Carbon Capture Science & Technology最新文献

{"title":"Carbon supported dual functional materials for integrated carbon dioxide capture and methanation: Performance of different support materials and carbon footprint assessment","authors":"Lanxun Zhao ,&nbsp;Ruting Nie ,&nbsp;Zhenliang Guo ,&nbsp;Jiawen Hu ,&nbsp;Qiang Hu ,&nbsp;Shuiping Yan ,&nbsp;Dingding Yao ,&nbsp;Haiping Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100473","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100473","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Integrated CO₂ capture and utilization (ICCU) serves an effective strategy to achieve carbon neutrality, while the dual function materials (DFMs) are the key for high-efficient ICCU process. A series of CaO<img>Ni based DFMs with different support materials, including Al₂O₃, CeO₂, graphene (GPE) and commercial multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), were synthesized and compared for integrated CO₂ capture and methanation (ICCM). The effect of operational temperatures on carbon conversion and CH₄ production was also explored. Results show that metal oxides supported DFMs exhibit relatively high CH₄ yield, while the carbon materials possessed comparable activity but very good durability in a continuous ICCM test for 10 cycles. The improved stability was contributed by the resistance in metal phase aggregation which restrained the increase of Ni particle size during cycle test. A favorable performance with CO₂ capture capacity of 0.24 mmol/g_DFMs and CO₂ conversion of 80 % were achieved in the presence of DFMs supported by commercial MWCNTs at 450 °C. Furthermore, cost-effective plastic waste derived MWCNTs were used to replace the commercial samples for the above ICCM process from a green and sustainable perspective. It is found that Co modified CaO<img>Ni DFMs supported by plastic derived MWCNTs displayed excellent performance with approximately 0.15 mmol/g_DFMs of CH₄ yield and even 100 % of CH₄ selectivity in ICCM. This may be contributed by the enhanced CO₂ adsorption/activation and H₂ chemisorption with Co addition. Carbon footprint assessment show that the plastic waste assisted ICCM process achieved around 92 % and 20 % reduction in global warming potential compared to two prevalent industrial carbon conversion and methanation scenarios. These findings highlight the promising potential of the proposed ICCM for enhancing industrial sustainability and combating climate change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9387,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Capture Science & Technology","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100473"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144749498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rationality and practicability of performing water-gas shift at ultrahigh-temperatures: pioneering exploration for short-flow syngas upgrading","authors":"Yang Liu ,&nbsp;Zhenyu Jin ,&nbsp;Zhiwen Chen ,&nbsp;Jiacong Chen ,&nbsp;Hang Yang ,&nbsp;Ming Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100472","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100472","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Water-gas shift (WGS) reaction is an important process linking gasification syngas upgrading to downstream synthesis of pure H₂ or hydrogen-based fuels such as ammonia, methanol, and sustainable aviation fuel (SAF). The conventional WGS reaction is a long process that includes syngas cleaning and cooling, pressurization, and multistep medium- and low-temperature shift reactions. The latest progress in biomass gasification has led to breakthroughs in the production of low-tar and pressurized syngas, which could facilitate a short process flow for the WGS at high temperatures with minimized heat loss and maximized shift kinetics. However, WGS still faces thermodynamic limitations at high temperatures. Herein, a new ultrahigh-temperature WGS (UT-WGS) strategy is explored using a Cr-free hybrid catalyst that contains both catalytic and adsorptive sites. The results revealed that the optimum reaction temperature and H₂O/CO ratio are 600 °C and 2, respectively, while the maximum CO conversion and H₂ content are 67.73 % and 75.42 %. Our research contributes to direct upgrading of gasification syngas and low-cost production of hydrogen-based fuels, which will appeal to a broad scientific and engineering audience.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9387,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Capture Science & Technology","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100472"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144757618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial intelligence and material design in carbon capture and utilization: A review of emerging synergies","authors":"Muhammad Tawalbeh ,&nbsp;Moin Sabri ,&nbsp;Hisham Kazim ,&nbsp;Amani Al-Othman ,&nbsp;Fares Almomani","doi":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100470","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100470","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate change is driven by large greenhouse gas emissions, which have raised an alarm in efforts to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide levels with carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS), drawing attention to decarbonization efforts. This review examines the convergence of next-generation materials science and digital technologies in upgrading CCUS systems, wherein advancements in adsorbents, membranes, and catalysts for carbon capture and utilization are carefully examined. The paper further explores how digitalization, through artificial intelligence, machine learning, Internet of