Carbon Capture Science & Technology最新文献

{"title":"Assessing the prospects, costs, and risks of carbon capture and storage implementation in Germany","authors":"Nicolas Malz ,&nbsp;Pao-Yu Oei ,&nbsp;Philipp Herpich","doi":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100418","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100418","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is an important cornerstone of Germany's future Carbon Management Strategy (CMS). This case study evaluates the costs, risks, and deployment prospects of CCS in Germany, with a focus on industrial and energy sectors. Our comprehensive framework integrates capture, transport, and storage cost modeling with Monte Carlo risk simulations to assess economic viability under three CCS capacity deployment scenarios. Further, assuming three different cost developments, our findings reveal that cumulative CCS costs for the <em>Med scenario</em> range from €39.2–€81.5 billion by 2045, with profitability contingent on uncertain cost reductions and elevated EU ETS carbon prices. Monte Carlo analyses highlight up to 50 % risk premiums for costs due to project failures. These results underscore the significant cost associated with CCS. Our analysis calls for a careful, economical integration of CCS within broader decarbonization strategies with a focus on hard-to-abate sectors which cannot be decarbonized by scalable alternatives like green hydrogen or direct electrification.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9387,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Capture Science & Technology","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100418"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143705588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bio-inspired catalyst-driven efficient CO2 capture and subsequent mineralization in aqueous media under practical conditions","authors":"B. Rajeshwaree ,&nbsp;Anwesha Banerjee ,&nbsp;Abhishek Saini ,&nbsp;Piyali Majumder ,&nbsp;Vikram Vishal ,&nbsp;Arnab Dutta","doi":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100417","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100417","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Efficient carbon management and the successful implementation of innovative technologies are a necessity for environmental mitigation and the realization of a sustainable circular economy. Current carbon dioxide removal (CDR) and CO₂ capture and storage (CCS) technologies fail to meet the gigatonne-level CO₂ removal targets, lack profitability, and thus are not widely adopted/retrofitted in the current industrial settings. To address these issues, unique alternative solutions are required that possess the versatility for application in various CO₂-emitting industries, have economic viability, and do not cause secondary pollution effects. Our pursuit in this regard led to the development of a catalyst C1, inspired by the architectural design of the <em>Carbonic anhydrase</em> enzyme, where a Zn (II) ion is bound tetrahedrally at the N₃-primary coordination site and a peripheral ethereal O₃-site which functioned as the outer coordination sphere (OCS). This promoted the facile generation of the potent Zn-OH^– motif in near-neutral media for rapid hydrolysis of CO₂ in aqueous solution to carbonate and bicarbonate ions. Mineralization of this captured CO₂ was performed with the appropriate addition of Ca(II) ions leading to the formation of pure CaCO₃. Practical application and industrial relevance were established with CO₂ capture and mineralization experiments performed in seawater, flue-gas mixture with 15 % (v/v) CO₂, and air containing only 0.04 % (v/v) CO₂ in a separate set of experiments. The kinetic parameters and biomimetic nature of the metal complex <strong>C1</strong> were confirmed through detailed pNPA hydrolysis studies. Our results indicate that bio-inspired catalysts can be a cost-effective, viable solution for mass-scale carbon mitigation and management strategy using only environmentally benign resources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9387,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Capture Science & Technology","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100417"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143715325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revolutionary advancements in carbon dioxide valorization via metal-organic framework-based strategies","authors":"Sheraz Ahmed ,&nbsp;Muhammad Kashif Khan ,&nbsp;Jaehoon Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100405","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100405","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The conversion of CO₂ to value-added chemicals garners considerable attention because it produces renewable hydrocarbon fuels for use in the chemical industry and simultaneously reduces the atmospheric CO₂ concentration to mitigate the effects of global warming. Recently, researchers attempted to produce energy and chemicals via the electro-, thermo-, and photocatalytic conversion of CO₂ to realize sustainability and carbon neutrality. However, owing to the high thermodynamic stability of CO₂, these approaches are not yet ready for implementation in large-scale applications owing to their insufficient activities and selectivities and the stabilities toward resulting hydrocarbons. Therefore, more effective catalysts should be designed to transform CO₂ into various compounds. Porous crystalline frameworks, such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), are promising for use in catalytic CO₂ conversion, owing to their strong CO₂ adsorption capacities, high surface areas, high porosity and chemical compositions, and adjustable