Kavan Zarei, Sarah Vreugde, W S P Robertson, Isabella Burdon, Peter-John Wormald, Oveis Pourmehran
{"title":"Magnetic drug targeting in post-operative human paranasal sinuses: a CFD-DPM study.","authors":"Kavan Zarei, Sarah Vreugde, W S P Robertson, Isabella Burdon, Peter-John Wormald, Oveis Pourmehran","doi":"10.1080/17425247.2026.2724067","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17425247.2026.2724067","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Topical drug delivery to the paranasal sinuses remains challenging in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), even after functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). This study evaluated magnetic drug targeting (MDT) for enhancing aerosolized drug delivery to post-operative sinuses.</p><p><strong>Research design and methods: </strong>A computational fluid dynamics-discrete phase model was developed using two patient-specific post-operative sinonasal geometries: frontal drill-out (FDO) and full-house FESS (FHFESS). Sixty-six simulations assessed the effects of magnetic field strength, magnetic nanoparticle volume fraction, and magnetic source position on particle deposition. The primary outcome was deposition efficiency in the frontal sinuses (FS) and left maxillary sinus (MSL).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A magnetic field of approximately 0.22 T increased FS deposition efficiency by up to 16-fold in the FDO model and 36-fold in the FHFESS model compared with non-magnetic conditions. Stronger fields caused premature nasal deposition. Increasing nanoparticle volume fraction reduced sinus deposition as particle inertia increased. In the MSL, selected magnetic configurations increased deposition efficiency by approximately 3-fold and 2.5-fold in the FDO and FHFESS models, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>MDT substantially improved post-operative sinonasal drug delivery when magnetic field strength, particle loading, and source placement were optimized. Limitations include the computational nature of the study and the use of two patient-specific geometries.</p>","PeriodicalId":94004,"journal":{"name":"Expert opinion on drug delivery","volume":" ","pages":"1911-1944"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148815100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daniel Giuliano Cerri, Luiz Henrique Mesquita, Fabíola Silva Praça, Sheila Sousa Gomes Fortes, Emanuel Carrilho, Maria Vitória Lopes Badra Bentley
{"title":"Bridging the gap: using organ-on-a-chip technology to evaluate nanoparticle enzyme replacement therapy for lysosomal storage diseases.","authors":"Daniel Giuliano Cerri, Luiz Henrique Mesquita, Fabíola Silva Praça, Sheila Sousa Gomes Fortes, Emanuel Carrilho, Maria Vitória Lopes Badra Bentley","doi":"10.1080/17425247.2026.2738648","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17425247.2026.2738648","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Development for lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) remains challenging because enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) exhibits limited tissue distribution and high immunogenicity. Although nanoparticle encapsulation can improve enzyme delivery, preclinical models inadequately predict human responses. Conventional in vitro assays lack continuous flow and physiological shear stress, potentially promoting artificial nanoparticle accumulation, whereas animal models often fail to reproduce human physiology. Organ-on-a-Chip (OoC) addresses these limitations by recreating in vivo conditions within microfluidic in vitro platforms, thereby supporting realistic cellular metabolism, growth, and intercellular communication. This review examines the potential of OoC platforms to advance nanoparticle-based ERT for LSDs.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>Engineered microchannels generate dynamic flow and shear stress, enabling assessment of nanoparticle-cell interactions, intracellular trafficking, tissue-barrier crossing, and other critical pharmacological parameters under physiopathologically relevant conditions. Literature published over the past twenty years was identified through PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Nanoparticle functionalization strategies for targeting tissues affected by LSDs and their incorporation into OoC models are also discussed.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>Despite major challenges, particularly the lack of methodological standardization, integrating OoC systems, patient-derived cells, and nanoparticle-based ERT could transform preclinical research, support personalized medicine, accelerate clinical translation, and help address persistent unmet therapeutic needs among patients with LSDs.</p>","PeriodicalId":94004,"journal":{"name":"Expert opinion on drug delivery","volume":" ","pages":"1-21"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149042829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cubosome-based skin delivery: from topical to transdermal applications.","authors":"Maxius Gunawan, Ahmad Efendi, Delly Ramadon, Celine Valeria Liew, Romchat Chutoprapat","doi":"10.1080/17425247.2026.2739504","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17425247.2026.2739504","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Skin delivery provides an alternative drug administration, although its effectiveness is limited by the stratum corneum barrier. Cubosomes, as third-generation lipid nanoparticles with bicontinuous cubic liquid crystalline structures, have emerged as promising nanocarriers that enhance skin penetration, sustain drug release, improve bioavailability, and minimize toxicity.