Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery最新文献

{"title":"A Narrative Review on Stress Granules and Ultraviolet Stress Granules.","authors":"Yuru Cheng, Shuzhen Tan, Yi Kong, Zhongrong Liu","doi":"10.1089/photob.2024.0142","DOIUrl":"10.1089/photob.2024.0142","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> Stress granules (SGs) are membraneless structures formed through liquid-liquid phase separation in response to cellular stress. These dynamic assemblies play a pivotal role in cellular adaptation and recovery from external stressors by modulating protein synthesis and preserving mRNA integrity, thereby influencing various cellular biological processes. Their significance has been demonstrated in diverse phenomena, including tumorigenesis, drug resistance, cellular senescence, and neurodegenerative disorders. <b><i>Objective:</i></b> This narrative review focuses on SGs and ultraviolet-induced SGs (UV SGs), examining their composition, formation mechanisms, and potential functions in the pathogenesis of various dermatological conditions, and explores the implications of UV SGs in cutaneous inflammation, immune-mediated skin disorders, dermatological malignancies, and pigmentary abnormalities. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> We conducted a literature search of relevant publications from the inception of the Web of Science and CNKI databases up to 2024. The search terms included \"Stress Granules,\" \"Ultraviolet Stress Granules,\" \"Phase Separation,\" \"Cellular Stress Response,\" and \"Skin Diseases.\" High-quality articles were included after rigorous screening. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> In conclusion, this review aims to provide novel perspectives and targeted strategies for both clinical management and fundamental biological research in the field of dermatology.</p>","PeriodicalId":94169,"journal":{"name":"Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery","volume":" ","pages":"228-233"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144164080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antimicrobial Efficacy and Dentinal Tubule Penetration of the Photosensitizer Acai (<i>Euterpe Oleracea</i> Martius): A New Approach in Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy in Endodontics.","authors":"Letícia Penna Felisberto, Mariana Mota Campos Mariano Chompanidis, Alexandre Sigrist De Martin, Carlos Eduardo Fontana, Carolina Pessoa Stringheta, Josemberg da Silva Baptista, Carlos Eduardo da Silveira Bueno, Sérgio Luiz Pinheiro","doi":"10.1089/photob.2024.0147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/photob.2024.0147","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Objectives:</i></b> This study evaluated in vitro the antimicrobial efficacy and penetration depth of acai as a photosensitizer (PS) using or not using passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI). <b><i>Background:</i></b> Acai extracts have attracted attention as potential photosensitizing molecules, especially because of their natural origin. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> A total of 150 mandibular molars were instrumented with the ProTaper Next system. Ninety canals were inoculated with standard strains of <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> for 21 days and randomly divided into six groups (<i>n</i> = 15): AC: acai; MB: methylene blue; BL: blue laser irradiation; RL: red laser irradiation; AC+BL: acai irradiated with blue laser; and MB+RL: methylene blue irradiated with red laser. Microbiological samples were collected from the canals before (no treatment group) and after the procedures described for each group. Dentinal tubule penetration was assessed in the remaining 60 canals, randomly divided into four groups (<i>n</i> = 15): MB; MB+PUI; AC; and AC+PUI. The PSs MB and acai were placed into the canals and agitated or not with an ultrasonic tip. The roots were sectioned and analyzed under a stereomicroscope. The results were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and analysis of variance (Tukey's test). <b><i>Results:</i></b> The greatest reduction in microbial counts occurred in the MB+RL, AC+BL, and AC groups (<i>p</i> < 0.0001). The amount of bacteria after the procedures in log colony forming units (CFU)/mL was MB+RL: 3.59, AC+BL: 5.32, and AC: 5.24. There was no significant difference in penetration depth between MB and acai, using or not using PUI, in the coronal, middle, or apical thirds (<i>p</i> > 0.05). <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Acai can be used as an antimicrobial agent for disinfection of the root canal, showing similar results when photoactivated or not.</p>","PeriodicalId":94169,"journal":{"name":"Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144164151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pulsed Radiofrequency Alleviates Acute Soft Tissue Injury in Rats by Regulating the TNF/mTOR Signaling Pathway.","authors":"Jianyun Ma, Xue Xu, Ying Zhang, Xiaoli Guo, Yunzhong Sun, Xiaochuan Wang, Lei Zhao, Qiming Shen","doi":"10.1089/photob.2024.0113","DOIUrl":"10.1089/photob.2024.0113","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Objective:</i></b> Acute traumatic muscle injuries are common and result in substantial loss of time and risk of recurrence. Pulsed radiofrequency (PR) is a strategy that has been gradually adopted for treating muscle injuries in clinical practice. However, the molecular mechanism underlying its therapeutic effects is currently unclear. <b><i>Materials and Methods:</i></b> In this study, we screened the gene expression profiles of rats with muscle contusion obtained from the online dataset GSE162565. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses of the differentially expressed genes were conducted. Further, we established an acute soft tissue injury (ASTI) rat model and applied PR treatment. Muscle swelling rate analysis, malondialdehyde (MAD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) content, inflammatory cytokine release, and hematoxylin and eosin staining of the gastrocnemius muscles of ASTI and ASTI + PR rats were performed, and the results were compared with those of control rats. Further, we evaluated the gene expression of <i>Ccl1</i>, <i>interleukin-6</i> (<i>IL-6</i>), <i>nuclear factor-kappa-B-inhibitor alpha</i> (<i>Nfkbia</i>), <i>Akt1</i>, <i>Jun</i>, <i>Fos</i>, and <i>Caps3</i> in the model and PR-treated groups, all of which are key genes in the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway according to the KEGG analysis. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The results revealed that 52 genes involved in the TNF/mTOR signaling pathway were closely associated with ASTI progression in rats. PR treatment significantly reduced the malondialdehyde content but increased the SOD content in ASTI model rat muscles, efficiently alleviated muscle contusions and reduced TNF-α and IL-1β production. Moreover, PR treatment significantly decreased <i>Ccl1</i>, <i>IL-6</i>, and <i>Nfkbia</i> expression but increased <i>Akt1</i>, <i>Jun</i>, <i>Fos</i>, and <i>Caps3</i> levels in ASTI models. These data indicate that PR alleviated ASTI in rats by mediating redox homeostasis and the inflammatory response, which might be modulated by the TNF/mTOR signaling pathway. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Thus, this study contributes to the understanding of ASTI progression and provides more substantial information about the genetic mechanism underlying the therapeutic effects of PR on ASTI.</p>","PeriodicalId":94169,"journal":{"name":"Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery","volume":" ","pages":"198-206"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143805219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of Photobiomodulation Therapy on <i>Xenopus laevis</i> Embryonic Epithelium.","authors":"Kelsey Lloyd, Lenore Pitstick, Feng Gao, Maria C Cuevas-Nunez, Rosa Ventrella","doi":"10.1089/photob.2024.0158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/photob.2024.0158","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) is widely used in clinical settings, particularly for treating oral mucositis. Although PBMT has shown promise in aiding tissue healing, its safety and potential effects on tumorigenesis remain controversial. <b><i>Objective:</i></b> <i>Xenopus laevis</i> (<i>X. laevis</i>) tadpoles have proven to be an effective <i>in vivo</i> model system to study how different therapies affect epithelial biology. Because of this, the goal of this study was to investigate how PBMT influences epithelial tissue in <i>X. laevis</i> tadpoles. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> <i>X. laevis</i> tadpoles were treated with PBMT three times, every 24 h, using a 660 nm low-level laser at a fluence of 2.08 J/cm² and an irradiance of 0.208 W/cm², resulting in a cumulative dose of 2.25 J. Tadpole tails were then fixed, and the abnormal tissue area was analyzed using fluorescent microscopy. <b><i>Results:</i></b> PBMT induced the formation of abnormal tissue structures along the epithelial edges. The altered tissue increased from 0.03% in control tadpoles to 0.37% in PBMT-treated tadpoles (<i>p</i> < 0.0001; Mann-Whitney nonparametric test), and the number of tadpoles displaying this abnormal phenotype increased from 3.8% of control tadpoles to 30.6% of PBMT-treated tadpoles (<i>p</i> < 0.001; chi-squared test). <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> This study demonstrates that PBMT can have significant effects on the epithelial tissue of <i>X. laevis</i>. The PBMT-induced abnormal tissue structures represent a loss of tissue polarization and cellular organization along the tail edge, both of which are essential to maintaining tissue homeostasis. For the first time, we show that <i>X. laevis</i> may provide an <i>in vivo</i> model system for examining the effects and mechanisms of PBMT.</p>","PeriodicalId":94169,"journal":{"name":"Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery","volume":"43 5","pages":"215-218"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144013690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photobiomodulation and Dentistry: Visualization and Analysis of Knowledge of the Most Cited Articles.","authors":"Ana Paula de Andrade Silva, Zuleni Alexandre da Silva, Wallacy Watson Pereira Melo, Rafael Rodrigues Lima, Renata Duarte de Souza-Rodrigues","doi":"10.1089/photob.2025.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/photob.2025.0004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Objective:</i></b> The aim of this study was to map and analyze the 20 most cited articles on the use of photobiomodulation (PBM) in different areas of dentistry. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> To this end, in June 2024, a search was carried out in the main Web of Science Core Collection for the most cited articles in the following areas: implantology, oral surgery, restorative dentistry, temporomandibular dysfunction and orofacial pain, oral pathology and stomatology, orthodontics, and periodontics. There were no restrictions regarding the year, type of study, and language of publication. From the resulting search, the 20 most cited articles were selected in descending order in each of the cited areas. Information such as authors, number of citations, country of origin of the corresponding author, keywords, study design, year of publication, type of laser used, wavelength, power, and total irradiation time were extracted. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The results demonstrated that some characteristics were repeated in the various areas analyzed, such as the fact that Brazil was the country with the largest number of publications; the period between 2012 and 2016 presented the largest number of published articles; the type of laser used in the vast majority of studies was gallium-aluminum arsenide, while the most referenced power and wavelength were 0.25-99 mW and infrared (780-980 nm), respectively. The other bibliometric data varied greatly between areas. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Thus, it was observed that PBM is a resource widely used in dentistry and that different protocols are used depending on the specialty, the tissue to be irradiated, and the purpose of the application.</p>","PeriodicalId":94169,"journal":{"name":"Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery","volume":"43 5","pages":"177-189"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144045536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Use of Ablative Nonfractional CO₂ Laser for the Treatment of Periocular Lesions: A Retrospective Study.","authors":"Elena Zappia, Chiara Del Re, Giulia Montuoro, Giovanni Cannarozzo, Luigi Bennardo, Irene Fusco, Tiziano Zingoni, Antonella Tammaro, Steven Paul Nisticò","doi":"10.1089/photob.2025.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/photob.2025.0012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> In the eyelid region numerous lesions can develop, spanning from cosmetic imperfections to benign tumors and extending to inflammatory and precancerous lesions. <b><i>Aim:</i></b> This study aimed to treat benign periocular lesions with a CO₂ laser and assess the effectiveness, the number of sessions required for resolution, and any potential side effects after the procedure. <b><i>Materials and Methods:</i></b> All patients were treated with a nonfractional ablative CO₂ laser. The last evaluation and follow-up visit took place 2 months after the previous operation, with the clinical goal being the complete removal of the lesion. Before the first session and immediately afterward, clinical photographic documentation was completed, and it was done again 2 months after the final session. Patients were rated on a 4-point scale: none, mild, moderate, or severe. <b><i>Results:</i></b> A total of 715 patients were registered with different palpebral pathologies, all of whom showed good to excellent results with either no or mild adverse reactions. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> CO₂ laser is effective and well tolerated to treat periocular lesions, despite the sensitivity of this region.</p>","PeriodicalId":94169,"journal":{"name":"Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery","volume":"43 5","pages":"207-214"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144059627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Repetitive Transcranial Photobiomodulation Improves Working Memory and Attention in Adults with ADHD: A 4-Week Follow-Up Study.","authors":"Qing-Juan Lai, Ying Chen, Lu Liu, Hai-Mei Li, Mei-Rong Pan, Yu-Feng Wang, Hai-Jing Niu, Qiu-Jin Qian","doi":"10.1089/photob.2025.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/photob.2025.0008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> Working memory (WM) impairments and inattention symptoms are prevalent among adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM) is a promising brain stimulation technique that may enhance cognitive function among adults with ADHD. <b><i>Objectives:</i></b> We aimed to explore the effects of tPBM on improving N-back WM and Continuous Performance Test-Identical Pairs (CPT-IP) attention tasks in adults with ADHD, as well as its baseline predictive factors. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Forty-eight adults with ADHD underwent a 7-day tPBM intervention (720 s daily, 1064-nm wavelength, 250 mW/cm² irradiance). Participants completed the N-back (1-back, 2-back, 3-back) WM, and CPT-IP (cpt-2, cpt-3, cpt-4) attention tasks at baseline (T1), after the first (T2), and seventh (T3) interventions, and during four weekly follow-ups (T4-T7). Safety was assessed using the Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale (TESS). <b><i>Results:</i></b> The participants showed significant improvements in the 2-back, 3-back, cpt-3, and cpt-4 tasks (all <i>p</i> < 0.001), with peak effect sizes observed at 2-3 weeks post-intervention (Cohen's d = 0.84-1.26). Lower baseline performance predicted greater improvement. The intervention was well-tolerated; three (6.3%) participants reported mild adverse events (TESS scores ≤2), all of which resolved spontaneously. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> tPBM is effective and well-tolerated for improving WM and attention in adults with ADHD, suggesting its potential use as a non-pharmacological approach for ADHD management.