ImmunoHorizons最新文献

{"title":"Sustained monocyte activation by persistent challenges with either oxLDL or free cholesterol and underlying mechanisms.","authors":"Yajun Wu, Shuo Geng, Grace Atkinson, Blake Caldwell, Jing Wang, Liwu Li","doi":"10.1093/immhor/vlag005","DOIUrl":"10.1093/immhor/vlag005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chronic low-grade inflammation is a hallmark of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases, with monocytes playing a central role in sustaining this pathological state. In this study, we demonstrate that prolonged exposure to oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) or cholesterol reprograms murine bone marrow-derived monocytes into a persistent pro-inflammatory phenotype. This is characterized by elevated surface markers (CD49d, CD74, CD38, CD86), enhanced endothelial and T cell interactions, and sustained activation of the Src-SYK-mTORC1-STAT3/5 signaling axis. Notably, the inflammatory state persisted even after stimulus withdrawal, suggesting the establishment of an immune memory-like phenotype. Mechanistically, we defined the membrane clustering of Src is responsible for the generation of intra-cellular stress signaling and sustained monocyte activation, which can be alleviated by the administration of fumagillin, a selective inhibitor of protein myristoylation and Src membrane clustering. Our findings uncover mechanistic insights into the generation of sustained monocyte low-grade inflammatory memory and pinpoint potential therapeutic strategies in erasing low-grade inflammation related to chronic diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":94037,"journal":{"name":"ImmunoHorizons","volume":"10 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12929915/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147277658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Longitudinal profiling of antigen receptor gene repertoire dynamics in kidney transplant recipients after multiple SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations.","authors":"Antonios Mingos, Nikolaos Pechlivanis, Georgios Karakatsoulis, Anastasia Anastasiadou, Glykeria Gkoliou, Nikolaos Vastarouchas, Alexandra Siorenta, Smaragdi Marinaki, Paraskevi Tsoutsoura, Myrto Papamentzelopoulou, Vassiliki Pitiriga, Mina Psichogiou, Angelos Hatzakis, Kostas Stamatopoulos, Elisavet Vlachonikola, Anastasia Chatzidimitriou","doi":"10.1093/immhor/vlag004","DOIUrl":"10.1093/immhor/vlag004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) exhibit impaired immune responses to vaccination against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus, remaining vulnerable to severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) even after multiple vaccine doses. We hypothesized that repeated SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations in KTRs might promote remodeling of the adaptive immune repertoire. In order to address this hypothesis and gain insight into adaptive immune dynamics in this population, we employed next-generation sequencing (NGS) to determine longitudinal alterations in immunoglobulin (IG) and T cell receptor (TR) gene repertoires following multiple mRNA vaccinations and functional experiments to assess lymphocyte signaling capacity. TR gene repertoire analysis revealed increased diversity and reduced clonality after booster immunizations, indicative of substantial repertoire renewal. Although the relative frequency of SARS-CoV-2-specific TR clonotypes remained stable over time, significant shifts in TRBV gene usage reflected dynamic reshaping of the TR clonal architecture. Parallel IG gene repertoire profiling demonstrated increased diversity and limited oligoclonal expansions after booster mRNA vaccination. These changes were accompanied by elevated levels of somatic hypermutation in IG clonotypes similar to published SARS-CoV-2-specific clonotypes, suggestive of more efficient humoral responses following repeated antigenic exposure. Phospho-specific flow cytometry analysis revealed initially diminished B cell receptor signaling, which was restored following multiple immunizations, consistent with reversal of B cell anergy status. Altogether, our findings support the notion that repeated SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations drive the remodeling of cellular and humoral immune landscapes in KTRs. These results underscore the importance of tailored vaccination strategies to optimize immune protection in immunocompromised individuals.</p>","PeriodicalId":94037,"journal":{"name":"ImmunoHorizons","volume":"10 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12925320/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147273597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Consequences of the perivascular niche remodeling for tumoricidal T-cell trafficking into metastasis of ovarian cancer.","authors":"Marta Winkler, Nemi Malhotra, Anna Mistarz, Sophie Wang, Alan Hutson, Andrea Gambotto, Scott I Abrams, Prashant K Singh, Song Liu, Kunle O Odunsi, Jianmin Wang, Danuta Kozbor","doi":"10.1093/immhor/vlaf084","DOIUrl":"10.1093/immhor/vlaf084","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aberrant angiogenesis in ovarian cancer (OC), driven by excessive vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and other proangiogenic mediators, gives rise to structurally