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>This review discusses the biopharmaceutical mechanisms of cubosome-mediated skin delivery, including bioadhesion, stratum corneum lipid fluidization, controlled release, enhanced cellular uptake, and improved bioavailability. Literature from 2006-2026 was collected from Scopus, PubMed, and patent databases, covering localized applications such as dermatological disorders, wound healing, fungal infections, alopecia, inflammatory skin diseases, and oncology, as well as systemic therapies including rheumatoid arthritis, gout, diabetes mellitus, and hormone replacement therapy. Recent advances, including microneedle integration, thermosensitive hydrogels, stimuli-responsive systems, and surface-engineered cubosomes, are also highlighted.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>Cubosomes represent a promising platform for advanced skin delivery. Optimal performance depends on the therapeutic goal, with systemic delivery requiring enhanced permeation and sustained absorption, whereas localized therapy prioritizes intradermal retention and tissue depot formation with minimal systemic exposure. Despite strong preclinical evidence, further studies on long-term safety, manufacturing standardization, and clinical validation are essential for successful clinical translation and commercialization of cubosome-based skin delivery.</p>","PeriodicalId":94004,"journal":{"name":"Expert opinion on drug delivery","volume":" ","pages":"1-29"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149032271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Quercetin for diabetic retinopathy: from molecular targets to targeted delivery strategies.","authors":"Shikang Liu, Yingluan Wang, Dexin Liu, Yanxiu Qi","doi":"10.1080/17425247.2026.2735275","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17425247.2026.2735275","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of preventable vision loss, driven by coupled oxidative, inflammatory, neurodegenerative, and angiogenic injury; current anti-VEGF and laser therapies act mainly on the late vascular stage and leave the upstream injury largely untreated. Quercetin, a dietary flavonol, engages several of these pathogenic nodes at once, but its poor solubility, extensive first-pass metabolism, and the blood-retinal barrier limit retinal exposure.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>This review synthesizes the molecular pharmacology of quercetin in diabetic retinopathy, covering Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant activation, NLRP3/NF-κB anti-inflammation, VEGF-driven anti-angiogenesis, and neurovascular-unit preservation, alongside the nanocarrier strategies (polymeric and lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, and nanoemulsions) and ocular administration routes developed to overcome its bioavailability limits. Literature was identified by structured searches of PubMed, PubMed Central, and Web of Science from database inception to August 2026, combining terms for quercetin, diabetic retinopathy, and ocular or nanoparticle drug delivery, with reference lists of retrieved articles screened for additional sources.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>Mechanism and delivery have advanced in isolation. We argue that translation requires an integrated 'target-to-delivery' framework that specifies molecular target, disease stage, and carrier-route design together, supported by quantitative retinal-exposure data, standardized models, and formulation-specific clinical testing.</p>","PeriodicalId":94004,"journal":{"name":"Expert opinion on drug delivery","volume":" ","pages":"1-28"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148972802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Advancing breast cancer drug delivery with polymeric layer-by-layer core-shell particles.","authors":"Rui R Costa, Rui L Reis, Iva Pashkuleva","doi":"10.1080/17425247.2026.2726476","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17425247.2026.2726476","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Breast cancer is one of the most common forms of malignant neoplasms worldwide. Systemic and selective therapies exist but the heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment (TME) hinders their efficiency and contributes to the development of drug resistance.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>We discuss the opportunities offered by layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly toward engineering carriers for breast cancer therapy. The deposition of sequential molecular layers on nano- and micro- particles enables the development of systems with core-shell architecture. Such compartmentalized structure allows precise control of loading and distribution of drugs and targeting molecules within the carrier, thus permitting to tune the release profile and enhance targeting. The incorporation of materials that interact with TME components can further enhance the release at the tumor. Information was searched on PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Food and Drug Administration, European Medicines Agency and ClinicalTrials websites, focusing on breakthroughs achieved in the last 15 years.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>LbL core-shell systems are currently placed at preclinical stage. Concerns about therapeutic reproducibility in vivo and scalable manufacture should be addressed to advance into regulatory translation. In the long term, LbL carriers could progress beyond mainstream treatments against breast cancer by tackling less developed therapeutic paradigms, such as TME-associated immune therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":94004,"journal":{"name":"Expert opinion on drug delivery","volume":" ","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148842577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stefania Glieca, Martina Tambassi, Chiara Schianchi, Eride Quarta, Benedetta Bottari, Elena Bancalari, Annalisa Bianchera, Laura Mazzera, Erika Scaltriti, Susana Ecenarro Probst, Stefano Aliberti, Valentina Fainardi, Fabio Sonvico, Francesca Buttini