active sites. Here, we present the structure-activity interactions that may direct the development of efficient catalysts and provide an overview of the recent studies regarding MOF-based materials for use in electro-, thermo-, and photocatalytic CO₂ conversion and integrated CO₂ technologies, including photoelectrocatalytic and electro- and photothermal CO₂ reduction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9387,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Capture Science & Technology","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100405"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143807953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling the role of pentagonal topological defects in lignocellulose-derived self-assembled N/O co-doped micro-mesoporous biochar for enhanced CO₂ adsorption","authors":"Lingru Zeng,&nbsp;Shaoyi Zeng,&nbsp;Ping Liu,&nbsp;He Li,&nbsp;Wei Chen,&nbsp;Kunquan Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100404","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100404","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The physicochemical properties of biochar are critical for CO₂ adsorption; however, the synergistic effect of doped nitrogen and topological defect in biochar on CO₂ adsorption capacity remains uncertain. Here, N/O coupled topological defect co-doped biochars (NWBCs-T) were successfully synthesized via self-assembly temperature-controlled carbonization/annealing within 500–900 °C from red bayberry pits. The influence mechanism of temperature on the formation, transformation, and interaction of N/O and pentagonal topological defect functionalities, as well as their impact on CO₂ adsorption, was systematically investigated. The results revealed that NWBC-900 exhibited the highest CO₂ adsorption capacity of 60 mg/g, primarily attributed to the prominent synergistic effect between N/O active sites and topological defect, rather than the physical adsorption force from micro-mesoporous pores, as evidenced by relevant analyses and Pearson heatmaps. Notably, the presence of pentagonal topological defects exerts a profound enhancing effect on CO₂ adsorption of edge graphitic-N and C-O-C sites, yet exerts weaker or opposite effects on other N/O configurations. Further insights from XPS and NMR analyses indicated a notable surge in pentagonal topological defects at elevated annealing temperatures, along with a reduction in total and pyrrolic nitrogen content. DFT calculation findings confirmed that pentagonal topological defects introduced at elevated temperatures adjust electron distribution, thereby facilitating improved electron transfer and boosting adsorption binding of NWBC-900 for CO₂. This work provides new insights into the conversion of waste biomass into green-efficient biochar for carbon capture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9387,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Capture Science & Technology","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100404"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143705587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microfluidic study of hydrate propagation during CO2 injection into cold aquifers","authors":"Wei Yu ,&nbsp;Muhammad Habiburrahman ,&nbsp;Abdullah S. Sultan","doi":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100401","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100401","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the interplay between hydrate formation and CO₂ injection is crucial for advancing submarine carbon sequestration, yet it remains underexplored. This study employs a high-pressure, low-temperature microfluidic system to investigate hydrate formation and propagation during CO₂ injection in porous media. This approach enables direct visualization of pore-scale and chip-scale hydrate formation dynamics across thousands of pores, offering critical insights into large-scale submarine CO₂ storage processes. We systematically assess the effects of injection rate, temperature (1.1–9.4 °C), and pressure (6.9–13.8 MPa) on hydrate formation kinetics. CO₂ injection reduces spatial stochasticity, with nucleation occurring primarily near the injection zone due to localized subcooling. Hydrate propagation follows a cascade mechanism over a broad saturation range (9–94%). Two key parameters—induction time and propagation velocity—are identified: induction time decreases with higher injection rates, while propagation velocity remains stable. Propagation velocity follows a power-law dependence on subcooling (exponent=2) but is diminished in porous media due to the effects of tortuosity and CO₂ saturation degree. Pressure variations have minimal influence on hydrate growth, confirming that subcooling is the dominant factor controlling hydrate formation kinetics. Our findings suggest potential injection strategies for CO₂ storage as hydrates in submarine environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9387,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Capture Science & Technology","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100401"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143686271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Life cycle analysis of a hybrid direct air capture system enabling combined carbon dioxide and water extraction from ambient air","authors":"Stephen McCord ,&nbsp;Ana Villa Zaragoza ,&nbsp;Volker Sick ,&nbsp;Yanhui Yuan ,&nbsp;Alexander Spiteri ,&nbsp;Benjamin A. McCool ,&nbsp;Ronald R. Chance","doi":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100403","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100403","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study details a life cycle analysis (LCA) of