Carbon Capture Science & Technology最新文献

{"title":"CO2 capture from multiple sources: To be, or not to be clustered, that is the question","authors":"Sai Gokul Subraveti,&nbsp;Kristoffer Hansen,&nbsp;Rahul Anantharaman,&nbsp;Chao Fu,&nbsp;Stefania Gardarsdottir,&nbsp;Donghoi Kim,&nbsp;Jabir Ali Ouassou,&nbsp;Simon Roussanaly","doi":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100422","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100422","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><span><math><msub><mtext>CO</mtext><mn>2</mn></msub></math></span> capture from industrial clusters and multi-source industrial sites can reduce costs and facilitate large-scale implementation through shared infrastructure. However, since multiple clustering strategies are possible, a key question arises: when and how should <span><math><msub><mtext>CO</mtext><mn>2</mn></msub></math></span> capture be clustered? While previous studies focused on specific clusters, this study provides a comprehensive cost assessment of general clustering strategies for post-combustion solvent-based <span><math><msub><mtext>CO</mtext><mn>2</mn></msub></math></span> capture. A CCS value chain model is developed to carry out techno-economic evaluations of different clustering strategies from multiple sources across a wide range of cases.</div><div>When considering clustering from two sources, flue gas flowrates and distance between sources are key factors. Clustering is less attractive when flowrates are high and distances are large due to limited economies of scale and high ducting costs. Results show that it is immaterial if clustering is done at the desorber as the cost savings are relatively minimal. Other considerations than cost can have an impact on the decision. Clustering at the absorber level is more impactful. Typically, clustering at the absorber increases cost, but there are significant investment cost savings in a few cases. For multiple sources, clustering becomes more beneficial with smaller flowrates and more number of sources, although cost savings remain limited. While clustering may not significantly reduce <span><math><msub><mtext>CO</mtext><mn>2</mn></msub></math></span> avoidance costs, it can provide benefits like reduced land use.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9387,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Capture Science & Technology","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100422"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143847336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How to best transport CO2 to offshore storages?","authors":"Sigmund Eggen Holm,&nbsp;Martin Saue Winther,&nbsp;Julian Straus,&nbsp;Simon Roussanaly","doi":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100416","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100416","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In Europe, most of the <span><math><msub><mtext>CO</mtext><mn>2</mn></msub></math></span> that needs to be captured is expected to be stored offshore due to the lack of social acceptability for onshore <span><math><msub><mtext>CO</mtext><mn>2</mn></msub></math></span> storage. This means that in the coming decades, infrastructure to transport several hundred million tonnes of <span><math><msub><mtext>CO</mtext><mn>2</mn></msub></math></span> from coastal locations to offshore storage sites will be required. In practice, multiple transport strategies and technological options could be used, and a key question of CCS stakeholders is how to best do so and what the associated costs would be. The present study addresses this question for Northern Europe using a geographical visualisation approach. Base case evaluations, which consider commercial technologies, show the predominance of shipping to floating receiving facilities as a cost-efficient way for transport to offshore sites. However, transport via an onshore receiving facility and pipeline-based transport are used for storage locations near shore and near the port, respectively. The precise boundaries between optimal transport strategies depend on the annual volume of <span><math><msub><mtext>CO</mtext><mn>2</mn></msub></math></span> being transported. If low-pressure shipping (i.e. at 7 barg) becomes available, the ship-based approach will be further advantaged. Similarly, once shipping with direct injection becomes commercially available, it would become cost-competitive for transport volume up to a couple of million tonnes per year and lead to similar costs as conventional shipping above. The development of low-pressure shipping and direct injection could be key to cost-efficiently reach storage locations in the Scottish and Norwegian part of the North Sea.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9387,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Capture Science & Technology","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100416"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143867726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deciphering the role of APTES in tuning the metal support interaction of NiO nanolayers over hierarchical zeolite 13X for CO2 methanation","authors":"Nasir Shezad ,&nbsp;Muddasar Safdar ,&nbsp;Harvey Arellano-García ,&nbsp;Cheuk-Wai Tai ,&nbsp;Shaojiang Chen ,&nbsp;Dong-Kyun Seo ,&nbsp;Shujie You ,&nbsp;Alberto Vomiero ,&nbsp;Farid Akhtar","doi":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100424","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100424","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of robust nickel catalysts on porous substrates offers great potential for converting carbon dioxide (CO₂) into methane, thereby helping to address the global warming and sustainability