Plant signaling & behavior最新文献

{"title":"Short-term transcriptional memory and association-forming ability of tomato plants in response to ultrasound and drought stress stimuli.","authors":"Dóra Farkas, Anita Király, Viktor Ambrus, Bianka Tóth, Judit Dobránszki","doi":"10.1080/15592324.2025.2556982","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15592324.2025.2556982","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plant memory is an adaptive mechanism that plants can use to increase their fitness and cope with adverse environmental stresses. In this study, mRNA-sequencing (mRNA-seq), whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) and real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) methods were applied for evaluating formation and maintenance of somatic transcriptional memory after treatment with ultrasound and drought stimuli in tomatoes. In addition, the effects of repeated stimuli, as well as the association-forming ability of plants were studied when they were trained previously with combined stimuli. Two days after exposure to the two stimuli applied alone or in combination, significantly altered gene transcription and DNA methylation were revealed. Using four selected target genes, we demonstrated that plants memorized stimuli for 5-10 d, in a gene- and stimulus-dependent way. The repeated application of the stimuli caused various alterations in gene transcription behavior, such as habituation, sustained induction or modified reinduction. Plants were able to use one conditioned stimulus as a predictor of the other, unconditioned one, after conditioning in the case of 3 out of 4 target genes, and used their transcriptional memory associatively. The exploitation of plant memory and associative learning may contribute to the development of new strategies to increase plant stress resilience.</p>","PeriodicalId":94172,"journal":{"name":"Plant signaling & behavior","volume":"20 1","pages":"2556982"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12456219/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145042782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitigating salinity and cadmium stress in rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) using PGPR and salicylic acid: rhizosphere, health risk, and physiological insights.","authors":"Arwa Abdulkreem Al-Huqail, Muna Abdul-Rahman Al-Malki, Dalia Mohammad Melebari, Hanan El Sayed Osman, Dikhnah Alshehri, Suliman Mohammed Suliman Alghanem, Amany H A Abeed, Hesam Mousavi","doi":"10.1080/15592324.2025.2553803","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15592324.2025.2553803","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Soil contamination with salinity and heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd) is becoming a serious global problem due to the rapid development of the social economy. Although plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria PGPR and organic agents such as salicylic acid (SA) are considered major protectants to alleviate abiotic stresses, the study of these bacteria and organic acids to ameliorate the toxic effects of salinity and Cd remains limited. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the individual and combined effects of PGPR and SA on enhancing the phytoremediation of salinity (100 mM NaCl) and Cd (50 µM CdCl₂) using rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) plants. The research results indicated that elevated levels of salinity and Cd stress in soil significantly (<i>P</i> < 0.05) decreased plant growth and biomass, photosynthetic pigments, and gas exchange attributes. However, salinity and Cd stress also induced oxidative stress in the plants by increasing malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) by 44% and 38%, respectively, which also induced increased compounds of various enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants, and also the gene expression and sugar content. Furthermore, a significant (<i>P</i> < 0.05) increase in cadmium accumulation, potential health risk indices, proline metabolism, the AsA-GSH cycle, and the pigmentation of cellular components was observed. Although the application of PGPR and SA showed a significant (<i>P</i> < 0.05) increase in plant growth and biomass, gas exchange characteristics, microbial diversity, functional gene abundance in the rhizosphere, enzymatic and nonenzymatic compounds, and their gene expression, and also decreased oxidative stress. In addition, the application of PGPR and SA enhanced cellular fractionation and decreased metal accumulation by 37% in shoots, proline metabolism, and the AsA-GSH cycle in <i>O. sativa</i> plants. These results provide new insights for sustainable agricultural practices and hold immense promise in addressing the pressing challenges of salinity and heavy metal contamination in agricultural soils.