Things (IoT), and data analytics, is transforming CCUS process monitoring, optimization, and materials discovery. The studies demonstrate interesting findings in the domain of AI-coupled material systems, which have accelerated the screening of over 260,000 potential structures, reduced heat requirements by up to 50% in temperature swing adsorption processes, and improved carbon capture efficiency by 20% while decreasing energy consumption by 15%. However, widespread CCUS implementation faces significant challenges, including scalability, high costs (USD 70–150 million for initial deployment), geographical mismatches between emission sources and storage sites, and public concerns about environmental risks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9387,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Capture Science & Technology","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100470"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144749499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cost analysis of carbon capture and storage in the pulp and paper industry integrated with nuclear heat","authors":"Edgar Carrejo ,&nbsp;Jhonny Alejandro Poveda-Giraldo ,&nbsp;Sam J. Root ,&nbsp;Nahuel Guaita ,&nbsp;Elizabeth Worsham ,&nbsp;Sunkyu Park","doi":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100468","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100468","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The pulp and paper industry generates approximately 150 million tons of CO₂ emissions annually, ranking among the top three industry sectors in terms of CO₂ emissions in the United States, when biogenic CO₂ is included, followed by the chemical and petroleum industries. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technologies can be implemented to decrease these emissions; however, mature CCS technologies such as amine-based capture are energy-intensive. Nuclear energy can provide this energy to CCS operations without producing point source emissions. This study evaluates the economic feasibility of integrating a Small Modular Nuclear Reactor (SMNR) to power an amine-based CCS technology in three types of pulp and paper mills in the southeast of the United States: a bleached softwood kraft mill, an unbleached softwood kraft mill, and a recycling mill with an assumption of an annual production capacity of 500,000 metric tons. The presented scenarios compare the carbon capture potential and costs of a CCS system for these mills when integrated with heat from either a nuclear reactor or a natural gas boiler. Two 200 MW-thermal (MW_th) small modular reactors were found to be sufficient to cover the demand for steam and power for coupling CCS and decommissioning the natural gas boiler in the bleached softwood kraft mill, while one 200 MW_th SMNR module was sufficient for the other mill types. Nuclear heat integration into a CCS system, coupled with a typical kraft paper mill, can decrease CO₂ emissions by 91 % with the remaining 9 % being primarily biogenic. Accordingly, recycling mills powered by nuclear energy can achieve almost zero emissions. In the nuclear heat integration scenarios, the CO₂ capture costs are lower if high-pressure nuclear steam is integrated into the mill’s existing CHP system to replace the natural gas boiler, compared to if medium- and low-pressure steam is delivered to the mill to meet process needs directly. The CCS cost and steam requirements were used to determine the maximum price at which the mill would need to purchase nuclear steam to be competitive with steam costs from a natural gas boiler. Although the steam requirements for the nuclear cases are slightly lower than the natural gas cases, nuclear steam would need to cost a maximum of approximately $16 per metric ton to compete with natural gas steam production, roughly half the expected levelized cost of heat of $31.21 for HP steam and $25.84 for LP steam from a nuclear power plant. Although the cost of the system investigated in this study is not competitive compared to other fuel options, integrating CCS and SMNRs can help the pulp and paper industry reduce CO₂ emissions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9387,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Capture Science & Technology","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100468"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144696383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive review on carbon utilization pathways in concrete from conventional to improved strategies","authors":"Diego Aceituno ,&nbsp;Xihong Zhang ,&nbsp;Hong Hao","doi":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100467","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100467","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The concrete industry is a major contributor to global CO₂ emissions, primarily due to Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) production. This review explores Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU) technologies aimed at reducing the sector’s environmental impact, focusing on the carbonation of recycled concrete aggregates (RCA), waste cement powders (WCP), and alternative non-hydraulic cements. It discusses recent advances in carbonation techniques, the integration of CCU with sustainable binders, and the challenges of industrial scalability. The distinct chemical and mineralogical characteristics of OPC-based materials and industrial byproducts significantly influence both their structural applicability and carbonation potential. While carbonated RCA and WCP offer limited CO₂ mitigation, greater reductions may be achieved by combining CCU with supplementary cementitious materials and low-carbon clinkers. Further