challenges. This study investigates the dispersion and stability of Ni nanolayers by grafting bifunctional groups over the hierarchical zeolite 13X (h13X) support using (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES). The Ni nanolayers, with a thickness of 1.5–7 nm, were deposited around the edges of h13X and analyzed using STEM imaging. A clear shift in the binding energies was observed by XPS analysis, substantiating the enhanced metal-support interaction (MSI) between NiO and h13X. The influence of reaction temperature on APTES incorporation into h13X was revealed by H₂-TPR and CO₂-TPD, with notable variations in the reducibility and surface basicity profiles of the catalysts. The optimized catalyst exhibited CO₂ conversion of 61 % with CH₄ selectivity of 97 % under GHSV of 60,000 mlg_Cat^-1h^-1 at 400 °C and 1 bar and demonstrated robust stability over a period of 150 h without discernible degradation. The enhanced performance could be attributed to the strengthened MSI and reduced size of Ni nanolayers over h13X. These findings highlight the development of robust heterogeneous catalysts by changing the surface chemistry of support material for various catalytic applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9387,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Capture Science & Technology","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100424"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143867991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risks of cement and rock-cement-metal interface degradation in geological carbon sequestration reservoirs: Mechanisms, influencing factors and mitigation measures","authors":"Xinyu Shi ,&nbsp;Cheng Zhang ,&nbsp;K.K. Gupta ,&nbsp;R. Ambat ,&nbsp;Min Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100419","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100419","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Geologic carbon sequestration (GCS), a technique for capturing and storing CO₂ in deep geologic formations, is considered essential to reduce the alarmingly high carbon emissions causing global warming and climate change. Non-producing oil and gas reservoirs are among the most appealing locations for GCS, though the success of the strategy relies on the long-term integrity of the reservoirs. The degradation of the main reservoir structural and sealing materials including cement and casing steel under the acidic conditions along with potential fluid leakage risks, remains a major concern. This work provides a comprehensive review on the degradation mechanisms affecting cement and the interfaces between cement and casing/formation rock under GCS conditions. The mechanisms and relevant investigation methods for the degradation, both experimental and numerical, are discussed in detail. A special focus is placed on the important influencing factors, especially concerning the exposure conditions inside of the reservoirs, including temperature, pressure, advection conditions, brines as well as contaminants in the stored CO₂, etc. In addition, representative mitigation strategies for the degradation of cement and the rock-cement-metal interfaces under GCS conditions are summarised. This review aims to highlight important research progress on the subject and identify critical research gaps and challenges for future studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9387,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Capture Science & Technology","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100419"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143768712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the prospects, costs, and risks of carbon capture and storage implementation in Germany","authors":"Nicolas Malz ,&nbsp;Pao-Yu Oei ,&nbsp;Philipp Herpich","doi":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100418","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100418","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is an important cornerstone of Germany's future Carbon Management Strategy (CMS). This case study evaluates the costs, risks, and deployment prospects of CCS in Germany, with a focus on industrial and energy sectors. Our comprehensive framework integrates capture, transport, and storage cost modeling with Monte Carlo risk simulations to assess economic viability under three CCS capacity deployment scenarios. Further, assuming three different cost developments, our findings reveal that cumulative CCS costs for the <em>Med scenario</em> range from €39.2–€81.5 billion by 2045, with profitability contingent on uncertain cost reductions and elevated EU ETS carbon prices. Monte Carlo analyses highlight up to 50 % risk premiums for costs due to project failures. These results underscore the significant cost associated with CCS. Our analysis calls for a careful, economical integration of CCS within broader decarbonization strategies with a focus on hard-to-abate sectors which cannot be decarbonized by scalable alternatives like green hydrogen or direct electrification.