</p>","PeriodicalId":94172,"journal":{"name":"Plant signaling & behavior","volume":"20 1","pages":"2553803"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12416180/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145006914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of the phloem transport pathways and destination of photosynthates in soybean using autoradiography and fluorescent tracer imaging.","authors":"Ai Kaiho-Soma, Yuko Kurita, Natsuko I Kobayashi, Tomoko M Nakanishi, Keitaro Tanoi","doi":"10.1080/15592324.2025.2552897","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15592324.2025.2552897","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vascular tissues transport water and nutrients in plants, with the phloem distributing photosynthates from source to sink. The direction of phloem transport is determined by the positional relationship between sources and sinks and by vascular connections. Although aspects of phloem transport have been studied, a comprehensive understanding remains lacking. Here, we used soybean as a model system to investigate the translocation pathways and destinations of photosynthates using autoradiography with ¹⁴C-labeled sucrose and fluorescent imaging with carboxyfluorescein (CF), a known phloem tracer. Soybean exhibits simple phyllotaxy, with alternate trifoliate leaves arranged oppositely along the stem. Applying ¹⁴C-sucrose to mature leaves revealed that young developing leaves received photosynthates from source leaves on both sides of the stem. To visualize pathways, ¹⁴C-sucrose and carboxyfluorescein diacetate (CFDA) were applied to sequential source leaves. Signals from ¹⁴C and CF in the stem's vascular bundles showed no overlap, indicating distinct transport pathways. Additionally, when ¹⁴C-sucrose was applied separately to the left and right halves of a single mature leaf, it was followed corresponding sides to the sink leaves. These findings demonstrate that photosynthates are delivered to sink tissues via multiple, well-compartmentalized phloem pathways, providing new insight into the spatial organization of phloem transport.</p>","PeriodicalId":94172,"journal":{"name":"Plant signaling & behavior","volume":"20 1","pages":"2552897"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12407589/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144984502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of <i>NPR1-</i>like genes in pearl millet under diverse biotic and abiotic stresses and phytohormone treatments.","authors":"Jagatjeet Nayak, Chanwala Jeky, Baisista Saha, Nrisingha Dey, Soumya Ranjan Mahapatra, Namrata Misra, Mrunmay Kumar Giri","doi":"10.1080/15592324.2025.2552895","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15592324.2025.2552895","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1 (NPR1) is a master regulator of salicylic acid (SA)- facilitated plant hormone signaling and plays a crucial role in plant defense through the activation of systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Although <i>NPR1-</i>like genes are associated with stress responses in a variety of plant species, no thorough genome-wide investigation of these genes has been undertaken in pearl millet (<i>Pennisetum glaucum</i>). This study discovered seven <i>PgNPR1</i>-like genes on four pearl millet chromosomes (Chr1, Chr2, Chr4, and Chr6), which exhibit close affinity to NPRs from other plants and have common gene structures, conserved motifs, and domains. The promoter regions of <i>PgNPR1-</i>like genes have numerous cis-acting elements connected with biotic and abiotic stresses, natural plant growth, and development. The qPCR results showed that <i>PgNPR1</i>-like genes were differentially expressed in distinct tissues, developmental stages, and under various biotic and abiotic stresses. Some putative <i>NPR1-like</i> genes, such as <i>Pgl_GLEAN_10029279</i>, <i>Pgl_GLEAN_10004488</i>, <i>Pgl_GLEAN_10004489</i>, and <i>Pgl_GLEAN_10015079</i>, showed considerable expression in response to abiotic stimuli such as heat, drought, and salinity. The <i>PgNPR1-</i>like gene <i>Pgl_GLEAN_10029279</i> was observed to be differently expressed upon treatment of hormones such as SA and MeJA. <i>Pgl_GLEAN_10029279</i> was also significantly expressed after <i>Magnaporthe grisea</i> infection, which causes blast in pearl millet. <i>In silico</i> expression study of the <i>PgNPR1-</i>like genes after <i>Sclerospora graminicola</i> infection, causing downy-mildew disease, revealed that <i>Pgl_GLEAN_10029279</i> and <i>Pgl_GLEAN_10004489</i> were significantly upregulated. In addition, the docking results also showed that Pgl_GLEAN_10029279 and Pgl_GLEAN_10007810 out of all seven PgNPRs have strong interactions with the ligand SA, which proves their potential involvement in SA signaling and hence plant defense. These results offer a firm framework for comprehending the roles and development of <i>PgNPR1-</i>like genes in pearl millet.