and functionally abnormal tumor vasculature that hinders effective T-cell infiltration. To overcome these barriers, we investigated how modulation of the perivascular niche influences antitumor T-cell trafficking and function in OC. T cells expressing a rearranged TCR transgene specific for SV40 T antigen (TAG) were adoptively transferred into TAG+ MOVCAR 5009 ovarian tumor-bearing SCID mice or syngeneic TgMISIIR-TAg-Low transgenic mice, which express TAG as a self-antigen in the fallopian tube epithelium. Transfers were performed either alone or following treatment with an oncolytic vaccinia virus expressing a CXCR4 antagonist (OV-CXCR4-A) or a control virus (OV-Fc). Compared with OV-Fc, OV-CXCR4-A treatment remodeled the tumor vasculature, inhibited recruitment of VEGF-producing myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and disrupted the proangiogenic microenvironment. These changes enhanced infiltration of adoptively transferred TCRTAG T cells within the perivascular niche, correlating with improved antitumor activity and survival. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that CXCR4 blockade-mediated reprogramming of the perivascular tumor microenvironment promotes effective T-cell trafficking and function, providing a mechanistic rationale for combining oncolytic virotherapy with adoptive cell transfer in OC.</p>","PeriodicalId":94037,"journal":{"name":"ImmunoHorizons","volume":"10 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12900543/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146183939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A method to unravel complexity in human peripheral blood B-cell subsets through multiomic cellular indexing of transcriptomes and epitopes by sequencing (CITE-seq) analyses.","authors":"Nathan J Meinhardt, Anthony J Veltri, Cody J Gurski, Sophia M Valenti, Bonnie N Dittel","doi":"10.1093/immhor/vlaf088","DOIUrl":"10.1093/immhor/vlaf088","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Classifying heterogeneous human B cells into discrete subsets based on surface phenotype alone remains a major challenge. We discovered a mouse splenic IgM+IgDlow/- B-cell subset (BDL) that induces proliferation of CD4+Foxp3+ T regulatory cells, making them a therapeutic target for autoimmunity. Because they are rare and lack sufficient cell surface markers, a multiomics strategy is required to identify and track them in humans. The lack of correlation between mRNA expression levels and cell surface expression is a drawback to a transcriptome-only single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) approach because \"novel\" cell populations identified by surface protein transcripts may prove impossible to validate. To that end, a method was developed using human peripheral blood (PB) IgM+IgDlow/- B cells as a surrogate. A flow cytometry gating scheme (CD27 vs IgD and CD24 vs CD38) capturing all major human PB B-cell subsets was utilized. CD19+IgM+IgDlow/- PB B cells were tagged with the 4 markers using cellular indexing of transcriptomes and epitopes by sequencing. Biaxial plots similar to flow cytometry were used to identify naïve, immature, and memory B cells, and then confirmed with scRNA-seq. These studies using a multiomic workflow allowed the identification of IgM+IgDlow/- B-cell subsets by cell surface expression that could subsequently be analyzed for unique transcriptional profiles.</p>","PeriodicalId":94037,"journal":{"name":"ImmunoHorizons","volume":"10 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12900538/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146184002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expression of ultralong complementarity determining region 3 and development of IgM and IgG B cell receptor repertoires in Holstein heifer calves.","authors":"Tess E Altvater-Hughes, Harold P Hodgins, Douglas C Hodgins, Cathy A Bauman, Bonnie A Mallard","doi":"10.1093/immhor/vlaf079","DOIUrl":"10.1093/immhor/vlaf079","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There are currently knowledge gaps regarding the development of the bovine B cell repertoire especially for cells expressing B cell receptors with heavy chain ultralong complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3). The objective of this study was to assess percentages of B cells with ultralong CDR3s, and immunoglobulin heavy chain gene usage in Holstein calves from birth to 10 mo of age. Blood was collected from 7 heifer calves on the following days of life: 0 (prior to ingestion of colostrum), 2 (after colostrum ingestion), 42, 56, 90, and 285. IgM+ and IgG+ B cells were collected using magnetic-bead separation. RNA was extracted, cDNA was produced, and IgM and IgG sequences were amplified using polymerase chain reactions. Amplicons were sequenced using long-read Oxford Nanopore sequencing on R10.4 flow cells. Differences in the percentages of B cells with ultralong CDR3s were assessed using non-parametric Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. The mean percentage of productive IgM ultralong CDR3 sequences at birth was 3.27%, which decreased by day 42 and remained low until there was a significant increase between day 90 and ∼day 285 (5.68% ± 1.51 standard error of the mean, P = 0.03). The mean percentage of productive IgG ultralong CDR3 sequences was low at birth (0.89%) and remained low until there was a significant increase between day 90 and ∼day 285 (6.86% ± 0.99, P = 0.03). These increases in the percentages of sequences with ultralong CDR3 may be indicative of increased antigenic exposure and concurrent maturation of immune functionality.