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9387,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Capture Science & Technology","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100418"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143705588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bio-inspired catalyst-driven efficient CO2 capture and subsequent mineralization in aqueous media under practical conditions","authors":"B. Rajeshwaree ,&nbsp;Anwesha Banerjee ,&nbsp;Abhishek Saini ,&nbsp;Piyali Majumder ,&nbsp;Vikram Vishal ,&nbsp;Arnab Dutta","doi":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100417","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100417","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Efficient carbon management and the successful implementation of innovative technologies are a necessity for environmental mitigation and the realization of a sustainable circular economy. Current carbon dioxide removal (CDR) and CO₂ capture and storage (CCS) technologies fail to meet the gigatonne-level CO₂ removal targets, lack profitability, and thus are not widely adopted/retrofitted in the current industrial settings. To address these issues, unique alternative solutions are required that possess the versatility for application in various CO₂-emitting industries, have economic viability, and do not cause secondary pollution effects. Our pursuit in this regard led to the development of a catalyst C1, inspired by the architectural design of the <em>Carbonic anhydrase</em> enzyme, where a Zn (II) ion is bound tetrahedrally at the N₃-primary coordination site and a peripheral ethereal O₃-site which functioned as the outer coordination sphere (OCS). This promoted the facile generation of the potent Zn-OH^– motif in near-neutral media for rapid hydrolysis of CO₂ in aqueous solution to carbonate and bicarbonate ions. Mineralization of this captured CO₂ was performed with the appropriate addition of Ca(II) ions leading to the formation of pure CaCO₃. Practical application and industrial relevance were established with CO₂ capture and mineralization experiments performed in seawater, flue-gas mixture with 15 % (v/v) CO₂, and air containing only 0.04 % (v/v) CO₂ in a separate set of experiments. The kinetic parameters and biomimetic nature of the metal complex <strong>C1</strong> were confirmed through detailed pNPA hydrolysis studies. Our results indicate that bio-inspired catalysts can be a cost-effective, viable solution for mass-scale carbon mitigation and management strategy using only environmentally benign resources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9387,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Capture Science & Technology","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100417"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143715325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revolutionary advancements in carbon dioxide valorization via metal-organic framework-based strategies","authors":"Sheraz Ahmed ,&nbsp;Muhammad Kashif Khan ,&nbsp;Jaehoon Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100405","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100405","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The conversion of CO₂ to value-added chemicals garners considerable attention because it produces renewable hydrocarbon fuels for use in the chemical industry and simultaneously reduces the atmospheric CO₂ concentration to mitigate the effects of global warming. Recently, researchers attempted to produce energy and chemicals via the electro-, thermo-, and photocatalytic conversion of CO₂ to realize sustainability and carbon neutrality. However, owing to the high thermodynamic stability of CO₂, these approaches are not yet ready for implementation in large-scale applications owing to their insufficient activities and selectivities and the stabilities toward resulting hydrocarbons. Therefore, more effective catalysts should be designed to transform CO₂ into various compounds. Porous crystalline frameworks, such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), are promising for use in catalytic CO₂ conversion, owing to their strong CO₂ adsorption capacities, high surface areas, high porosity and chemical compositions, and adjustable active sites. Here, we present the structure-activity interactions that may direct the development of efficient catalysts and provide an overview of the recent studies regarding MOF-based materials for use in electro-, thermo-, and photocatalytic CO₂ conversion and integrated CO₂ technologies, including photoelectrocatalytic and electro- and photothermal CO₂ reduction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9387,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Capture Science & Technology","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100405"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143807953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling the role of pentagonal topological defects in lignocellulose-derived self-assembled N/O co-doped micro-mesoporous biochar for enhanced CO₂ adsorption","authors":"Lingru Zeng,&nbsp;Shaoyi Zeng,&nbsp;Ping Liu,&nbsp;He Li,&nbsp;Wei Chen,&nbsp;Kunquan Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100404","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100404","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The physicochemical properties of biochar are critical for CO₂ adsorption; however, the synergistic effect of doped nitrogen and topological defect in biochar on CO₂ adsorption capacity remains uncertain. Here, N/O coupled topological defect co-doped biochars (NWBCs-T) were successfully synthesized via self-assembly temperature-controlled carbonization/annealing within 500–900 °C from red bayberry pits. The influence mechanism of temperature on the formation, transformation, and interaction of N/O and pentagonal topological defect functionalities, as well as their impact on CO₂ adsorption, was systematically investigated. The results revealed that NWBC-900 exhibited the highest CO₂ adsorption capacity of 60 mg/g, primarily attributed to the prominent synergistic effect between N/O active sites and topological defect, rather than the physical adsorption force from micro-mesoporous pores, as evidenced by relevant analyses and Pearson heatmaps. Notably, the presence of pentagonal topological defects exerts a profound enhancing effect