</p>","PeriodicalId":94172,"journal":{"name":"Plant signaling & behavior","volume":"20 1","pages":"2552895"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12427447/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145016992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<b>Advances in understanding the functions and regulatory factors of secondary metabolites in</b> <i><b>Reynoutria japonica</b></i>.","authors":"Yanli Zhang, Jiaxing Huang, Jianhui Jia, Jiayan Jiang, Xinyan Ma, Lili Zhao, Yunrong Jing","doi":"10.1080/15592324.2025.2564957","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15592324.2025.2564957","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Reynoutria japonica</i>, a perennial herb of the <i>Polygonaceae</i> family, is a traditional Chinese medicinal plant known for its diverse pharmacological activities and broad applications in medicine, agriculture, and related fields. This review explores the functions and regulatory mechanisms of its secondary metabolites by summarizing their types, bioactivities, and biosynthetic regulation. Additionally, it examines how factors such as plant age, medicinal organ, soil composition, and cultivation conditions influence the secondary metabolite profile. These insights support the clinical application and industrial development of <i>R. japonica</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":94172,"journal":{"name":"Plant signaling & behavior","volume":"20 1","pages":"2564957"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12498541/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145228684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phenolic acid reduction in <i>Fritillaria taipaiensis</i> rhizosphere via organic fertilization.","authors":"Wenwu Yang, Jinjin Li, You Zhou, Yuhan Wang, Wenting Wenting, Nong Zhou, Qiang-Sheng Wu","doi":"10.1080/15592324.2025.2554917","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15592324.2025.2554917","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Fritillaria taipaiensis</i> is a valuable traditional Chinese medicinal plant that is prone to germplasm degradation during long-term continuous monoculture. Allelopathic autotoxicity, which is mediated primarily by phenolic acids, is considered a major factor contributing to this degradation. To reveal the accumulation patterns of phenolic acids in the rhizospheric soil of <i>F. taipaiensis</i> under continuous monoculture, five phenolic acids (<i>p</i>-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, <i>p</i>-coumaric acid, and ferulic acid) in the rhizospheric soil of <i>F. taipaiensis</i> across 1-5 y, and various fertilizer regimes (chemical fertilizer, chemical fertilizer + organic fertilizer, and organic fertilizer) were determined to assess their accumulation characteristics, along with soil fertility parameters. The result showed that the levels of available nitrogen, Olsen-phosphorus, and available potassium in chemical fertilizer and chemical fertilizer + organic fertilizer, along with the organic matter content in all three soil samples, showed a decreasing trend over time, while organic fertilizer exhibited significant fluctuations without a clear pattern. The phenolic acid content in the rhizospheric soil initially increased and then generally decreased in later stages. After 5 y of cultivation, the soils treated with organic fertilizer exhibited lower phenolic acid levels than those treated with chemical fertilizer. The accumulation patterns of individual phenolic acids varied with fertilizer type and cultivation period, with organic fertilizer showing the most consistent patterns across all phenolic acids. There was a positive correlation among the five phenolic acids, along with a significant positive correlation between soil organic matter and vanillic acid and ferulic acid. These findings suggest that long-term monoculture leads to distinct accumulation characteristics of phenolic acids in the rhizospheric soil of <i>F. taipaiensis</i>, and the application of organic fertilizer can mitigate such accumulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":94172,"journal":{"name":"Plant signaling & behavior","volume":"20 1","pages":"2554917"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12413057/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144994898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scion organ removal alters hormone levels and gene expression associated with adventitious root development in grafted watermelon seedlings.","authors":"Ce Song, Yi Huang, Chenchen Wu, Baoming Tian, Xuanjie Shi, Guoquan Mi, Yancai Jing, Yanling Tang, Zuojing Wang, Lili Niu, Tengqi Wang, Gongyao Shi, Kai Ma","doi":"10.1080/15592324.2025.2556300","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15592324.2025.2556300","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Adventitious roots (ARs) are crucial for grafted watermelon seedlings, playing vital roles in nutrient absorption, stress