Tyrosine kinase inhibitors and their promising role in treating diabetic retinopathy and other retinal vascular diseases: overview of their routes of administration, pharmacokinetics, formulations, and drug delivery applications.

Hana Kadavil, Sandi Ali Adib, Alia Marei, Noora H Al-Qahtani, Ying Zhu, Ali A Al-Kinani, Raid G Alany, Husam M Younes
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Abstract

Introduction: Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs) are emerging as a promising alternative to protein-based anti-vascular endothelial growth factors (anti-VEGF) in treating diabetic retinopathy (DR) and other retinal vascular diseases (RVD). TKIs exhibit broader inhibition of tyrosine kinase pathways, superior tissue penetration, and favorable pharmacokinetics and chemical stability, which may reduce the need for injection frequency. Despite those advantages, their ocular administration and clinical efficacy still face many challenges, but they also open many opportunities.

Areas covered: This review evaluates current ocular drug delivery platforms for TKIs for intravitreal or suprachoroidal administration. It discusses TKIs' physicochemical properties and their relevance to their pharmacokinetics and clinical effectiveness. It also examines emerging technologies, such as nanotechnology and innovative polymer systems, that enhance bioavailability and prolong the drug release of TKIs.

Expert opinion: The future of DR treatment lies in integrating TKIs with advanced drug delivery systems, tissue engineering, 3D printing, and other interdisciplinary innovations. Combining nanotechnology, biomaterials, regenerative medicine, and AI tools will enable targeted, prolonged, and stable delivery, overcoming current therapy limitations and offering safer, personalized, and more effective treatments. As research progresses, these advancements may revolutionize RVD management and provide hope to millions of patients globally.

酪氨酸激酶抑制剂及其在治疗糖尿病视网膜病变和其他视网膜血管疾病中的有希望的作用:概述其给药途径、药代动力学、配方和药物传递应用。
简介:酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(TKIs)作为一种有前景的替代蛋白基抗血管内皮生长因子(anti-VEGF)治疗糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)和其他视网膜血管疾病(RVD)。TKIs对酪氨酸激酶途径具有更广泛的抑制作用,具有更好的组织渗透性,良好的药代动力学和化学稳定性,这可能减少注射频率的需要。尽管有这些优势,但它们的眼部给药和临床疗效仍面临许多挑战,但也打开了许多机遇。涵盖领域:本综述评估了目前TKIs用于玻璃体内或脉络膜上给药的眼部给药平台。讨论了TKIs的理化性质及其与药代动力学和临床疗效的相关性。它还研究了新兴技术,如纳米技术和创新的聚合物系统,这些技术提高了TKIs的生物利用度并延长了药物释放时间。专家意见:DR治疗的未来在于将tki与先进的药物输送系统、组织工程、3D打印和其他跨学科创新相结合。结合纳米技术、生物材料、再生医学和人工智能工具,将实现有针对性、长期和稳定的治疗,克服当前治疗的局限性,提供更安全、个性化和更有效的治疗。随着研究的进展,这些进步可能会彻底改变RVD的管理,并为全球数百万患者带来希望。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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