ImmunoHorizons最新文献_第6页

GSK3α/β Restrain IFN-γ-Inducible Costimulatory Molecule Expression in Alveolar Macrophages, Limiting CD4+ T Cell Activation. GSK3α/β 可抑制肺泡巨噬细胞中 IFN-γ 诱导性成本调控分子的表达，从而限制 CD4+ T 细胞的活化。

ImmunoHorizons Pub Date : 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2300107

Laurisa M Ankley, Kayla N Conner, Taryn E Vielma, Jared J Godfrey, Mahima Thapa, Andrew J Olive

{"title":"GSK3α/β Restrain IFN-γ-Inducible Costimulatory Molecule Expression in Alveolar Macrophages, Limiting CD4+ T Cell Activation.","authors":"Laurisa M Ankley, Kayla N Conner, Taryn E Vielma, Jared J Godfrey, Mahima Thapa, Andrew J Olive","doi":"10.4049/immunohorizons.2300107","DOIUrl":"10.4049/immunohorizons.2300107","url":null,"abstract":"Macrophages play a crucial role in eliminating respiratory pathogens. Both pulmonary resident alveolar macrophages (AMs) and recruited macrophages contribute to detecting, responding to, and resolving infections in the lungs. Despite their distinct functions, it remains unclear how these macrophage subsets regulate their responses to infection, including how activation by the cytokine IFN-γ is regulated. This shortcoming prevents the development of therapeutics that effectively target distinct lung macrophage populations without exacerbating inflammation. We aimed to better understand the transcriptional regulation of resting and IFN-γ-activated cells using a new ex vivo model of AMs from mice, fetal liver-derived alveolar-like macrophages (FLAMs), and immortalized bone marrow-derived macrophages. Our findings reveal that IFN-γ robustly activates both macrophage types; however, the profile of activated IFN-γ-stimulated genes varies greatly between these cell types. Notably, FLAMs show limited expression of costimulatory markers essential for T cell activation upon stimulation with only IFN-γ. To understand cell type-specific differences, we examined how the inhibition of the regulatory kinases GSK3α/β alters the IFN-γ response. GSK3α/β controlled distinct IFN-γ responses, and in AM-like cells, we found that GSK3α/β restrained the induction of type I IFN and TNF, thus preventing the robust expression of costimulatory molecules and limiting CD4+ T cell activation. Together, these data suggest that the capacity of AMs to respond to IFN-γ is restricted in a GSK3α/β-dependent manner and that IFN-γ responses differ across distinct macrophage populations. These findings lay the groundwork to identify new therapeutic targets that activate protective pulmonary responses without driving deleterious inflammation.","PeriodicalId":94037,"journal":{"name":"ImmunoHorizons","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10916365/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139725449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

TCDD and CH223191 Alter T Cell Balance but Fail to Induce Anti-Inflammatory Response in Adult Lupus Mice. TCDD 和 CH223191 可改变 T 细胞平衡，但不能诱导成年狼疮小鼠的抗炎反应。

ImmunoHorizons Pub Date : 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2300023

Fernando Gutierrez, Quiyana M Murphy, Brianna K Swartwout, Kaitlin A Read, Michael R Edwards, Leila Abdelhamid, Xavier Cabana-Puig, James C Testerman, Tian Xu, Ran Lu, Pavly Amin, Thomas E Cecere, Christopher M Reilly, Kenneth J Oestreich, Stanca M Ciupe, Xin M Luo