resistance, and grafting efficacy. However, the way in which scions regulate endogenous hormones to influence AR formation remains poorly understood. In this study, we constructed watermelon seedlings (WP) using \"HXX\" as the scion and \"Tie Zhen No. 3\" as the rootstock. Scion cotyledons removal (WP-1) significantly promoted AR development. In contrast, true leaf removal (WP-2) had minimal effect, while simultaneous removal of both (WP-3) elicited intermediate responses. Endogenous hormone dynamics showed that WP-1 maintained progressively increasing indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) with lower abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA) levels, whereas both WP-2 and WP-3 exhibited divergent hormonal profiles in ARs during later development stages. Transcriptome sequencing revealed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) are enriched in various hormone signaling pathways. On the fourth day, when the number of differential genes was the highest, the DEGs significantly expressed in all three treatment groups were enriched in the activation signaling pathways and responses of JA, auxin, ethylene, and cytokinins. Transcription factors such as bHLH, ERF, MYB, and NAC were significantly expressed during the development of ARs, playing a key regulatory role. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis identified 82 DEGs across five hormone signal transduction pathways. The weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) identified modules positively correlated with AR hormones, highlighting hub genes such as ethylene transcription factors (CRF4, ABR1, ERF054, ERF098), auxin response factors (SAUR21 and SAUR32), and other regulators (CSA, HSP, bHLH93, ZAT5, ZAT13, NAC, MYB, and C3H). These findings provide preliminary evidence of the scion's regulatory role in AR development through hormones, offering a foundation for improving watermelon grafting practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":94172,"journal":{"name":"Plant signaling & behavior","volume":"20 1","pages":"2556300"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12439556/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145056283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HOS15 together with PWR-HDA9 positively regulates dark-induced senescence in Arabidopsis.","authors":"Shah Zareen, Akhtar Ali, Min Jae Bae, Nassem Albakri, Kisuk Park, Hyeseon Yun, Dae-Jin Yun, Junghoon Park","doi":"10.1080/15592324.2025.2564962","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15592324.2025.2564962","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Senescence is a conserved phenomenon in all living organisms, including plants. The initiation and progression of leaf senescence can be triggered by natural internal factors or induced by external stress conditions. Over the past few decades, several transcriptional regulators, histone deacetylases/acetyltransferases (HDACs/HATs), signaling transduction pathway components, hormonal regulators, and other proteins have been extensively studied and reported to play a role in regulating leaf senescence. However, a deeper molecular understanding of their mechanisms is needed. We recently reported that a WD40-repeat domain protein, HOS15, regulates aging- and dark-induced senescence. Loss-of-function HOS15 mutant plants exhibited a late senescence phenotype with greater chlorophyll content accumulation. The transcript levels of senescence-related (<i>SAG12</i>, <i>SAG29</i>, and <i>ORE1</i>) genes were downregulated in <i>hos15-2</i> plants compared with those in wild-type (WT) plants, whereas photosynthesis-related (<i>CAB1</i> and <i>RBCS1A</i>) genes were upregulated. Our studies also revealed that HOS15 works together with PWR-HDA9 complex to associate with the promoters and negatively regulates the expression levels of the senescence negative regulators <i>NPX1, APG9</i>, and <i>WRKY57</i>. Moreover, <i>hos15-2</i> plants increased H3 acetylation levels, similar to those of <i>hda9</i> and <i>pwr</i> plants compared to those of WT plants. In addition, the H3 acetylation level was reduced in the dark-induced senescent leaves in WT plants, but not in the <i>hos15-2</i> plants<i>,</i> which suggests that dark-reduced H3 acetylation requires functional HOS15. Taken together, we conclude that HOS15 together with the PWR-HDA9 complex epigenetically regulates aging- and dark-induced senescence through a common set of genes in Arabidopsis.