a hybrid direct air capture (HDAC) system which integrates moisture swing adsorption (MSA) and atmospheric water extraction (AWE) technologies for the simultaneous capture of CO₂ and water from ambient air. A HDAC plant with an annual capture capacity of 3000 tonne CO₂ per year is modeled and life cycle impacts assessed for two locations (California and Louisiana) considered as potential deployment sites. The system is powered solely by electricity and is heat integrated across major sources and sinks in order to increase efficiency. A range of deployment scenarios are considered, varying both electricity source and the operational performance of the plant. Five electricity sources are considered based on the maturity of the electricity production processes and the practicality of their use at the chosen sites. The aim of this study is the evaluation of the viability of these potential deployment scenarios based on assessed life cycle impacts. In the majority of the deployment cases, electricity production dominates the global warming impacts related to capture, compression and sequestration of CO₂. The impacts related to non-electricity contributions are also explored, where it is found that the construction materials of the plant can have a notable impact in sufficiently decarbonized electricity scenarios. Sorbents are shown to have a minimal impact (carbon burden about 1 %) in agreement with previous studies. Significant net removals of CO₂ from the atmosphere are found for all scenarios considered with the carbon burden for full plant operation (capture to sequestration) ranging from 3.5 % to 64.0 % dependent mainly on the carbon intensity of the power source. A broader environmental impact assessment suggests no immediate concerns when selecting between nuclear, wind or solar power for plant operation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9387,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Capture Science & Technology","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100403"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143686273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current status of onboard carbon capture and storage (OCCS) system: A survey of technical assessment","authors":"Tianyang Zhao,&nbsp;Run Li,&nbsp;Zezhou Zhang,&nbsp;Chunfeng Song","doi":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100402","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100402","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As the global greenhouse effect worsens every year, controlling greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, particularly carbon dioxide (CO₂), has become a key issue. The shipping industry, as a major component of the transportation industry, has a sizable percentage share in global CO₂ emissions. Further development and improvement of Onboard Carbon Capture and Storage (OCCS) technology is required to realize the mass production of clean ships. This study focuses on the current research status of technologies related to onboard carbon capture systems, while reporting and analysing on-board carbon transport and storage systems. For onboard carbon capture technology, the development and application of different carbon capture technologies in the shipping industry are analysed and the challenges of implementing onboard carbon capture technology are discussed. In the area of onboard carbon transport and storage, a systematic description of how to regulate and realize the concentration and other characteristics of captured CO₂ in pilot and large-scale applications is presented. On the basis of existing research, the current technological bottlenecks and future perspectives of OCCS systems are also presented, based on existing research, with the aim of analysing the solutions for controlling CO₂ emissions from ships and providing perspectives for their sustainable development in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9387,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Capture Science & Technology","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100402"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Catalysts in the water-gas shift reaction: A comparative review of industrial and academic contributions","authors":"Roshni Patel ,&nbsp;Prashandan Varatharajan ,&nbsp;Qi Zhang ,&nbsp;Ze Li ,&nbsp;Sai Gu","doi":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100388","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100388","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rising energy demand leads to a heavy dependence on fossil fuels and contributes significantly to increasing greenhouse gas emissions. Consequently, alternative solutions to mitigate these pollutants are continually being developed, necessitating a transition to renewable and cleaner energy sources. Hydrogen production via the water-gas shift (WGS) reaction, where CO and water react over a suitable catalyst is an approach. Cu-Zn and Fe-Cr catalysts are used in industry for this reaction at low temperatures (LT) and high temperatures (HT), respectively. Research into applying the WGS reaction in portable devices emphasizes developing catalysts to enhance hydrogen production and overcome the limitations of industrial catalysts, given the reaction's complex mechanism and kinetics. Research on the redox and associative pathways is extensive, and studies on carboxyl and formate mechanisms are ongoing. The intricacy of these mechanisms and kinetics facilitates additional research into reactor design to support process applications, including ammonia and Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis. Numerous commercial catalyst accomplishments are recognized in this review, including the chromium-free HT zinc and