{"title":"<i>Lpb. plantarum</i> inhalation powders for the reduction of lung inflammation and <i>S. aureus</i> growth control in non-CF bronchiectasis.","authors":"Stefania Glieca, Martina Tambassi, Chiara Schianchi, Eride Quarta, Benedetta Bottari, Elena Bancalari, Annalisa Bianchera, Laura Mazzera, Erika Scaltriti, Susana Ecenarro Probst, Stefano Aliberti, Valentina Fainardi, Fabio Sonvico, Francesca Buttini","doi":"10.1080/17425247.2026.2727113","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17425247.2026.2727113","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The reduced diversity of the lung microbiome in respiratory conditions, including bronchiectasis, promotes bacterial infection and inflammation, contributing to worsening clinical outcomes. Traditional treatments often fail to address both infection and inflammation. Because of their potential dual-action, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) directly administered to the lungs could represent an innovative therapeutic approach for these diseases.</p><p><strong>Research design and methods: </strong>Two powders for inhalation containing <i>Lpb. plantarum</i>, lactose, l-leucine with and without raffinose, a prebiotic, were produced by spray drying and <i>in vitro</i> tested. The focus was on investigating their potential <i>in vitro</i> anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial activities against <i>S. aureus</i>.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The powders showed a fine particle fraction (<5 µm) of >40% and allowed the maintenance of anti -inflammatory activity <i>in vitro</i> for both treatment and prevention. Moreover, both powders led to a significant reduction in <i>S. aureus</i> growth. The stability study of the powders in capsules at different storage conditions showed the preservation of the LAB up to 90 days in refrigerated conditions (4°C/-20°C).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This proof-of-concept study shows that inhalable spray-dried live LABs retain biological activity and are suitable for pulmonary delivery, supporting their potential as a microbiota-modulating therapy, which, however, requires further preclinical validation.</p>","PeriodicalId":94004,"journal":{"name":"Expert opinion on drug delivery","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148857821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Vaginal drug delivery for precision therapy in polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome: emerging technologies, translational challenges and future perspectives.","authors":"Shailvi Shah, Ankit Parikh, Sanjay Garg, Tejal Mehta","doi":"10.1080/17425247.2026.2727678","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17425247.2026.2727678","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Polyendocrine Metabolic Ovarian Syndrome (PMOS) is an endocrine disorder characterized by metabolic dysfunction, hormonal imbalance, inflammation, and clinical manifestations. Current treatments, systemic drugs, may provide limited benefits because of adverse effects, variable efficacy, and poor adherence, highlighting the need for personalized therapeutic strategies. Vaginal administration offers an underexplored approach that may enable localized delivery, reduce systemic exposure, and dosing frequency. Furthermore, the vaginal microenvironment can influence drug stability, absorption, retention, and therapeutic outcomes.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>This review examines the pathophysiological basis of PMOS and recent advances in vaginal drug delivery (VDD) systems for precision therapy. It highlights the transition from conventional approaches to nanoscale carriers, bioresponsive formulations, genetic and microbiome-informed strategies, and 3D-printed devices. The roles of artificial intelligence, machine learning, point-of-care diagnostics, and theranostic platforms in personalized therapy are discussed, together with translational and regulatory considerations. Relevant literature was compiled by searching PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>VDD represents a promising precision medicine approach for PMOS; however, clinical translation remains challenged by vaginal microenvironment variability, limited safety evidence, formulation scalability, patient acceptance, and insufficient clinical validation. Future progress will require interdisciplinary integration of biomaterial engineering, biology, drug delivery, microbiome science, and digital health.</p>","PeriodicalId":94004,"journal":{"name":"Expert opinion on drug delivery","volume":" ","pages":"1-24"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148868579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Microenvironment-adaptive drug delivery systems for ulcerative colitis: from pathological constraints to rational design.","authors":"Xinlu Lin, Yingmin Han, Qiaojing Chen, Longfa Kou, Weilan Cao, Zhenye Liang","doi":"10.1080/17425247.2026.2726474","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17425247.2026.2726474","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Ulcerative colitis (UC) is characterized by recurrent, chronic, and nonspecific intestinal inflammation. It is strongly associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer, representing a global public health challenge. However, the complex pathological microenvironment of UC, characterized by mucus barrier disruption, increased epithelial permeability, immune dysregulation, and oxidative stress, substantially compromises the therapeutic efficacy of conventional drugs.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>Nanomedicine delivery systems have offered new opportunities for UC treatment, these systems can optimize drug transport, distribution, and controlled release, thereby better addressing the therapeutic requirements of UC. Relevant literature was identified through PubMed, with a primary focus on studies published between January 2016 and August 2026.