>","PeriodicalId":94172,"journal":{"name":"Plant signaling & behavior","volume":"21 1","pages":"2672221"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13174010/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147936674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A hydroponic system for facilitating observation of plant virus infection in roots.","authors":"Guoliang Chen, Yuchen Lei, Haijuan Wang, Yan Lu, Hongyou Zhou, Mingmin Zhao","doi":"10.1080/15592324.2026.2644050","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15592324.2026.2644050","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plant viruses usually spread from the infection site to upper young leaves through plant phloem along with the plant nutrient solution flow. To track the infection status of plant viruses in root systems, we established an independent and controllable hydroponic system for growing single <i><i>N</i>. benthamiana</i> plants. The infection of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV-GFP) in roots of <i>N. benthamiana</i> grown in hydroponic system was evaluated. The results showed that the seed germination of <i>N. benthamiana</i> in hydroponic system on day 3 after sowing. By day 5, the hypocotyls had elongated and the cotyledons had expanded. By day 7, all seeds were germinated. Hydroponic seedlings showed cotyledon expansion at 3 d but slow leaf development, whereas soil-grown seedlings exhibited cotyledon expansion at 6 d with rapid leaf growth. Hydroponic plants were significantly taller than soil-grown plants at the same growth stage. After TMV-GFP infection, root growth of <i>N. benthamiana</i> was significantly inhibited, characterized by slowed lateral root development, thinner roots, and reduced root numbers. Both fluorescence intensity and viral accumulation of TMV-GFP in the roots of hydroponic plants increased significantly than those of plants in soil. In summary, this hydroponic system displayed several advantages for viral infection study in roots, such as non-destructive, real-time observation of roots and allows for single-factor control, effectively avoiding interference from soil cultivation. It might be a convenient technique for studying plant root-virus interactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":94172,"journal":{"name":"Plant signaling & behavior","volume":"21 1","pages":"2644050"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12998002/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147470755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Salinity signaling networks in wheat: crosstalk among Ca²⁺, ROS, phytohormones, and metabolic signals in salt adaptation.","authors":"Hakim Zamir, Daud Ali Shah, Fawad Rauf, Hussam Ahmad, Shahrukh Khan, Usman Zulfiqar, Mohammed S Alotaibi, Olimaxon Ergasheva, Dilnoza Sotiboldiyeva, Mayank Anand Gururani, Shakal Khan Korai","doi":"10.1080/15592324.2026.2700909","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15592324.2026.2700909","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Soil salinity limits wheat productivity by disrupting water uptake, Na⁺/K⁺ homeostasis, photosynthesis, reproductive development, and grain filling. Although wheat salinity tolerance is often discussed in terms of individual traits such as Na⁺ exclusion, antioxidant defense, osmolyte accumulation, or abscisic acid signaling, these responses operate as interconnected signaling networks. This review reframes wheat salinity adaptation as a crosstalk-driven process linking early root perception with whole-plant acclimation and yield-related outcomes. At the root-soil interface, salinity rapidly lowers external water potential, alters membrane potential, disturbs ion fluxes, and induces early Ca²⁺, reactive oxygen species (ROS), pH, nitric oxide, electrical, and phosphorylation signals. Ca²⁺ sensors and decoders, including CaM/CMLs, CDPKs, and CBL-CIPK modules, connect these early signals with ROS regulation, ion-transporter activity, kinase cascades, and transcriptional reprogramming. ABA integrates osmotic stress with stomatal closure, hydraulic adjustment, compatible-solute accumulation, and water-use regulation, whereas additional hormonal and metabolic signals shape root architecture, growth restraint, senescence, source-sink balance, and reproductive protection. Wheat-specific evidence strongly supports the importance of <i>HKT1;5</i>-mediated Na⁺ retrieval, SOS-like ion regulation, K⁺ retention, antioxidant capacity, ABA-associated water regulation, osmotic adjustment, and genotype-dependent transcriptional responses. However, several important signaling models, including precise Ca²⁺ signatures, real-time Ca²⁺-ROS feedback dynamics, guard-cell ABA-ROS-Ca²⁺ signaling, systemic Ca²⁺/ROS waves, and salinity-specific sugar-redox-hormone control of grain filling, remain incompletely validated in wheat. By distinguishing wheat-supported mechanisms from conserved model-plant frameworks, this review identifies key signaling hubs and physiological trade-offs that may guide breeding, genome editing, priming, and agronomic strategies for improving wheat performance under saline environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":94172,"journal":{"name":"Plant signaling & behavior","volume":"21 1","pages":"2700909"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13353790/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148414516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification and characterization of salt-, drought-, and combined salt-drought stress-responsive <i>NHX</i> gene family in <i>Medicago sativa</i>.","authors":"Bowen Kang, Yiwen Lu, Liting Yang, Shahrukh Khan, Shakal Khan Korai, Usman Zulfiqar, Mashael Daghash Alqahtani, Abdulrahman Alasmari, Mayank Anand Gururani, Xiaoshan Wang","doi":"10.1080/15592324.2026.2657741","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15592324.2026.2657741","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Na⁺/H⁺ antiporters (NHXs) play essential roles in ion homeostasis and osmotic adjustment under abiotic stress; however, a systematic analysis of the NHX gene family in <i>Medicago sativa</i> remains limited. Here, eight <i>MsNHX</i> genes were identified and mapped to four chromosomes, all encoding multi-pass membrane proteins with conserved Na⁺/H⁺ exchanger domains. Phylogenetic analysis classified <i>MsNHX</i> proteins into vacuolar-type (Vac-type) and plasma membrane-type (PM-type) clades. Gene structure and promoter analyses revealed variation in exon-intron organization and enrichment of cis-acting elements related to hormone signaling, light responsiveness, and stress responses, indicating potential functional diversification. qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated distinct tissue-specific expression patterns, with several <i>MsNHX</i> genes showing relatively higher expression in roots. Under salt stress (200 mM NaCl), <i>MsNHX1</i>, <i>MsNHX3</i>, <i>MsNHX4</i>, <i>MsNHX5</i>, and <i>MsNHX7</i> were significantly upregulated. Under PEG-induced drought stress (20% PEG6000), <i>MsNHX1</i>, <i>MsNHX2</i>, <i>MsNHX3</i>, <i>MsNHX4</i>, <i>MsNHX5</i>, and <i>MsNHX7</i> showed increased expression. Under combined salt-drought stress (100 mM NaCl + 10% PEG6000), most <i>MsNHX</i> genes (<i>MsNHX1-MsNHX7</i>) were induced, including <i>MsNHX6</i>. These findings provide a comprehensive overview of the <i>MsNHX</i> gene family and identify candidate genes potentially involved in alfalfa responses to salt, drought, and combined stress conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":94172,"journal":{"name":"Plant signaling & behavior","volume":"21 1","pages":"2657741"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13078214/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147679767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases VII subfamily orchestrates reactive oxygen species signaling in plant immunity.","authors":"Ping Li, Yan Liang","doi":"10.1080/15592324.2026.2685951","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15592324.2026.2685951","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs) are a large family of receptor-associated kinases that lack extracellular and transmembrane domains, yet they function as key signaling components downstream of receptor-like kinases. In recent years, accumulating evidence has established members of the RLCK VII subfamily as central regulators of plant immune signaling, particularly in controlling reactive oxygen species (ROS) production during immune activation. Here, we summarize recent advances in understanding how RLCK VII subfamily members in Arabidopsis orchestrate ROS signaling.</p>","PeriodicalId":94172,"journal":{"name":"Plant signaling & behavior","volume":"21 1","pages":"2685951"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13271306/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148221473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}