the sulphur-tolerant cobalt-molybdenum catalysts. Additionally, research has been done on conventional Cu-Zn and Fe-Cr catalysts in the lab to overcome issues like sintering and chromium toxicity, respectively. Various strategies are examined, including nickel and noble metals catalysts. The formulation and preparation techniques, loading volumes, support modifications, promoter additions, and shape were all examined to observe impacts on CO conversion and hydrogen production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9387,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Capture Science & Technology","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100388"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"One-step synthesis of epoxy/cyclic carbonate bifunctional polycarbonates with functional groups","authors":"Jie Huang,&nbsp;Boxiong Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100400","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100400","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The synthesis of functionalized polycarbonates from CO₂ has gained significant attention due to their versatile properties and potential in high-performance applications. A novel trinuclear tetradentate Schiff base chromium complex <strong>1</strong> was designed and synthesized, and combined with bis(triphenylphosphine) imidazolium salt (PPNN₃) to form a binary catalytic system (complex <strong>1</strong>/PPNN₃). This system was employed to catalyze the copolymerization of CO₂ with bicyclic epoxide compounds containing both terminal and internal epoxy groups (VCHDEP). Experimental results demonstrate that a bifunctional polycarbonate (PVCH) was efficiently synthesized through a simple one-step process, featuring a polycarbonate cyclohexene ester backbone with side chains containing both epoxy (EP) and cyclic carbonate (CC) groups. The EP/CC ratio can be precisely tuned by varying the reaction temperature and the molar ratio of PPNN₃, enabling control over polymer properties. Notably, the glass transition temperature (Tg) of PVCH was found to be 164.5 °C, significantly higher than that of conventional polycarbonates synthesized from bisphenol A (154 °C), indicating superior thermal stability and mechanical robustness. The complex <strong>1</strong>/PPNN₃ catalytic system selectively catalyzed the ring-opening copolymerization of epoxides to form the polymer backbone, while retaining unreacted epoxy groups in the side chains. In this catalytic system, the enthalpy change (ΔHₚ^θ) for the VCHDEP ring-opening polymerization is -20.5 kJ mol^-1, the entropy change (ΔSₚ^θ) is -80.3 J mol^-1 K^-1, the Gibbs free energy change (ΔGₚ^θ) is 3.5 kJ mol^-1, and the activation energy (Ea) for PVCH synthesis is 56.8 kJ/mol. Furthermore, hydrolysis and amination reactions were performed on the cyclic carbonate and epoxy groups in PVCH, yielding polycarbonates with hydroxyl, amide, and other functional groups, which further enhance the material's versatility for applications requiring strong adhesion, biocompatibility, and chemical reactivity. This work not only demonstrates a highly efficient and selective catalytic system but also provides a strategy for expanding the application potential of CO₂-based polycarbonates in advanced materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9387,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Capture Science & Technology","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100400"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143643234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accelerated CO2 capture with controllable mineralisation via reactive bubble formation","authors":"Su-Ho Ahn ,&nbsp;Duckshin Park ,&nbsp;Bo-Sang Kim ,&nbsp;Su-Min Lee ,&nbsp;Mang Muan Lian ,&nbsp;Younghee Jang ,&nbsp;Kyunghoon Kim ,&nbsp;Sangwon Ko ,&nbsp;Byung-Hyun Park ,&nbsp;Jinsik Choi ,&nbsp;Seungkyu Shin ,&nbsp;Junpyo Cho ,&nbsp;Liguang Wang ,&nbsp;Hangil Park ,&nbsp;Jung-Ho Yun","doi":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100394","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100394","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon Capture and Utilisation (CCU) is crucial for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions from coal-fired power plants. This study presents a bubble reactor system using sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) and frothing reagents to improve both efficiency and sustainability. Various glycol-based polymers, along with an alcohol-based surfactant widely used in the mining and minerals industry, were evaluated for their effects on carbon dioxide (CO₂) bubble size and removal efficiency. The results demonstrate that the frothing reagents not only reduced bubble size but also increased foam layer thickness, significantly improving CO₂ removal efficiency. The thicker foam layer associated with the glycol-type polymers generates a larger interfacial area and longer gas residence time, accounting for the differences in CO₂ removal efficiency. Furthermore, after removing CO₂, the captured CO₂ was mineralised into calcium carbonate (CaCO₃). Notably, the calcium carbonate existed predominantly in the form of vaterite and the abundance and morphology of vaterite changed with adding one of the polymers into the CO₂-loaded Na₂CO₃ solution. This paper underscores the potential for scalable, sustainable CCU, along with the formation of valuable by-products.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9387,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Capture Science & Technology","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100394"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143686272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}