{"title":"TCDD and CH223191 Alter T Cell Balance but Fail to Induce Anti-Inflammatory Response in Adult Lupus Mice.","authors":"Fernando Gutierrez, Quiyana M Murphy, Brianna K Swartwout, Kaitlin A Read, Michael R Edwards, Leila Abdelhamid, Xavier Cabana-Puig, James C Testerman, Tian Xu, Ran Lu, Pavly Amin, Thomas E Cecere, Christopher M Reilly, Kenneth J Oestreich, Stanca M Ciupe, Xin M Luo","doi":"10.4049/immunohorizons.2300023","DOIUrl":"10.4049/immunohorizons.2300023","url":null,"abstract":"Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) responds to endogenous and exogenous ligands as a cytosolic receptor, transcription factor, and E3 ubiquitin ligase. Several studies support an anti-inflammatory effect of AhR activation. However, exposure to the AhR agonist 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) during early stages of development results in an autoimmune phenotype and exacerbates lupus. The effects of TCDD on lupus in adults with pre-existing autoimmunity have not been described. We present novel evidence that AhR stimulation by TCDD alters T cell responses but fails to impact lupus-like disease using an adult mouse model. Interestingly, AhR antagonist CH223191 also changed T cell balance in our model. We next developed a conceptual framework for identifying cellular and molecular factors that contribute to physiological outcomes in lupus and created models that describe cytokine dynamics that were fed into a system of differential equations to predict the kinetics of T follicular helper (Tfh) and regulatory T (Treg) cell populations. The model predicted that Tfh cells expanded to larger values following TCDD exposure compared with vehicle and CH223191. Following the initial elevation, both Tfh and Treg cell populations continuously decayed over time. A function based on the ratio of predicted Treg/Tfh cells showed that Treg cells exceed Tfh cells in all groups, with TCDD and CH223191 showing lower Treg/Tfh cell ratios than the vehicle and that the ratio is relatively constant over time. We conclude that AhR ligands did not induce an anti-inflammatory response to attenuate autoimmunity in adult lupus mice. This study challenges the dogma that TCDD supports an immunosuppressive phenotype.","PeriodicalId":94037,"journal":{"name":"ImmunoHorizons","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10916358/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139731250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Noninvasive Method to Sample Immune Cells in the Lower Female Genital Tract Using Menstrual Discs. 利用月经盘对女性下生殖道免疫细胞进行采样的无创方法

ImmunoHorizons Pub Date : 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2300105

M Quinn Peters, Eva Domenjo-Vila, Marc Carlson, Blair Armistead, Paul T Edlefsen, Melanie Gasper, Smritee Dabee, Christopher Whidbey, Heather B Jaspan, Martin Prlic, Whitney E Harrington

{"title":"A Noninvasive Method to Sample Immune Cells in the Lower Female Genital Tract Using Menstrual Discs.","authors":"M Quinn Peters, Eva Domenjo-Vila, Marc Carlson, Blair Armistead, Paul T Edlefsen, Melanie Gasper, Smritee Dabee, Christopher Whidbey, Heather B Jaspan, Martin Prlic, Whitney E Harrington","doi":"10.4049/immunohorizons.2300105","DOIUrl":"10.4049/immunohorizons.2300105","url":null,"abstract":"T cells in the human female genital tract (FGT) are key mediators of susceptibility to and protection from infection, including HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. There is a critical need for increased understanding of the distribution and activation of T cell populations in the FGT, but current sampling methods require a healthcare provider and are expensive, limiting the ability to study these populations longitudinally. To address these challenges, we have developed a method to sample immune cells from the FGT utilizing disposable menstrual discs which are noninvasive, self-applied, and low in cost. To demonstrate reproducibility, we sampled the cervicovaginal fluid of healthy, reproductive-aged individuals using menstrual discs across 3 sequential days. Cervicovaginal fluid was processed for cervicovaginal cells, and high-parameter flow cytometry was used to characterize immune populations. We identified large numbers of live, CD45+ leukocytes, as well as distinct populations of T cells and B cells. Within the T cell compartment, activation and suppression status of T cell subsets were consistent with previous studies of the FGT utilizing current approaches, including identification of both tissue-resident and migratory populations. In addition, the T cell population structure was highly conserved across days within individuals but divergent across individuals. Our approach to sample immune cells in the FGT with menstrual discs will decrease barriers to participation and empower longitudinal sampling in future research studies.","PeriodicalId":94037,"journal":{"name":"ImmunoHorizons","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10916362/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139934693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Investigating the Antibody Imprinting Hypothesis among Canadian Paramedics after SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant Circulation. 调查 SARS-CoV-2 Omicron 变体传播后加拿大辅助医务人员的抗体印记假说。