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>The fundamental relationship between disease pathology and delivery system design remains insufficiently explored. To address this gap, this review proposes a pathology-driven microenvironment-adaptive framework and critically evaluates the limitations of current delivery strategies. We translate the key pathological barriers into actionable design criteria, followed by a discussion of how molecular building blocks and delivery platforms can be engineered to realize microenvironment-adaptive therapeutic strategies. This review provides insights and new perspectives for the rational design of microenvironment-adaptive systems for UC.</p>","PeriodicalId":94004,"journal":{"name":"Expert opinion on drug delivery","volume":" ","pages":"1-19"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148842600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Claudia Carrara Cotomacio, Caio Camargo Calarga, João Pedro Alves Noronha de Abreu, Alyne Simões
{"title":"Hydrogel-based drug delivery systems for oral mucositis: a systematic review of preclinical models and translational perspectives.","authors":"Claudia Carrara Cotomacio, Caio Camargo Calarga, João Pedro Alves Noronha de Abreu, Alyne Simões","doi":"10.1080/17425247.2026.2693497","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17425247.2026.2693497","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Oral mucositis (OM) remains a common and clinically significant complication of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Current management is largely supportive, and effective local therapies remain limited. Hydrogel-based delivery systems have attracted interest because they may improve mucosal retention, protect ulcerated tissue, and enable sustained local drug release.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic review of preclinical animal studies evaluating hydrogel-based interventions for oral mucositis was conducted. PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched, with additional gray literature screening. Data on formulation characteristics, experimental models, therapeutic outcomes, and methodological quality were extracted. Risk of bias was assessed using the SYRCLE tool.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Eighteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Most formulations reduced lesion severity, improved histological healing, and attenuated inflammatory or oxidative markers. Multifunctional systems combining mucoadhesion with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, or antimicrobial activity tended to show broader effects than conventional gels. However, study design, outcome reporting, and translational endpoints were heterogeneous.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Current preclinical evidence supports hydrogels as promising local drug delivery platforms for oral mucositis. Greater standardization of models and clinically relevant endpoints will be important to support translation into human studies.</p><p><strong>Protocol registration: </strong>https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD420251072050.</p>","PeriodicalId":94004,"journal":{"name":"Expert opinion on drug delivery","volume":" ","pages":"1713-1732"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148304357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Soumojit Maji, Sumana M N, Sasvin Paramasivam, Shobana Rajaramon, Swathi Sujith, Adline Princy Solomon, Mukesh Pasupuleti
{"title":"Mechanism-guided metal complex therapeutics for biofilm-driven wound infections and transdermal delivery.","authors":"Soumojit Maji, Sumana M N, Sasvin Paramasivam, Shobana Rajaramon, Swathi Sujith, Adline Princy Solomon, Mukesh Pasupuleti","doi":"10.1080/17425247.2026.2697993","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17425247.2026.2697993","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Chronic wound infections remain a major healthcare challenge due to persistent polymicrobial biofilms and the increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance. Conventional antimicrobial therapies often fail to eradicate biofilms, highlighting the need for innovative therapeutic strategies. Metal complexes have emerged as promising candidates owing to their multitarget antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities and potential for localize wound treatment.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>This review examines the role of metal complexes in combating biofilm-associated wound infections. Their mechanisms of action, including membrane disruption, redox imbalance, quorum-sensing inhibition, metabolic interference, and biofilm matrix destabilization, are discussed. The review further explores the integration of metal complexes into advanced transdermal and wound patch platforms, including polymeric matrices, nanocomposite systems and stimuli-responsive delivery systems designed to enhance localized drug release, improve wound retention, and minimize systemic toxicity. Current preclinical and translational developments are also highlighted.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>Metal-complex-based transdermal therapeutics represent a promising next-generation approach for managing chronic biofilm-mediated wound infections and overcoming antimicrobial resistance. However, successful clinical translation requires addressing challenges related to toxicity, formulation stability, manufacturing scalability, regulatory approval, and long-term safety. Future interdisciplinary efforts integrating microbiology, materials science, and clinical research will be essential to advance these technologies from laboratory to clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":94004,"journal":{"name":"Expert opinion on drug delivery","volume":" ","pages":"1601-1626"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148364580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}