</p>","PeriodicalId":94172,"journal":{"name":"Plant signaling & behavior","volume":"20 1","pages":"2564962"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12482428/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145187687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of biofabricated zinc oxide nanoparticles on callus and in vitro regenerated shoots of <i>R</i><i>eseda lutea</i>, and assessment of biochemical responses, polyphenolic content, and genetic stability.","authors":"Salim Khan, Abdulrahman Al-Hashimi, Mohammad Nadeem, Mohamed Tarroum, Abdalrhaman M Salih, Norah Abdullah Alsharif, Fahad Al-Qurainy","doi":"10.1080/15592324.2025.2558871","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15592324.2025.2558871","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The conservation of rare and endangered plant species has progressed with the advent of nanotechnology, enabling their large-scale production with desirable traits. The present study was focused on the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) using the aqueous extract of <i>Convolvulus arvensis</i> and their characterization using various techniques (UV spectra, FTIR, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and zeta potential), and further, their impact was assessed on callus and <i>in vitro</i> raised shoots of <i>R</i><i>eseda</i> <i>lutea</i>. Low concentrations of ZnO-NPs (15 and 30 mg/L) increased the fresh weight of shoots by 35.38% and 17.43%, respectively. In contrast, a high concentration of ZnO-NPs (60 mg/L) in MS medium resulted in a 29% decrease in shoot biomass. The different concentrations of ZnO-NPs (15, 30, and 60 mg/L) increased the callus biomass by 70.7%, 62.6%, and 24.8%, respectively, compared to the control. The total phenolic content (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC) in both regenerated stages were varied, and they were increased in callus by 15.5% with 60 mg/L of ZnO-NPs, whereas TPC and TFC were reduced in shoot, and a greater reduction was observed in TFC with the same concentration of ZnO-NP treatment than the control. The biochemical analysis performed on callus and shoot revealed a dose-dependent accumulation of proline and TBARS content. The accumulation of total soluble protein improved in both regeneration stages, and its content varied with different treatment doses of ZnO-NPs. A close relationship was observed in protein accumulation by 26.24%, and chlorophyll contents by 36.4% in shoots with 15 mg/L ZnO-NPs than the control, while both parameters decreased with 60 mg/L ZnO-NPs. The activities of antioxidant enzymes, including GR, SOD, and APX, varied under different treatment doses of ZnO-NPs. The flow cytometry (FCM) results of callus and shoot with ZnO-NPs treatment confirmed the genetic stability by genome size (2C DNA content). The results of this study show that biogenic ZnO-NPs positively influence various attributes of the callus and shoot stages and may support the mass production of <i>R. lutea</i> with abiotic stress tolerance.</p>","PeriodicalId":94172,"journal":{"name":"Plant signaling & behavior","volume":"20 1","pages":"2558871"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12445449/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145083026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A century of <i>Azospirillum</i>: plant growth promotion and agricultural promise.","authors":"Ramón Pelagio-Flores, Gustavo Ravelo-Ortega, Ernesto García-Pineda, José López-Bucio","doi":"10.1080/15592324.2025.2551609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15592324.2025.2551609","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The genus <i>Azospirillum</i> celebrates 100 y since its discovery in 1925 by Martinus Willem Beijerinck, who worked with <i>Spirillum lipoferum</i> as a starting species. Decades of work involving laboratory and field research endorse their various beneficial properties, such as plant rooting, mineral nutrition, hormonal strengthening, and the activation of cellular and molecular responses, which lead to better growth, development, and productivity. Some hormones, such as auxins and cytokinins, potentiate root branching through their effects on mitosis, and via signal transduction mediated by the Target Of Rapamycin (TOR) kinase. Although initial efforts were aimed at clarifying the importance of biological nitrogen fixation in plant growth in the face of root colonization with <i>Azospirillum</i>, recent advances show that these bacteria also activate the mechanisms of acquisition of phosphorus and iron, two essential nutrients for fulfilling the plant's life cycle. In recent years, <i>Azospirillum</i> structural elements such as flagellin and lipopolysaccharides emerged as elicitors, influencing the development and defense of the host. Goals have also been achieved in formulating biotechnological products, whose application has increased in countries such as Argentina and Brazil, showing relevant and promising results toward saving fertilizer, optimizing management, and ultimately, making agriculture more sustainable.</p>","PeriodicalId":94172,"journal":{"name":"Plant signaling & behavior","volume":"20 1","pages":"2551609"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12392797/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144984474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}