ImmunoHorizons Pub Date : 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2400010

Michael Asamoah-Boaheng, Brian Grunau, Mohammad Ehsanul Karim, Iryna Kayda, Justin Yap, Katherine Bessai, David M Goldfarb

引用次数: 0

Phosphorylation of hnRNP A1-Serine 199 Is Not Required for T Cell Differentiation and Function. hnRNP A1-丝氨酸 199 的磷酸化不是 T 细胞分化和功能所必需的。

ImmunoHorizons Pub Date : 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2300074

Tristan L A White, Ye Jin, Sean D A Roberts, Matthew J Gable, Penelope A Morel

{"title":"Phosphorylation of hnRNP A1-Serine 199 Is Not Required for T Cell Differentiation and Function.","authors":"Tristan L A White, Ye Jin, Sean D A Roberts, Matthew J Gable, Penelope A Morel","doi":"10.4049/immunohorizons.2300074","DOIUrl":"10.4049/immunohorizons.2300074","url":null,"abstract":"hnRNP A1 is an important RNA-binding protein that influences many stages of RNA processing, including transcription, alternative splicing, mRNA nuclear export, and RNA stability. However, the role of hnRNP A1 in immune cells, specifically CD4+ T cells, remains unclear. We previously showed that Akt phosphorylation of hnRNP A1 was dependent on TCR signal strength and was associated with Treg differentiation. To explore the impact of hnRNP A1 phosphorylation by Akt on CD4+ T cell differentiation, our laboratory generated a mutant mouse model, hnRNP A1-S199A (A1-MUT) in which the major Akt phosphorylation site on hnRNP A1 was mutated to alanine using CRISPR Cas9 technology. Immune profiling of A1-MUT mice revealed changes in the numbers of Tregs in the mesenteric lymph node. We found no significant differences in naive CD4+ T cell differentiation into Th1, Th2, Th17, or T regulatory cells (Tregs) in vitro. In vivo, Treg differentiation assays using OTII-A1-Mut CD4+ T cells exposed to OVA food revealed migration and homing defects in the A1-MUT but no change in Treg induction. A1-MUT mice were immunized with NP- keyhole limpet hemocyanin, and normal germinal center development, normal numbers of NP-specific B cells, and no change in Tfh numbers were observed. In conclusion, Akt phosphorylation of hnRNP A1 S199 does not play a role in CD4+ T cell fate or function in the models tested. This hnRNP A1-S199A mouse model should be a valuable tool to study the role of Akt phosphorylation of hnRNP A1-S199 in different cell types or other mouse models of human disease.","PeriodicalId":94037,"journal":{"name":"ImmunoHorizons","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10916359/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139708871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

B-1a Cells, but Not Marginal Zone B Cells, Are Implicated in the Accumulation of Autoreactive Plasma Cells in Lyn-/- Mice. B-1a细胞而非边缘区B细胞参与了Lyn-/-小鼠自反应性浆细胞的积累

ImmunoHorizons Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2300089

Kristina Ottens, Jalyn Schneider, Anne B Satterthwaite

引用次数: 0

LNCGM1082 in Gut Epithelial Cells Promotes Expulsion of Infected Epithelial Cells and Release of IL-18. 肠道上皮细胞中的 LNCGM1082 可促进受感染上皮细胞的排出和 IL-18 的释放。