</p>","PeriodicalId":94037,"journal":{"name":"ImmunoHorizons","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12857222/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146055807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Harnessing the microbiome to regulate myeloid TREM2 expression and innate immune responses.","authors":"Saki Mihori, Frank C Nichols, Evan R Jellison, Christopher N Blesso, Vincent Graziano, Vijay Rathinam, Robert B Clark","doi":"10.1093/immhor/vlaf073","DOIUrl":"10.1093/immhor/vlaf073","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The composition of the gastrointestinal microbiome is correlated with numerous immune-mediated systemic diseases, but underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In murine studies, we recently identified microbiome Bacteroidota-derived bacterial molecules, serine-glycine lipodipeptides (S/G lipids), as mediators of microbiome-systemic innate immune system crosstalk. By altering microbiome production of S/G lipids, we documented that proinflammatory responses of splenic monocytes could be regulated. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that this regulation occurred by modulating the mRNA levels of inhibitors of the TLR/NF-κB pathways such as Trem2. The present murine study had 2 goals: (1) to determine if our approach allows for modulation of activated innate immune cells, that is, macrophages rather than splenic monocytes, in a site of inflammation and (2) to document that our approach regulates cellular expression of the disease-relevant TLR/NF-κB pathway inhibitor, TREM2, at the protein level. We now report that decreasing microbiome-derived S/G lipid levels enhances proinflammatory responses and decreases expression of TREM2 in activated peritoneal macrophages (PMs). Furthermore, after lowering microbiome S/G lipid production, administering S/G lipids normalizes both PM proinflammatory responses and TREM2 expression. The harnessing of the microbiome and S/G lipids to modulate proinflammatory responses and TREM2 expression in activated innate immune cells suggests the therapeutic potential of this approach in inflammatory diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, atherosclerosis, autoimmunity and liver disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":94037,"journal":{"name":"ImmunoHorizons","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12768884/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145907156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Altered natural killer cell function in children with severe malaria.","authors":"Grace Turyasingura, Kagan A Mellencamp, Ruth Namazzi, Robert O Opoka, Chandy C John, Geoffrey T Hart","doi":"10.1093/immhor/vlaf070","DOIUrl":"10.1093/immhor/vlaf070","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Memory-like natural killer (NK) cells with enhanced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) have correlated with protection from uncomplicated malaria in prior studies. However, the role of NK cells in severe malaria (SM) has not been characterized. In Ugandan sites with moderate and low malaria transmission, we evaluated NK cell (CD56bright, CD56dim, CD56neg) phenotype and ADCC function by flow cytometry in children <5 years of age with SM (n = 21) and control community children (CC, n = 19). Children with SM had similar total NK cell counts to CC. Children with SM had a higher proportion of LILRB1+ NK cells than CC. The level of malaria transmission in an area was related to NK cell function. In the low malaria transmission area only, children with SM had a higher proportion than CC of NK cells that degranulated, whereas children with SM from both low and moderate malaria transmission areas had lower IFN-γ production than CC. We next evaluated functional Boolean gating for degranulation and IFN-γ production (CD107a+/IFN-γ-, CD107a-/IFN-γ+, and CD107a+/IFN-γ+) in relation to memory-like and checkpoint/exhaustion NK cell markers in low and moderate malaria transmission SM and CC groups. We found there was a significant increase in degranulating only NK cells (CD107a+, IFN-γ-) in children with SM compared to CC solely in the low malaria transmission area. However, there was a significant decrease in NK cells that produced IFN-γ but did not degranulate (CD107a-, IFN-γ+) in children with SM compared to CC in both low and moderate transmission areas. Our data reveal compound functional differences in NK cells among children with SM living in areas of low versus moderate malaria transmission; however, a consistent finding is reduced NK cell IFN-γ production in SM, regardless of transmission intensity.