</p>","PeriodicalId":94169,"journal":{"name":"Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery","volume":"43 5","pages":"190-197"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144045018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Photomedicine.","authors":"Sepehr Fekrazad, Michael Hamblin, Reza Fekrazad","doi":"10.1089/photob.2024.0153","DOIUrl":"10.1089/photob.2024.0153","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":94169,"journal":{"name":"Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery","volume":" ","pages":"173-176"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143733709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Photobiomodulation on Periodontal Clinical Status of Patients with Cancer During Chemotherapy: A Randomized Clinical Trial.","authors":"Parsa Firoozi, Dara Ghaznavi, Reza Fekrazad","doi":"10.1089/photob.2024.0110","DOIUrl":"10.1089/photob.2024.0110","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Objective:</i></b> This interventional prospective double-blind randomized study investigated the adjunctive inflammation-modulatory effects of photobiomodulation therapy on the periodontal clinical parameters of patients undergoing chemotherapy. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Twenty diagnosed patients with cancer were enrolled in this split-mouth trial. Patients were randomized to implantation with either SRP alone in one quadrant or with five sessions of adjunctive photobiomodulation using a diode laser (density of energy = 2 J/cm² | wavelength = 635 nm | power = 50 mW | spot diameter = 4 mm | exposure time = 5 s | continuous mode) on the other quadrant. The gingiva was radiated buccally and lingually. The laser beam was positioned 3 mm vertically away from the gingival surface and at a right angle to it. Before chemotherapy, all participants were given oral hygiene training and received SRP. In the same session, the patient's baseline clinical measures were taken immediately after the beginning of one chemotherapy session, interventions for each side were started and clinical parameters including gingival index (GI), plaque index (PI), clinical attachment level (CAL), and pain/burning sensation after one chemotherapy session were obtained. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Regarding GI and PI, both control and test groups showed favorable results compared with baseline. However, the adjunctive photobiomodulation group outperformed the control group in one chemotherapy session regarding both abovementioned indices (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The photobiomodulation+scaling and root planing (SRP) group showed promising results in terms of gingival discomfort reduction and SRP alone was not effective. No significant effect was observed regarding CAL in both groups (<i>p</i> > 0.05). <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that photobiomodulation promotes gingival health and reduces PI and GI indices. Photobiomodulation also alleviates pain or burning in the gingiva. Accordingly, adjunctive photobiomodulation therapy may be suggested as a supplementary treatment in patients with cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":94169,"journal":{"name":"Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery","volume":" ","pages":"124-132"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143416401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shedding Light on the Therapeutic Efficiency of Oxygen-Releasing Gel and Photodynamic Therapy as Adjuvants in the Treatment of Experimental Periodontitis.","authors":"Valdir Gouveia Garcia, Daniela Maria Janjácomo Miessi, Tiago Esgalha da Rocha, Natália Amanda Gomes, João Victor Soares Rodrigues, Edilson Ervolino, Rubens Moreno de Freitas, Mark Wainwright, Rafael Scaf de Molon, Letícia Helena Theodoro","doi":"10.1089/photob.2024.0083","DOIUrl":"10.1089/photob.2024.0083","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Objectives:</i></b> We aimed to compare the effectiveness of oxygen-releasing gel (Blue®M [BM]) alone or associated with photodynamic therapy (PDT), after scaling and root planing (SRP), as adjuvants during the treatment of ligature-induced experimental periodontitis (EP). <b><i>Materials and Methods:</i></b> For this aim, Wistar rats underwent EP by placing a cotton ligature around the lower first molar. Ligatures were maintained for 7 days and were subsequently removed. Then, rats were arbitrarily allocated into five groups: EP group-untreated animals; SRP group-SRP followed by the application of saline; BM group-SRP followed by the application of BM gel (0.4 mL); PDT group-SRP followed by photosensitizer and low power laser irradiation (660 nm, 40mW, 60 s); and BM+PDT-SRP followed by BM and later PDT. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Treatment with BM, PDT, and BM+PDT groups at both 7 and 30 days resulted in decreased alveolar bone destruction compared with the EP and SRP groups. At 30 days, the PDT and BM+PDT groups enhanced the resolution of inflammation by decreasing the inflammatory infiltrate and increasing alveolar bone neoformation, as evidenced by increased immunostaining of osteocalcin, transforming growth factor beta 1, bone morphogenetic protein-2, and -4. The BM group showed positive effects regarding the inhibition of bone resorption and inflammation but was less effective when compared with the PDT group. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that PDT significantly reduces alveolar bone loss and enhances connective tissue repair. Treatment with BM gel alone also decreases bone loss and ameliorates the repair of periodontal tissues. However, combining BM with PDT appears to diminish the effects of PDT.</p>","PeriodicalId":94169,"journal":{"name":"Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery","volume":" ","pages":"159-172"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143652914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}