ImmunoHorizons Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2300110

Ya Wang, Yunhuan Gao, Xiaomin Su, Yang Hao, Yuan Zhang, Rongcun Yang

{"title":"LNCGM1082 in Gut Epithelial Cells Promotes Expulsion of Infected Epithelial Cells and Release of IL-18.","authors":"Ya Wang, Yunhuan Gao, Xiaomin Su, Yang Hao, Yuan Zhang, Rongcun Yang","doi":"10.4049/immunohorizons.2300110","DOIUrl":"10.4049/immunohorizons.2300110","url":null,"abstract":"Inflammasome NLRC4 (NLR family CARD domain containing 4) can protect mucosal barriers such as intestine from invading bacterial pathogens. However, it was incompletely clear how NLRC4 was activated in intestinal epithelial cells. In this study, we demonstrated that LNCGM1082 could mediate the activation of NLRC4 via binding NLRC4 with protein kinase C (PKC)δ. LNCGM1082 knockout (KO) mice had reduced resistance against Salmonella Typhimurium infection, as well as impaired expulsion of infected gut epithelial cells and release of IL-18 upon exposure to S. Typhimurium. Similar to NLRC4 KO and PKCδ knockdown gut organoids, there also was impaired expulsion of gut epithelial cells and release of IL-18 in LNCGM1082 KO gut organoids. Furthermore, there also was reduced activation of caspase-1 and caspase-8 in these LNCGM1082 KO, NLRC4 KO, and PKCδ knockdown gut organoids upon exposure to S. Typhimurium. Our results show that LNCGM1082 in the ICEs plays a critical role in mediating activation of NLRC4 through binding NLRC4 and PKCδ and promoting expulsion of infected epithelial cells and release of IL-18 upon exposure to bacteria such as S. Typhimurium.","PeriodicalId":94037,"journal":{"name":"ImmunoHorizons","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10835649/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139378950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

CTLA-4 Checkpoint Inhibition Improves Sepsis Survival in Alcohol-Exposed Mice. CTLA-4 检查点抑制可提高酒精暴露小鼠的败血症存活率

ImmunoHorizons Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2300060

Cameron W Paterson, Katherine T Fay, Ching-Wen Chen, Nathan J Klingensmith, Melissa B Gutierrez, Zhe Liang, Craig M Coopersmith, Mandy L Ford

{"title":"CTLA-4 Checkpoint Inhibition Improves Sepsis Survival in Alcohol-Exposed Mice.","authors":"Cameron W Paterson, Katherine T Fay, Ching-Wen Chen, Nathan J Klingensmith, Melissa B Gutierrez, Zhe Liang, Craig M Coopersmith, Mandy L Ford","doi":"10.4049/immunohorizons.2300060","DOIUrl":"10.4049/immunohorizons.2300060","url":null,"abstract":"Chronic alcohol use increases morbidity and mortality in the setting of sepsis. Both chronic alcohol use and sepsis are characterized by immune dysregulation, including overexpression of T cell coinhibitory molecules. We sought to characterize the role of CTLA-4 during sepsis in the setting of chronic alcohol exposure using a murine model of chronic alcohol ingestion followed by cecal ligation and puncture. Results indicated that CTLA-4 expression is increased on CD4+ T cells isolated from alcohol-drinking septic mice as compared with either alcohol-drinking sham controls or water-drinking septic mice. Moreover, checkpoint inhibition of CTLA-4 improved sepsis survival in alcohol-drinking septic mice, but not water-drinking septic mice. Interrogation of the T cell compartments in these animals following pharmacologic CTLA-4 blockade, as well as following conditional Ctla4 deletion in CD4+ T cells, revealed that CTLA-4 deficiency promoted the activation and proliferation of effector regulatory T cells and the generation of conventional effector memory CD4+ T cells. These data highlight an important role for CTLA-4 in mediating mortality during sepsis in the setting of chronic alcohol exposure and may inform future approaches to develop targeted therapies for this patient population.","PeriodicalId":94037,"journal":{"name":"ImmunoHorizons","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10835704/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139473040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Antibody Response to the Sneathia vaginalis Cytopathogenic Toxin A during Pregnancy. 孕期对阴道鼻疽细胞致病毒素 A 的抗体反应

ImmunoHorizons Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2400001

Zion T McCoy, Myrna G Serrano, Laahirie Edupuganti, Katherine M Spaine, David J Edwards, Gregory A Buck, Kimberly K Jefferson