research is needed to optimize carbonation processes, validate structural performance, and evaluate life cycle impacts in synergy with other decarbonisation strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9387,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Capture Science & Technology","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100467"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144686430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding microstructural changes of a one-part geopolymer exposed to CO2 for geological carbon storage application – An experimental and numerical investigation","authors":"Mayank Gupta ,&nbsp;Seyed Hasan Hajiabadi ,&nbsp;Farnaz Aghabeyk ,&nbsp;Yun Chen ,&nbsp;Reinier van Noort ,&nbsp;Mahmoud Khalifeh ,&nbsp;Guang Ye","doi":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100466","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100466","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While ensuring the long-term integrity of wellbore sealants is critical for the success of geological carbon storage (GCS), the chemical degradation of conventional materials under CO₂-rich conditions remains a major challenge. This study investigates the carbonation behavior of a one-part granite-based geopolymer, integrating a novel pore-scale simulation framework with experimental validation. A new model, ReacSan, is developed to simulate CO₂ transport and carbonation reactions within the evolving microstructure of the geopolymer under GCS-relevant conditions. The framework incorporates CO₂ dissolution using the Redlich–Kwong equation of state, gel dissolution via transition state theory, ion transport using the Lattice Boltzmann Method, and chemical reactions through thermodynamic modeling. The model was validated through experiments exposing equivalent geopolymer samples to CO₂ under in-situ conditions. The experimentally observed rapid carbonation, leading to a decrease in pore fluid pH and the precipitation of CaCO₃ matched the numerical simulations well, demonstrating the ability of the novel ReacSan framework to capture both temporal and spatial variations in the microstructure and carbonation mechanisms of alkali-activated materials (AAMs) exposed to supercritical CO₂. Based on the demonstrated validity of the model, the model is capable of providing detailed predictions of carbonation progression of AAMs or any other sealants over longer time- and length-scales required to ensure long-term GCS integrity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9387,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Capture Science & Technology","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100466"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144663600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced gas separation by multi-walled carbon nanotubes MOF glass membranes","authors":"Dudu Li ,&nbsp;Zhifang He ,&nbsp;Ying Chen ,&nbsp;Zelong Xu ,&nbsp;Zibo Yang ,&nbsp;Hao Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhihua Qiao","doi":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100465","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100465","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), known for their elevated specific surface area, exemplary mechanical properties and thermal stability, are regarded as optimal reinforcing fillers for the fabrication of mixed matrix membranes (MMMs). In this study, self-supported MMMs were prepared using melted zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF), denoted ZIF-62 glass, as the continuous phase and multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs) particles as the dispersed phase. The resulting membranes were thoroughly characterized, and the effect of different incorporation amounts of MWCNTs on the gas separation performance was investigated. It is noteworthy that at an incorporation amount of 4 wt. % MWCNTs, the ideal selectivity of prepared self-supported (<em>a_g</em>ZIF-62)_0.96(MWCNTs)_0.04 MMM for CO₂/N₂ and CH₄/N₂ was 31.2 and 8.6 respectively, exceeding the 2019 Robeson upper bound. The results demonstrated that MWCNTs have excellent gas transport properties and significantly enhance the separation performance. Furthermore, the self-supported (<em>a_g</em>ZIF-62)_0.96(MWCNTs)_0.04 MMM also exhibited excellent mechanical properties and pressure resistance, making them highly promising candidates for advanced gas separation applications. This study not only highlights the effectiveness of MWCNTs as functional fillers in MMMs but also presents a novel approach for designing high-performance gas separation membranes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9387,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Capture Science & Technology","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100465"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144604597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiscale investigation of metal substitution and diffusion mechanisms for enhanced CO2 adsorption: A case study of SIFSIX-3-Cu MOFs","authors":"Dehao Kong ,&nbsp;Ning Yang ,&nbsp;Yuheng Chuai ,&nbsp;Shiwang Gao ,&nbsp;Zhenyu Liu ,&nbsp;Jin Xuan ,&nbsp;Lei Xing","doi":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100464","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100464","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon capture through adsorption is acknowledged as a promising engineering solution, notable for its low energy consumption, high controllability, and compatibility with renewable energy sources. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have gained significant attention as sorbents for low-energy CO₂ separation from flue gases. In this study, we conducted molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to study the charge distribution of atoms in SIFSIX-3-M (where <em>M</em> = Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, Fe) with various pore parameters. Results indicated that SIFSIX-3-Cu possesses a large van der Waals surface and improved accessible solvent surface, suggesting the enhanced gas adsorption capabilities. Further analysis of the charge distribution and differential density maps for CO₂ adsorption revealed that the primary adsorption site for CO₂ within the pore is largely influenced by the strong interactions with the fluorine atoms in the framework. By calculating the radial distribution function (RDF) of the carbon atoms in CO₂ relative to the silicon atoms in SIFSIX-3-Cu, we observed a notably strong interaction between the carbon atoms and the neighboring fluorine atoms near the silicon atoms at 5.75 Å, that provides a critical binding site for CO₂ adsorption. Additionally, we employed computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to study the breakthrough curves of N₂_<img>CO₂ gas mixture passing through a porous packed bed constructed by SIFSIX-3-Cu. The results demonstrated effective separation of N₂ and CO₂, highlighting the strong selectivity of SIFSIX-3-Cu for CO₂ adsorption. Moreover, SIFSIX-3-Cu exhibited excellent thermal stability, maintaining consistent CO₂ uptake across multiple temperature swing adsorption (TSA) cycles. This study provides a solid foundation for further optimization of the SIFSIX series MOFs for advanced carbon capture applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9387,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Capture Science & Technology","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100464"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144535196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preliminary assessment of calcium extraction reagents for indirect carbonation","authors":"Zian Tang ,&nbsp;Yuanrui Song ,&nbsp;Xingyu Zhu ,&nbsp;Bingyang He ,&nbsp;Wenyu Li ,&nbsp;Lingling Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100463","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100463","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The \"indirect carbonation\" technique accelerates carbonation in hydroxides, slags, or cementitious materials using calcium extraction reagents (CERs), thereby facilitating carbon capture. However, selecting the optimal reagent is often time-consuming. To streamline this, we developed a chemical equilibrium-based evaluation method to assess CER effectiveness. This method considers pH, Ca-complex stability constants, ligand concentration, and solubility product constants, providing a concentration-based or dimensionless evaluation index. To validated the method, we conducted carbonation tests using six different ligands and compared their practical acceleration performance on Ca(OH)₂, steel slag, and cement with the calculated outcomes. Our findings show that the method accurately predicts CER performance in simple systems like Ca(OH)₂ and qualitatively evaluates CERs in more complex systems like steel slag and cement. Additionally, we created a user-friendly program to assist in CER evaluation, simplifying the pre-screening process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9387,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Capture Science & Technology","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100463"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144535195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unlocking the potential of CO2 storage in saline aquifers: Challenges, knowledge gaps, and future directions for large-scale storage","authors":"Maryana Emad Helmi ,&nbsp;Isah Mohammed ,&nbsp;Mohamed Gamal Rezk ,&nbsp;Afeez Olayinka Gbadamosi ,&nbsp;Arshad Raza ,&nbsp;Mohamed Mahmoud","doi":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100460","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100460","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Saline aquifers represent a significant geological option for large-scale CO₂ storage through CO₂ solubilization in brine and subsequent geochemical interactions that facilitate mineralization. Nevertheless, their heterogeneous nature influences the kinetics of CO₂ dissolution and long-term stability. This review assesses advancements in experimental and modelling efforts regarding CO2 solubilization in saline aquifers, considering natural convection, diffusion, and dispersion factors. It also investigates the application of nanobubble technology to enhance storage capacity and stability, along with various technologies that could be utilized for its generation. Furthermore, geochemical implications, mineral trapping, and field-scale observations have been reviewed to offer a comprehensive understanding of the storage mechanisms. Our findings indicate that optimizing brine chemistry and harnessing nanobubble technology could augment storage capacity and security. Furthermore, careful selection of injection sites, CO₂ injectivity, and the security of injected CO₂ are factors that must be addressed to unlock the storage potential of saline aquifers. Moreover, enhanced modelling approaches are required to reflect aquifer heterogeneity, which continues to pose a significant challenge in accurately modelling the long-term behaviour of CO₂ in saline aquifers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9387,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Capture Science & Technology","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100460"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144517756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}