on CO₂ adsorption of edge graphitic-N and C-O-C sites, yet exerts weaker or opposite effects on other N/O configurations. Further insights from XPS and NMR analyses indicated a notable surge in pentagonal topological defects at elevated annealing temperatures, along with a reduction in total and pyrrolic nitrogen content. DFT calculation findings confirmed that pentagonal topological defects introduced at elevated temperatures adjust electron distribution, thereby facilitating improved electron transfer and boosting adsorption binding of NWBC-900 for CO₂. This work provides new insights into the conversion of waste biomass into green-efficient biochar for carbon capture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9387,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Capture Science & Technology","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100404"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143705587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Life cycle analysis of a hybrid direct air capture system enabling combined carbon dioxide and water extraction from ambient air","authors":"Stephen McCord ,&nbsp;Ana Villa Zaragoza ,&nbsp;Volker Sick ,&nbsp;Yanhui Yuan ,&nbsp;Alexander Spiteri ,&nbsp;Benjamin A. McCool ,&nbsp;Ronald R. Chance","doi":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100403","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100403","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study details a life cycle analysis (LCA) of a hybrid direct air capture (HDAC) system which integrates moisture swing adsorption (MSA) and atmospheric water extraction (AWE) technologies for the simultaneous capture of CO₂ and water from ambient air. A HDAC plant with an annual capture capacity of 3000 tonne CO₂ per year is modeled and life cycle impacts assessed for two locations (California and Louisiana) considered as potential deployment sites. The system is powered solely by electricity and is heat integrated across major sources and sinks in order to increase efficiency. A range of deployment scenarios are considered, varying both electricity source and the operational performance of the plant. Five electricity sources are considered based on the maturity of the electricity production processes and the practicality of their use at the chosen sites. The aim of this study is the evaluation of the viability of these potential deployment scenarios based on assessed life cycle impacts. In the majority of the deployment cases, electricity production dominates the global warming impacts related to capture, compression and sequestration of CO₂. The impacts related to non-electricity contributions are also explored, where it is found that the construction materials of the plant can have a notable impact in sufficiently decarbonized electricity scenarios. Sorbents are shown to have a minimal impact (carbon burden about 1 %) in agreement with previous studies. Significant net removals of CO₂ from the atmosphere are found for all scenarios considered with the carbon burden for full plant operation (capture to sequestration) ranging from 3.5 % to 64.0 % dependent mainly on the carbon intensity of the power source. A broader environmental impact assessment suggests no immediate concerns when selecting between nuclear, wind or solar power for plant operation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9387,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Capture Science & Technology","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100403"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143686273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microfluidic study of hydrate propagation during CO2 injection into cold aquifers","authors":"Wei Yu ,&nbsp;Muhammad Habiburrahman ,&nbsp;Abdullah S. Sultan","doi":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100401","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100401","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the interplay between hydrate formation and CO₂ injection is crucial for advancing submarine carbon sequestration, yet it remains underexplored. This study employs a high-pressure, low-temperature microfluidic system to investigate hydrate formation and propagation during CO₂ injection in porous media. This approach enables direct visualization of pore-scale and chip-scale hydrate formation dynamics across thousands of pores, offering critical insights into large-scale submarine CO₂ storage processes. We systematically assess the effects of injection rate, temperature (1.1–9.4 °C), and pressure (6.9–13.8 MPa) on hydrate formation kinetics. CO₂ injection reduces spatial stochasticity, with nucleation occurring primarily near the injection zone due to localized subcooling. Hydrate propagation follows a cascade mechanism over a broad saturation range (9–94%). Two key parameters—induction time and propagation velocity—are identified: induction time decreases with higher injection rates, while propagation velocity remains stable. Propagation velocity follows a power-law dependence on subcooling (exponent=2) but is diminished in porous media due to the effects of tortuosity and CO₂ saturation degree. Pressure variations have minimal influence on hydrate growth, confirming that subcooling is the dominant factor controlling hydrate formation kinetics. Our findings suggest potential injection strategies for CO₂ storage as hydrates in submarine environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9387,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Capture Science & Technology","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100401"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143686271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}