{"title":"Antibody Response to the Sneathia vaginalis Cytopathogenic Toxin A during Pregnancy.","authors":"Zion T McCoy, Myrna G Serrano, Laahirie Edupuganti, Katherine M Spaine, David J Edwards, Gregory A Buck, Kimberly K Jefferson","doi":"10.4049/immunohorizons.2400001","DOIUrl":"10.4049/immunohorizons.2400001","url":null,"abstract":"Sneathia vaginalis is a Gram-negative vaginal species that is associated with pregnancy complications. It produces cytopathogenic toxin A (CptA), a pore-forming toxin. To determine whether CptA is expressed in vivo and to examine the mucosal Ab response to the toxin, we examined human midvaginal swab samples obtained during pregnancy for IgM, IgA, and IgG Abs with CptA affinity. This subcohort study included samples from 93 pregnant people. S. vaginalis relative abundance was available through 16S rRNA survey. There were 22 samples from pregnancies that resulted in preterm birth in which S. vaginalis relative abundance was <0.005%, 22 samples from pregnancies that resulted in preterm birth with S. vaginalis ≥0.005%, 24 samples from pregnancies that resulted in term birth with S. vaginalis <0.005%, and 25 samples from pregnancies that resulted in term birth with S. vaginalis ≥0.005%. IgM, IgA, and IgG with affinity for CptA were assessed by ELISA. The capacity for the samples to neutralize CptA was quantified by hemolysis assay. All three Ab isotypes were detectable within different subsets of the samples. There was no significant association between relative abundance of S. vaginalis and the presence of any Ab isotype. The majority of vaginal swab samples containing detectable levels of anti-CptA Abs neutralized the hemolytic activity of CptA, with the strongest correlation between IgA and neutralizing activity. These results demonstrate that S. vaginalis produces CptA in vivo and that CptA is recognized by the host immune defenses, resulting in the production of Abs with toxin-neutralizing ability.","PeriodicalId":94037,"journal":{"name":"ImmunoHorizons","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10832334/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139565300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Assessment of the Effectiveness of Team-based Learning Activities on Learning Outcomes in the Undergraduate Immunology Classroom. 团队学习活动对本科免疫学课堂学习成果的效果评估。

ImmunoHorizons Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2300073

Joshua J Baty, Heather A Bruns

{"title":"Assessment of the Effectiveness of Team-based Learning Activities on Learning Outcomes in the Undergraduate Immunology Classroom.","authors":"Joshua J Baty, Heather A Bruns","doi":"10.4049/immunohorizons.2300073","DOIUrl":"10.4049/immunohorizons.2300073","url":null,"abstract":"Immunology is inherently interdisciplinary. Understanding how the immune system functions requires knowledge from several scientific disciplines, including molecular biology, cellular biology, genetics, and biochemistry. Furthermore, immunology is conceptually complex, requiring the identification of a plethora of immune components and mastery of a large volume of new vocabulary. These attributes can pose challenges to student learning in the undergraduate immunology classroom. Team-based learning (TBL) is a pedagogical method used to increase student engagement in learning, improve student collaboration, and develop communication skills. In a variety of educational settings, TBL activities have been shown to foster a deeper understanding of complex topics, increase student confidence in course content, and improve learning outcomes. In this study, we examined differences in the impact of traditional lecture versus TBL activities on student learning outcomes for four different topics presented in an undergraduate adaptive immunity course composed largely of academically high-performing students. We matched content across two student cohorts, delivered via team-based learning methodology (T cell development and Ab-mediated functions) and traditional lecture (B cell development and T cell effector functions). Student learning was assessed using content questions across a range of Bloom's taxonomy levels, which demonstrated that the TBL activities did not improve examination performance over lecture-based learning in this course. However, students found this learning tool to be valuable, indicating that the TBL activities assisted with preparation for examinations and provided a necessary opportunity to address misconceptions.","PeriodicalId":94037,"journal":{"name":"ImmunoHorizons","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10835648/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139514336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0