</p>","PeriodicalId":94037,"journal":{"name":"ImmunoHorizons","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12768885/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145907075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential CD27-CD70 interaction within adoptive T cells does not affect tumor antigen-specific T-cell immunotherapy.","authors":"Eswara Rao Puppala, Mohammad A Alzubi, Habeebat Aderonke Mustapha, Sayon Basu, Chang-Yong Choi, Long Wu, Xiaoxuan Fan, Xuefang Cao","doi":"10.1093/immhor/vlaf086","DOIUrl":"10.1093/immhor/vlaf086","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The CD27-CD70 pathway regulates T-cell activity either positively or negatively depending on the context of immune response. Typically, CD27 is known as a co-stimulatory receptor expressed on T cells while CD70 is the ligand expressed on antigen-presenting cells. Interestingly, CD70 is also expressed on T cells upon activation, raising an intriguing question about whether potential CD27-CD70 interaction within T cells affects T-cell response. To address this question in an antigen-specific adoptive T-cell model for tumor immunotherapy, we bred Pmel transgenic mice (JAX strain: 005023) with Cd70-/- mice to generate Pmel-Cd70-/- mice. We found that both CD27 and CD70 are expressed on Pmel T cells activated by GP100 antigen in vivo. Interestingly, T cells expressed CD27 protein at higher frequencies and higher levels in Pmel-Cd70-/- mice compared to Pmel mice with intact Cd70 gene, indicating CD27-CD70 reciprocal regulation. We inoculated Cd27-/-Cd70-/- mice with B16-F10 melanoma cells, then adoptively transferred Pmel versus Pmel-Cd70-/- T cells to compare their efficacy in controlling tumor growth. This unique system eliminates CD27-CD70-mediated interaction between host cells and adoptive T cells, allowing us to distinguish the impact of potential CD27-CD70 interaction within adoptive T cells. Our results showed that Pmel and Pmel-Cd70-/- T cells exhibited significant yet equivalent efficacy in inhibiting tumor growth, indicating that potential CD27-CD70 interaction within adoptive T cells does not affect T-cell immunotherapy in this tumor model. This work is informative for designing adoptive T-cell therapy for cancer treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":94037,"journal":{"name":"ImmunoHorizons","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12831927/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146055721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Peptide-adaptive NK cell memory in the absence of functional TCR genes.","authors":"Safyha Bryan, Gayani S Gamage, Sayanti Dey, Daniel Medina-Luna, Brendon D Parsons, Andrew P Makrigiannis","doi":"10.1093/immhor/vlaf083","DOIUrl":"10.1093/immhor/vlaf083","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Natural killer (NK) cells are a key component of the innate immune system and are specialized in the recognition and elimination of virally infected, tumor, and otherwise abnormal cells. However, multiple laboratories have shown that NK cells display exquisite MHC-I-dependent memory toward haptens, complex proteins, and peptides in mice lacking RAG proteins, which are devoid of both T cells and B cells but still have intact TCR genes, in addition to abnormal NK cell expansion and activation. Here, we show that the fine antigen specificity of memory NK cells persists in the absence of functional TCR genes. The ability of NK cells to mediate adaptive responses was evaluated using contact hypersensitivity (CHS) responses to chemical haptens and peptides in TCR-β-/-δ-/- mice. Peptide specificity and memory was maintained in these mice as shown by CHS after sensitization with multiple unrelated peptides individually or as a mixture. This was done in conjunction with depletion of key immune subsets including all NK cells, Ly49C/I+ NK cells, or B cells. In the absence of NK cells, and specifically Ly49C/I+ NK cells, TCR-β-/-δ-/- mice were unable to exhibit immunological memory responses, similar to what was previously reported for Rag1-/- mice. Furthermore, depleting B cells did not impact TCR-β-/-δ-/- mice's ability to exhibit adaptive immune responses. These findings highlight and reinforce the capability of NK cells to form adaptive memory responses to peptides in the presence or absence of T cells, and without the need for functional TCR genes.</p>","PeriodicalId":94037,"journal":{"name":"ImmunoHorizons","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12836415/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146069350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Making multiple comparisons easy: a decision tree and visual statistics guide for data with more than two groups.","authors":"Cody J Gurski, Bonnie N Dittel","doi":"10.1093/immhor/vlaf072","DOIUrl":"10.1093/immhor/vlaf072","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Many scientists learn during training to use analysis of variance (ANOVA) when comparing more than 2 groups, yet the principles and follow-up steps are often not well explained. This overview provides a practical guide for selecting appropriate multiple comparisons tests and for interpreting and presenting data accurately. While not exhaustive, it highlights commonly used approaches, many of which are available in GraphPad Prism, a widely used statistical program among cell and molecular biologists. The authors have no affiliation with Dotmatics, the distributor of GraphPad Prism, and this overview is not intended as an endorsement of the software.</p>","PeriodicalId":94037,"journal":{"name":"ImmunoHorizons","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12768886/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145907218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}